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Spore Morphology of IndianFernsB. K. Nayar a & Santha Devi aa Pteridology Laboratory, National Botanic Gardens ,LucknowPublished online: 01 Sep 2009.

To cite this article: B. K. Nayar & Santha Devi (1965) Spore Morphology of IndianFerns, Grana Palynologica, 6:1, 121-127, DOI: 10.1080/00173136509429139

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GRASA PALSXOLOGICA 6: 1, 1965

SPORE MORPHOLOGY OF INDIAN FERNS IV. Grammitidaceae

I3. I<. KAYAR and SAKTHA DEW

The Grammitidaceae is a sniall faiiiily of epiphytic ferns, Iong confused with the Polypodiaceae (sensu stricto); nearly all the species liavc at some time bccn included in Polypodiizrii. Cliing (1940) sepnratcd these ferns to constitute a distinct family, and other pteri- dologists (Copeland 1947, 1952, Holttuni 1947) hare later accepted it. According to Copeland the family consists of three major genera, Grammitis, Xiphopteris and Ctenopteris, along with 20 smaller genera regartled as derived from tlicse three. The genus Loxogrumme is inclutlcd in the family by Copeland as a granimitid derivative, hut is regarded as an aberrant mcm1)er of the Polypodiaccae by most other workers. The graniniitid ferns are regarded as an isolatcd group, evolred from estinct ancestors (Copeland 1952). Spore mor- phology of six genera including Lornogramme is recorded here. Techniques followed arc the same as those reported earlier (Nayar and nevi, 1964, a, b, c), and the genera are arranged following Copeland’s system (1947). Some material used in this study is received from Bogor Herbarium, Indonesia; these are indicated by tlic letters BH along with tlic details regarding material in tlic descrip- tions. Herbarium speciriicns of all the other species are in the Ka- tional Botanic Gardens’ Herbarium. Magnification: Figs. 1-6 x 650, figs. 7-11 X 8 0 0 .

Descriptions

SCLEROGLOSSUXI v. A. v. R. 1. S. pnsilZurn (Bl.) v. -4. r. R. (1421; Sumatra, Indonesia; Van

Spores trilcte, tetrahedral, 34 X48 p (unacct. 28 X40 p). Amb Stecnis 9182; BH). Figs. 1, 11.

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122

Figs. 1-6 ( x G50).--1. Scleroglossum puscillum, prosimal fnce.-2. Calymmodon afri- chus, prosirnal face.-3. Loxogrnmme forbesii, proximal face of a typical trilete spore.- 4. L. forbesii, proximal face of 8 trilete spore intermediate in shape between tetrahedral and bilateral.-5. L. inuolnfa, lateral vie\\- of bilateral sport.--6. Siphopteris subpinnu-

fiiidu, prosimal face.

nearly triapsidate with smoothly rounded corners; proximal face nearly flat or broadly conical, distal face conves. Laesura ariiis 16 11, margins thicbcncd on the outer surface.

Esine 2.5 p thick, deep hrown (unacet. yello\\-isli-bro\\.n), not differentiated into scsiric and nesine, densely mrrucosc; vxrucac more prominent on the distal surface, subglobosc, about 2 p across.

Unacetolyscd spores contain -a few large, brownish oil globules and many chloroplastids.

SIPHOPTERIS Kaulf.

2. X srzbpinnafifida (Ul.) Copel. (1-134; ‘I’ji Uodas, Java, Indo- nesia; A. G. L. Adelbert 199; DH). Fig. G.

Spores trilete, tetrahedral, 26 X 3 2 p (unacet. same). Amb nearly circular to triapsidate; prosimal face nearly flat, distal face rounded. Laesura arms 16 p, margins thickened on the outer surface.

Esine 3 p thick, deep brown (unacet. pale yellowish-brown),

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SPORE ~ f O I l D l l O L O G T OF TIIE GRh>IJfITIDACEAD 123

Figs. 7-11 ( x 800).-7. Loxogramme forbesii, typical trilctc sporc .4 . Cfenopferis Zaferophglla, proxiilia1 facc.--O. Prosapfia alafa, proximal face.-lO. Calymmodon

alrielius, prosimal face.-1 1. Seleroglossum puseillum, proximal facc.

not differentiated into sesine and nesine, prominently and densely grnnulose. Grnnula large, some of the larger ones appear like rerrucae (globose and 2 p across).

