Sponges- Porifera Jellyfish, Hydroids, Corals, Sea Anemones – Cnidaria Comb Jellies- Ctenophora...
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Transcript of Sponges- Porifera Jellyfish, Hydroids, Corals, Sea Anemones – Cnidaria Comb Jellies- Ctenophora...
Marine Invertebra
tes
Sponges- PoriferaJellyfish, Hydroids, Corals, Sea Anemones – Cnidaria
Comb Jellies- Ctenophora Chitons, Snails, Bivalves, Octopi, Squid,
Nautilus, Nudibranchs, Cuttlefish- Mollusca- Sea Spider, Crabs, Shrimp, Krill, Amphipods,
Copepods, Barnacles- Arthropods- Sea Stars, Ophiuroids, Sea Urchins, Sea
Cucumbers, Crinoids- Echinodermata- Tunicates and Lancelets- Hemichordates- Marine Worms
Phylum's of Marine Invertebrates
Sponges
Considered an animalSimplest of all animals with many specialized
cellsAsymmetrical – no symmetryVariety of shapes and colorsEvolved from a single celled Eukaryotic
(Protistans)Loose aggregation of cells. Shapes may be determined by the shape of the
sediment and water currents flowing by them.
Characteristics
Calcarea are chalky sponges with calcium carbonate spicules
Hexactinella includes glass sponges & the Venus flower basket with silica spicules
Demospongiae include horny & bath sponges with only spongin or spongin & silica spicules
Sclerospongiae are coral sponges & have spongin & silica and calcium carbonate spicule
Classes of Sponges
Built around a system of water canals.Body is full of tiny holes called pores or
ostia, where large amounts of water circulate nutrients, oxygen, and remove waste.
Water enters through the ostia -> carried to the spacious cavity called the spongocoel -> water then exits the spongocoel through a large opening called the osculum.
Structure and Function
Collar cells or choanocytes have a flagellum and when they all move it creates a great force which then moves the water through the sponge.
Pinacocytes-> layer of cells that provide an outer covering for the sponge, lines the internal chambers.
S & F continue
Archaeocytes-> resemble amoebasmove throughout the sponges body can form into any cell important in repair and regeneration transport food
Spicules->Skeletal elements that give support to
sponge’s bodyMade up of calcium carbonate, silica, or
sponging (protein that allows the sponge to be flexible).
More S & F
Body Forms of SpongesThree different typesThe folded body has evolved to
overcome the problem of water flow and surface area. The increased folds increase the surface area of the collar cells and reduce the spongocoel, which decreases the amount of water needed to be circulated. In the end it results in increased water flow and increased sponge growth.
Asconoid Syconoid Leuconoid
Simplest form
Clusters Tubular /
Small As it grows
the spongocoel increases.
First stages of body wall folding
Internal pockets of collar cells.
Highest degree of folding
Largest sponges
Pumps 5 gallons of water per day.
Feed on bacteria, plankton, and detritus
Suspension feeders-> feed on material that swims by.
Filter feeders-> filter food from the water.
Feeding
Food is engulfed and digested by pinacocytes and archaeocytes along the canal system-> carry them-> 80% of the food gets trapped by the collar cells-> flagellum strains the food by the current created by the beating tails-> draws water in through the ostia and expels it through the osculum.
How does the sponge do it?
Sexual and asexualBudding-> not common. Groups of
cells on the outer surface of the sponge develop and grow into tiny new sponges. When it gets to a certain size the sponge drops off and either floats away or establishes itself near the parent.
Fragmentation-> production of new cells that have been broken off by waves, storms, or predators.
Reproduction
Hermaphrodites- produce both male and female gametes.Sperm cells- form from modified collar cellsEggs- archaeocytes / collar cellsThe stimulus that initiates the production of
gametes = change in water temperature (photoperiod= amount of light / dark in 24 hours)
Sperm cells-> enters-> engulfed by collar cells-> both lose flagella-> collar cell transports sperm to the egg.
Amphiblastula- larval stage-> water column-> adult sponge
Reproduction continues
Biggest problem- finding a suitable place to attach. They compete with corals and bryozoans. Some produce chemicals that kill corals or inhibit growth
Boring Sponge – bores into corals and dead shells
Crabs use pieces of sponge as camouflage -> sponge grows on the crabs shell
Most are toxic to fish- few predatorsSea turtles eat them yummy HawksbillSymbiotic relationships:
Mutualism- cyanobacteria-> food / nutrients / protection
Commensalism- shrimp hide out in there until they are too big
Ecological Roles
Sponges
Glass Sponge
What eats a sponge?
Chitons
Marine Snails
Nudibranchs- Sea Slugs
Turtles
Fish
Sponges also Provide Homes
for Many Organisms, but which ones??
Sea anenomes
Octopus
Shrimp
Brittle Stars
Barnacles
Amphipods
Polychaete Worms
Copepods
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BW05vMziy2o
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T7E1rq7zHLc
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOFFzXNYJG0
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mVavqt4Sbyo
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