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Chapter Introduction

Section 1: Expanding Horizons

Section 2: Imperialism in the Pacific

Section 3: Spanish-American War

Section 4: Latin American Policies

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Chapter Intro

Expanding Horizons

Essential Question Why did the United States extend its influence to other regions in the late 1800s?


Chapter Intro

Imperialism in the Pacific

Essential Question Why did the United States expand its role in the Pacific?


Chapter Intro

Spanish-American War

Essential Question How did the Spanish-American War help the United States become a world power?


Chapter Intro

Latin American Policies

Essential Question How did the beliefs of the U.S. presidents shape Latin American foreign policies?


Chapter Time Line

Chapter Preview-End


Section 1-Essential Question

Why did the United States extend its influence to other regions in the late 1800s?


Section 1-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• isolationism

• expansionism

• imperialism

Academic Vocabulary

• communication

• vision

Reading Guide


Section 1-Key Terms

Key People and Events

• Matthew Perry

• William H. Seward

• Pan-American Union

Reading Guide (cont.)


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1-Polling Question

Rate your agreement with the following statement: The United States should not be involved in issues outside of its own borders.

A. Strongly agree

B. Somewhat agree

C. Somewhat disagree

D. Strongly disagree A B C D

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Section 1

American Foreign Policy

The influence of the United States began to extend to other world regions.


Section 1

• Some Americans supported a foreign policy of isolationism, or noninvolvement, in world affairs.

• Expansionism was a driving force in the growth of the United States, and with the continental frontier now settled many Americans looked to frontiers overseas.

American Foreign Policy (cont.)

Modern Battleships


Section 1

• In 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry signed a treaty with Japan which opened two Japanese ports to American ships.

American Foreign Policy (cont.)


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B

C

D

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What is the name for a policy of non-involvement in world affairs?

A. Expansionism

B. Isolationism

C. Imperialism

D. Spheres of influence


Section 1

An Age of Imperialism

The United States expanded its territory when it bought Alaska and extended its influence in Latin America.


Section 1

• The late 1800s and early 1900s were called an age of imperialism, during which time powerful European nations created large empires by gaining economic and political control over weaker nations.

An Age of Imperialism (cont.)


Section 1

• Secretary of State William H. Seward pictured a vast American empire connected by a canal across Central America, a transcontinental railroad system, and rapid communication through telegraph wires.

– Seward moved closer to making his vision a reality when he purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867.


The Alaska Purchase


Section 1

• Some Americans believed imperialism would help bring religion and culture to other parts of the world.

• The Pan-American Union promoted cooperation between the United States and the nations of Latin America.

• By the early 1900s, the United States had built up the naval power needed to support its expanding role in foreign affairs.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 1

A B

C

D

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Josiah Strong thought Africa, Asia, and Latin America would benefit from what?

A. Increased trade

B. Christianity and Western culture

C. Farming methods

D. A stronger United States navy


Section 1-End



Why did the United States expand its role in the Pacific?


Section 2-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• provisional government

• spheres of influence

Academic Vocabulary

• consult

• exploit

Reading Guide


Section 2-Key Terms


• Liliuokalani

• John Hay

• Open Door policy

• Russo-Japanese War

• Treaty of Portsmouth



A. A

B. B


Do you feel that people have total control over the direction of their lives or that outside forces play a role as well?

A. Total control

B. Outside forces

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Section 2

Hawaii

The United States strengthened its foothold in the Pacific by annexing Hawaii and part of Samoa.


Section 2

• In 1867 William Seward acquired the Pacific islands of Midway as an important stopping place for American ships en route to China.

• In the 1790s, Americans began to trade with the independent communities of the Hawaiian Islands.

Hawaii (cont.)

United States Overseas Possessions, 1900


Section 2

• Many Americans began settling in Hawaii, including:

– Christian missionaries

– Merchants from the whaling industry

– Sugar planters

Hawaii (cont.)



Section 2

• Facing ruin from American tariffs on Hawaiian sugar, planters argued that Hawaii should be made a territory of the United States.

• Wanting Hawaiians to regain economic control of their islands, Queen Liliuokalani took away the powers from American sugar planters.

Hawaii (cont.)



Section 2

• The planters responded by overthrowing Liliuokalani and setting up a provisional government in 1893.

• When William McKinley became president, Congress approved the annexation of Hawaii, and in 1900 it became a territory of the United States.

Hawaii (cont.)



Section 2

• Without consulting the Samoans, the United States and Germany split the Samoa Islands, and the United States quickly annexed its portion.

Hawaii (cont.)



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B

C

D

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On July 4, 1894, Hawaii became an independent republic. Who was its first president?