Many a2)nornial and aborted spores are observed. Unacetolysed spores contain ninny large, brownish oil globules and many chloro- plasts.

CALI’JI ,\I 0 DON Presl 3. C. atriclitis Copel. (1442; Idenburg River, N. Guinea; L. J.

Brass 11865; BH.). Figs. 2, 10. Spores trilete, tetrahedral, 40 x50 p (unacet. 32 X 4 0 p). Amb

nearly circular; proximal face nearly flat, distal side rounded. Lae- sura arms 20 p , margins faintly thickened on the outer surface.

Esine 2.5 p thick, light brown (unacet. nearly hyaline to brownish). Sesine conspicuously thicker than nesine, densely subverrucose-

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areolatc; vcrrucae of diflcrcnt sizes, circular in outline, lip to 4 or 5 p across and about 1 p thick.

Unacetolysecl spores contain many large, brownish oil globules and large plastids. Many of tlic large, subglobose wxriicac are lost during acctolysis.

LOSOGRAJIAIE (131.) Presl

4. L. auenict (131.) Presl (SO; Pycara, Ooty, Madras; B. I<. Kayar

Spores monolete, bilateral, planoconves (Iat), oblong to nearly circular (pol), 49 X 78 X 50 p (unacct. nearly same). Laesura 35 p, its inner margins thiclicned.

Esine 3 p thick, light yellowish-brown (unacct. pale ycllo~\*). Scsine conspicuously thicker tlian ncsine, densely and prominently granulose.

Tliere is much variation in spore size, the range being 40 x 52 x 44 p to 5G XSO xGO p. Unacctolyscd spores contain ninny large, yellowish oil globules and a few chloroplasts.

45519).

5. L. forbesii Copcl. (1431; Atjch, N. Sumatra, Indonesia; \‘an Stecnis 8414; I3H). Figs. 3, 4, 7 .

Spores trilctc, tctralicdral to nearly globose, 3G x 5 2 ,LC. Xnib cir- cular to triapsiclatc. Laesiira arms 1 G p, margins faintly t1iicl;ened on the inner surface. Esine 2.6 ,LL thick, goldcn-brown (unacct. pale yello\\-). Scsine nearly as thick as ncsinc, densely and prominently granulose.

Many spores with triapsiclatc amb arc more or less elongated and ovate, resembling a bilateral spore; in such cases one of the arms of the laesura is longer than the others. Rarely the spores are typically bilateral with one long prominent laesura. However. in many cases the more or less elongated trilete spores appear monolete due to the presence of a prominent, longitudinal ridge-like folding of the esine either laterally or on the distal surface. Several aborted spores are observed.

Unacctolyscd spores contain one or two large, pale brown oil globules and many small plastids.

G. L. inuoluta (I31.) Presl (235; Cherrapunjec, Assani; I3. li. Nnyar

Spores elongate-oblong (pol), 52 X 81 x 55 p (unacet. nearly 48859). Fig. 5.

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S PO R E 31 0 RPI I 0 LO GT 0 F TI I E G R A 31 11 ITID AC E A E 125

same). Laesura 41 p. Esinc 2.5 p thick, subrerrucose-areolate. Areolae irregular in outline, 2.5 p across, nearly uniform throughout.

Unacetolysetl sporcs contain one or two large, yellowish oil glob- ules a ~ i d a few large chloroplasts.

7. L. lanceolata. (Sw.) Presl (520; Clierrapunjee, I<. LQ J. Hills, Assam; B. I<. Xayar 63402).

Spores trilete, tetrahedral, 34 x 45 p (unacet. same). Amb nearly circular, proximal face more or less flattened, distal face hemispheri- cal. Laesura arms 32 p, tenuimarginate. Esine 3 p thick, hyaline to pale yello~v (unacet. deep yello~r). Sesine thicker than nesine, den- sely and prominently granulose.

