Splash Screen

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Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the information.Click the mouse button or press the

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The Song Dynasty (cont.) • During the 1200s, the Mongols– a

nomadic people from the Gobi–built a vast empire.

(pages 249–250)(pages 249–250)



• Using the civil service exam to pick civil servants by merit undermined the power of the aristocrats and created a new class of scholar-gentry.

• Passing the exam was crucial for a government career.

• Preparation for it began at a young age.

• For years, students memorized many Confucian classics.

• A text’s meaning was explained only after it was completely memorized.

The Song Dynasty (cont.)

(pages 249–250)(pages 249–250)



• Manual labor was forbidden to these students.

• The Song introduced the practice of “name covering.”

• Test graders did not know the name of the students whose exams they were grading.

The Song Dynasty (cont.)

(pages 249–250)(pages 249–250)



Government and the Economy (cont.) • China was still primarily a farming society.

• The majority of the peasants had become serfs or slaves for wealthy, large landowners.

• These reform efforts and advances in farming techniques created an abundance of food.

(pages 250–251)(pages 250–251)



• Technological advances added products and stimulated trade.

•

• Gunpowder was invented during the Tang dynasty.

• It was used to make explosives and a weapon called a fire-lance, which shot out flame and projectiles up to 40 yards.

Government and the Economy (cont.)

(pages 250–251)(pages 250–251)



• The status of women in Chinese society was low.

• As elsewhere in the world, female children were considered less desirable than male children.

• Female infants might even be killed if there was not enough food for all.

• Wives became part of their husbands’ families.

• When a woman married, her parents provided a dowry (money or goods) to her husband.

Chinese Society (cont.)

(page 252)(page 252)

Genghis Khan used homing pigeons as messengers for military and political instructions. As he expanded his territory, he set up pigeon relay posts across Asia and much of eastern Europe; the pigeons transmitted instructions to his capital for the governing of his distant dominions.



(pages 253–254)(pages 253–254)

The Mongol Empire • The Mongols came from present-day

Mongolia.

• In 1206 he was elected Genghis Khan (“strong ruler”) at a massive meeting in the Gobi.

• He devoted himself to conquest.



The Mongol Empire (cont.) • The Mongols created the largest land

empire in history, comprising much of the Eurasian landmass.

•

• Genghis Khan died in 1227.

(pages 253–254)(pages 253–254)



• In attacking the Song, the Mongols first experienced gunpowder and the fire-lance.

• The latter evolved into more effective handguns and cannons.

• By the early fourteenth century foreigners in the employ of Mongol rulers brought gunpowder and firearms to Europe.

The Mongol Empire (cont.)

(pages 253–254)(pages 253–254)



Religion and Government (cont.) • Buddhism came to China in the first

century A.D.

(pages 255–256)(pages 255–256)



• Ceramics, and especially Tang-period porcelain, a ceramic made of fine clay baked at very high temperatures, flourished.

• The technique for making porcelain did not reach Europe until the eighteenth century.

A Golden Age in Literature and Art (cont.)

(pages 256–257)(pages 256–257)



(pages 263–264)(pages 263–264)

• Chinese and Japanese societies have always been very different.

The Geography of Japan

• One reason is the differing geographies.

• Japan is a chain of many islands.



The Geography of Japan (cont.) • Much of Japan is mountainous.

• About 11 percent of the land can be farmed.

• Japan is prone to earthquakes.

• An earthquake almost destroyed Tokyo in 1923.

(pages 263–264)(pages 263–264)

Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answer.


From Japan’s geography, which do you think is a larger source of protein for the Japanese, beef or fish?

Fish, because Japan is a nation of islands. Since much of Japan is mountainous, there is not much land for grazing cattle. In recent times, however, more and more Japanese are eating beef.

The Geography of Japan (cont.)

(pages 263–264)(pages 263–264)



• Landed aristocrats increasingly turned to military power to pursue their interests.

• This led to the creation of the samurai (“those who serve”) class.

• They were like knights and had their own code, called Bushido (“the way of the warrior”).

• Above all, the samurai were loyal to their lord and employer.

The Rise of the Japanese State (cont.)

(pages 264–265)(pages 264–265)



• By the late twelfth century, Japanese wealthy families were embroiled in almost constant civil war.

• Finally, the nobleman Minamoto Yoritomo defeated several rivals and set up his power near modern Tokyo.

• He created a more centralized government, called the shogunate, under a military ruler, or shogun.

• He, not the emperor, had the real power.


(pages 264–265)(pages 264–265)



• Yoritomo’s Kamakura shogunate lasted from 1192 to 1333.

• This system came just in time.

• In 1281, Kublai Khan invaded Japan with vastly superior forces.

• A typhoon, however, destroyed almost the entire Mongol fleet.

• Japan would not have foreign invaders again until 1945.


(pages 264–265)(pages 264–265)



India after the Guptas

• Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam influenced the development of India.

Main Ideas

In India, as in many other Asian countries, the elephant is the work animal for such projects as clearing land. Cows generally are not put to work in India because Hindus believe they are sacred, a belief that has given us our expression sacred cow. According to legend, the Hindu hero Prithu changed himself into a cow to encourage his countrymen to be vegetarians.



(pages 268–269)(pages 268–269)

• Buddhism was popular among the Indian people for hundreds of years.

The Decline of Buddhism

• They saw Buddhism as a way of life, not a religion centered on individual salvation.



The Decline of Buddhism (cont.) • They claimed that understanding one’s

self is the chief way to gain nirvana, or release from the “wheel of life.”

• Another view of Buddhism stressed that nirvana was achieved through devotion to the Buddha.

(pages 268–269)(pages 268–269)



• The Buddha was not just a wise man but also a divine figure.

• Nirvana is a true heaven.

• Through devotion to the Buddha people can achieve salvation in this heaven after death.

The Decline of Buddhism (cont.)

(pages 268–269)(pages 268–269)



• Ultimately, neither sect remained popular in India.

• Hinduism and Islam became more accepted.

The Decline of Buddhism (cont.)

(pages 268–269)(pages 268–269)



What country was created to try to alleviate the Hindu and Muslim conflicts in India?

The Muslim state of Pakistan was created in 1947 to alleviate conflict.

Islam and Indian Society (cont.)

(page 270)(page 270)

History Discuss the importance of the kamikaze, the “divine wind,” in early Japanese history.

Reviewing Key Facts

The kamikaze destroyed the Mongol fleet that was attempting to invade Japan.



The kamikaze, or “divine wind,” that saved Japan from Mongol defeat in 1281 never lost its importance for the Japanese. During World War II, Japanese suicide pilots who dived their planes into Allied aircraft carriers were known as kamikaze pilots.

Read Japan Faces Kublai Kahn on page 246 of your textbook. Then answer the questions on the following slides.

This feature can be found on page 246 of your textbook.This feature can be found on page 246 of your textbook.

Destruction of the Mongol fleet attacking Japan

Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan

Writing about History How was the use of the civil service examination a departure from the traditional way of placing young men in government service?

Traditionally, sons of favored aristocrats would have been given government jobs. With civil service examinations, positions went to those who merited them.

This feature can be found on pages 250–251 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

This feature can be found on pages 250–251 of your textbook. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

Splash Screen

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