A. William Seward

B. Sanford Dole

C. Matthew Perry

D. Queen Liliuokalani


Section 2

China and the Open Door

The Open Door policy protected and expanded U.S. trading interests in China.


Section 2

• China could not resist the efforts of foreign powers that wanted to exploit its vast resources and markets.

• Japan and European powers had carved out spheres of influence—sections of the country where the nations enjoyed special rights and powers—in China by the late 1890s.

China and the Open Door (cont.)


Section 2

• Secretary of State John Hay proposed an Open Door policy which gave each foreign nation in China rights to trade freely in the other nations’ spheres of influence.

• After the Boxer Rebellion, foreign powers accepted Hay’s Open Door policy.

China and the Open Door (cont.)


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B

C

D

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Which of the following countries was not among the spheres of influence in China in the 1890s?

A. Great Britain

B. France

C. Japan

D. Spain


Section 2

Japan

The relations between Japan and the United States were strained in the early 1900s.


Section 2

• Eager to expand its power in Asia, Japan attacked a Russian fleet in Manchuria, starting the Russo-Japanese War.

• President Roosevelt helped negotiate the Treaty of Portsmouth, which recognized Japan’s control of Korea in return for Japan’s pledge to halt expansion.

Japan (cont.)


Section 2

• When Japanese immigrants in the United States were ordered to attend separate schools, relations between Japan and the United States worsened.

Japan (cont.)


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 2

A B

C

D

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Which president helped settle the conflict between Russia and Japan?

A. Abraham Lincoln

B. William McKinley

C. Theodore Roosevelt

D. Grover Cleveland


Section 2-End



How did the Spanish-American War help the United States become a world power?


Section 3-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• yellow journalism

• armistice

• protectorate

• territory

Academic Vocabulary

• trigger

• eventual

Reading Guide


Section 3-Key Terms


• Rough Riders

• Battle of San Juan Hill

• Platt Amendment



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D


Which do you think is the most common cause of war?

A. The desire for expansion

B. Religious differences

C. Financial reasons

D. Political differences

A B C D

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Section 3

“A Splendid Little War”

Events in Cuba led to war between the United States and Spain in 1898.


Section 3

• The revolution in Cuba as described through yellow journalism tactics caused great concern in the United States.

• President McKinley sent the warship Maine to Havana to protect American citizens and property.

• American newspapers blamed Spain when the Maine exploded, which triggered the Spanish-American war.

“A Splendid Little War” (cont.)

The Spanish-American War


Section 3

• Theodore Roosevelt led the Rough Riders to victory in the Battle of San Juan Hill.

• Shortly afterwards, the Spanish signed an armistice and the war ended.

• Secretary of State John Hay called the Spanish-American War “a splendid little war.”

“A Splendid Little War” (cont.)

The Spanish-American War


A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B

C

D

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Which of the following events triggered the war between the United States and Spain?

A. The explosion of the Maine

B. The tour of the “Great White Fleet”

C. A surprise Spanish attack on Florida

D. A Cuban attack on the United States


Section 3

Acquisitions

The American empire became a reality after the Spanish-American War.


Section 3

• The United States and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris, ending the war. Under the terms of the treaty:

– Cuba became an American protectorate.

– Puerto Rico and Guam became territories of the United States.

– Spain surrendered the Philippines to the United States for $20 million.

Acquisitions (cont.)


Section 3

• Cuba was granted full independence on the condition that their constitution gave the United States certain rights, known as the Platt Amendment.

• The Jones Act in 1917 made Puerto Rico a territory of the United States and granted American citizenship to all Puerto Ricans.



Section 3

• The acquisition of the Philippines aroused fierce debate among American citizens.

– Some argued that American rule of the Philippines went against the democratic principles on which the United States was founded.

– Others felt the Philippines would provide the United States with an important Pacific naval base.



Section 3

• In February 1899, Emilio Aguinaldo began a fight for independence of the Philippines.

• In the summer of 1901, the United States transferred the authority from a military to a civilian government to prepare the islands for eventual self-rule.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 3

A B

C

D

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Which of the following is NOT a provision of the Treaty of Paris?

A. Cuba became an American protectorate.

B. Puerto Rico became a territory of the United States.

C. Guam became a territory of the United States.

D. The Philippines were given their independence.


Section 3-End



How did the beliefs of U.S. presidents shape Latin American foreign policies?


Section 4-Key Terms

Content Vocabulary

• isthmus

• anarchy

• dollar diplomacy

Academic Vocabulary

• eliminate

• annual

Reading Guide


Section 4-Key Terms


• Roosevelt Corollary

• Francisco “Pancho” Villa

• John J. Pershing



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D


Which of the following do you feel should most guide presidential decisions?