Tliere is much variation in shape and size of tlic spores, only a few being typically trilete. A few sporcs are typically monolcte and bilateral, while the majority are intermediate between trilete and monolete as described earlier (Nayar, 1063). Typical monolete spores are 46 x58 X 4 4 p (unacet. 38 X58 x38 p). Foldings of the csine as in L. forbesii are rarely found.

Unacetolysetl spores contain many large, pale grecn plastids and a few large, yellow oil globules.

cmNoP*rERIs ~ i .

8. C. breuiuenosa (Y. A. v. R.) Holtt. (1041; Cherrapunjee, Assam; 13. I<. Nayar 413 P).

Spores trilete, tetrahedral 48 X G O p (unacet. same). Amb nearly circular; proximal face conical, distal licmisphcrical. Laesura arms 16 p long, tenuirnarginate.

Esine 3 [L thick, pale golden-yellow (unacet. greenish-yellow) not subdivided into sesine and nesine, clensely rerrueose; rerrucae of different sizes, the large ones subglobose, 3 ,LL across, sometimes dissolved 011 acetolysis.

Typical tetrahedral spores are infrequent as in Loxogramme lanceolafa. Many spores are monolete, bilateral, planoconrcs (lat), oblong (pol), 32 X 42 X 34 p, and with the laesura 28 p long. Interme- diate types, as reported in L. lanceolafa (Nayar, 1063), are frequent. Infoldings of esine as in L. forbcsii are common.

Unacetolysed spores have uniform yellow contents.

8. C. lieferophylla (Labill) Tindale (1416; New-Zealand; Amer. Fern SOC., es. no. 78). Fig. 8.

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126 I1. I<. NAYAR A X D SAKTIIA DEVI

Spores 28 X38 p (unacct. same), prosimal face flat, distal face hemispherical. Lacsura arms 12 p. Esine 3 p thick, dark brown (unacet. pale greenish-brown), densely vcrrucose. Vcrrucac crowded, subglobosc, of different sizes, the larger ones 3 p across, some of them dissolved on acetolysis.

PROSAPTIA Presl 8. P. alafa Christ (1441; Tjadas, Xlalana, W. Java, Indonesia;

W. F. Wincket 1260 I3; BH). Fig. 8. Sporcs trilctc, tetrahedral, subglobose, 2G x 30 p. d m b nearly

circular. Laesura arms 1 6 p, margins faintly thickened. Esinc 2.2 p thick, not subdivided into sesinc and nesinc, dense-

ly and prominently granulose with some granules large, subglobose, and nearly 2 p across.

Xlany aborted spores are observed.

10. P. c o n t i p a (Foster) Presl (1408; Sumatra, Indonesia; Iran Steenis 3720; UH).

Spores monolete, bilateral planoconrcs to slightly concavo-conres (lat), elliptic (pol), 48 X 64 X 48 p. Laesura 32 p, its margins faintly thickened. Esine 3 p thick, brown.. Sesine conspicuously thicker than nesinc, densely areolatc; areolae irregular, small, about 4 p across, uniformly distributed.

Summary

Spore morphology of 10 species of grammitid ferns is described. The spores arc trilcte ant1 vcrrucose except in some Loxogramme in which the spores are monolete and the csine is subvcrrucate-areolate or granulosc. In L. forbesii, L. lcrnceolcrta and Cfenopferis brevivenosa both trilctc and monolete spores are found mixed: intermediate types between typically trilete and typically monolete forms also occur.

It is a pleasure record here our gratitude to Prof. I<. X. Kaul for the keen interest he has taken in this work, and to Prof. G. Erdtman who has kindly gone through the manuscript. We are thankful to Xlr. P. C. Roy and Nr. hI. I<. Tandon for their help in the prepara- tion of the illustrations and photographs.

Pteridology Laboratory, Kational Botanic Gardens, Lucknow.

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SPORE .\fORPIIOLOGP O F TlIC GRIM.\IITIDACEAE 127

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