A. The Constitution

B. What is best for American citizens

C. Morals

D. What is most economically sound A B C D

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Section 4

Panama

The United States negotiated with Panama to build the Panama Canal.


Section 4

• Americans wanted a connection between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in Central America to eliminate the long and dangerous sea voyage around South America.

• In 1901, France sold its rights to build a canal across Panama—an isthmus in Central America—to the United States for $40 million.

Panama (cont.)

Building the Panama Canal, 1900s


Section 4

• The United States negotiated a 99-year lease with Colombia at the cost of $10 million with an annual rent of $250,000.

• When the Colombian Senate rejected the lease, the United States supported Panama in their quest for independence from Panama.

Panama (cont.)



Section 4

• The Panama Canal opened on August 15, 1914.

• The canal shortened the trip from New York to San Francisco from 12,600 miles to only 4,900 miles.

Panama (cont.)



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B

C

D

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Why did France sell their rights and property in Panama to the United States?

A. France never really wanted the land.

B. France’s attempt to build its own canal failed.

C. France did not want to fight a war with Panamanian revolutionaries.

D. France did not want to fight a war with the UnitedStates.


Section 4

Policing the Western Hemisphere

Using its economic and military power, the United States policed the Western Hemisphere.


Section 4

• President Roosevelt had a strong stance on foreign policy.

– He believed the United States should respond to foreign crises not with threats but with military action.

– He also believed America must exercise “an international police power” to prevent world from falling into anarchy.

Policing the Western Hemisphere (cont.)


Section 4

• Roosevelt established the Roosevelt Corollary, an addition to the Monroe Doctrine, claiming the right to intervene in the affairs of Latin American nations whenever those nations seemed unstable.



Section 4

• William Howard Taft’s foreign policy was known as dollar diplomacy.

– Taft was willing to intervene in other nations’ affairs if they threatened American business interests.



A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B

C

D

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Which president often quoted the African proverb “Speak softly and carry a big stick”?

A. Grover Cleveland

B. William McKinley

C. Theodore Roosevelt

D. William Howard Taft


Section 4

Relations With Mexico

During the early 1900s, the United States and Mexico almost went to war with each other.


Section 4

• Francisco Madero, a popular Mexican reformer, led a successful revolution against Porfirio Díaz in 1911.

• Two years later, General Victoriano Huerta overthrew and killed Madero.

• President Woodrow Wilson authorized arms sales to Huerta’s rival, Venustiano Carranza.

Relations With Mexico (cont.)

Relations with Mexico


Section 4

• When Huerta’s troops arrested American sailors, Wilson ordered U.S. troops to seize the port of Veracruz.

• Huerta was forced to flee and Carranza took power.

• Rebel leader Francisco “Pancho” Villa shot 16 Americans because of U.S. support for the Carranza government.




Section 4

• American troops led by General John J. Pershing crossed into Mexico in search of Villa but left when America’s attention turned to the war in Europe.




A. A

B. B

C. C

D. D

Section 4

A B

C

D

0% 0%0%0%

Which president’s foreign policy was known as “Moral Diplomacy”?

A. William McKinley

B. Theodore Roosevelt

C. William Howard Taft

D. Woodrow Wilson


Section 4-End


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Vocab1

isolationism

a national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

Vocab2

expansionism

a policy that calls for expanding a nation’s boundaries

Vocab3

imperialism

the actions used by one nation to exercise political or economic control over smaller or weaker nations

Vocab4

communication

process of exchanging information

Vocab5

vision

an imagined plan

Vocab6

provisional government

temporary government

Vocab7

sphere of influence

section of a country where one foreign nation enjoys special rights and powers

Vocab8

consult

to seek opinions or information from

Vocab9

exploit

to make use of meanly or unjustly for one’s own advantage

Vocab10

yellow journalism

writing which exaggerates sensational, dramatic, and gruesome events to attract readers, named for stories that were popular during the late 1800s; a type of sensational, biased, and often false reporting

Vocab11

armistice

a temporary peace agreement to end fighting

Vocab12

protectorate

a country that is technically independent, but is actually under the control of another country

Vocab13

territory

an area that is completely controlled by another country as a colonial possession

Vocab14

trigger

to start

Vocab15

eventual

occurring later

Vocab16

isthmus

a narrow strip of land connecting two larger land areas

Vocab17

anarchy

disorder and lawlessness

Vocab18

dollar diplomacy

a policy of joining the business interests of a country with its diplomatic interests abroad

Vocab19

eliminate

to remove; to eradicate; to end

Vocab20

annual

yearly

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