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Chapter Objectives

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After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

• describe the causes of the French Wars of Religion and explain how they were resolved.

• explain the militant Catholicism of Philip II and its effects on Europe.

• list the causes and results of the Thirty Years’ War.

• discuss the significance of the English Revolution and the Glorious Revolution.

Chapter Objectives



After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

• explain absolutism in relation to Louis XIV, Ivan the Terrible, and Peter the Great.

• distinguish between an absolute monarchy and a constitutional monarchy.

• explain the significant movements in art, literature, and philosophy during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

• What were the causes and results of France’s wars of religion?

Preview Questions



• How do the policies of Elizabeth I of England and Philip II of Spain compare?

Europe in Crisis: The Wars of Religion

During the reign of her half sister Mary, Elizabeth I was arrested and sent to the Tower of London on suspicion of contributing to a plot to overthrow the government and restore Protestantism.

-Two months of interrogation and spying revealed no conclusive evidence of treason.

-Therefore, Elizabeth was released from the tower and placed in close custody for a year.

• Absolutism was the political belief that one ruler should hold all of the power in a country

-referred to as an absolute monarch

-goal was to control every aspect of society

-believed in divine right =

(a) idea that God created the monarchy & (b) the monarch acted as God’s representative on earth

• Causes:

(1)Religious & territorial conflicts created fear & uncertainity

(2)Growth of armies

(3)Heavy taxes = to unrest = bigger armies

• Effects:

(1)Rulers regulated religious worship & social gatherings to control the spread of ideas

(2)Rulers increased the size of their courts to appear more powerful

(3)Rulers created elaborate bureaucracies to run the nation’s economy

The French Wars of Religion• Calvinism and Catholicism had become

militant (combative) religions by 1560.



• Their struggle for converts and against each other was the main cause of Europe’s 16th century religious wars.

(pages 211–212)(pages 211–212)



The French Wars of Religion (cont.) • The French civil wars known as the

French Wars of Religion (1562–1598) were shattering.

• The Huguenots were French Protestants influenced by John Calvin.

• Huguenots made up almost 50% of the nobility

-including the house of Bourbon, which was next in line for the Valois dynasty.

(pages 211–212)(pages 211–212)



The French Wars of Religion (cont.) • The existing Valois monarchy was

strongly Catholic.

• A group in France called the ultra-Catholics also strongly opposed the Huguenots.

• Civil war raged for 30 years until in 1589

- Henry of Navarre, leader of the Huguenots, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV.

(pages 211–212)(pages 211–212)



• He later converted to Catholicism = he realized he would not have the support of French Catholics.

• He issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598.

(1)It recognized Catholicism as France’s official religion,

(2)but gave the Huguenots the right to worship

(3) & to have all political privileges, such as holding office.

(pages 211–212)(pages 211–212)

The Edict of Nantes is sometimes called the Edict of Tolerance. Explain why this is appropriate.

Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answer.


The edict recognized Catholicism as the official religion of France, but it also gave the Huguenots–the name for French protestants–the right to worship and to enjoy all political privileges.

(pages 211–212)(pages 211–212)



Phillip II and Militant Catholicism

(pages 212–213)(pages 212–213)

• King Philip II of Spain was the greatest supporter of militant Catholicism.

• He ruled from 1556 to 1598, and his reign began a period of cultural and political greatness in Spain.



• Philip II wanted to consolidate control over his lands–Spain, the Netherlands, and possessions in Italy and the Americas.

-He did this by insisting on strict adherence to Catholicism and support for the monarchy.

-Spain saw itself as the nation God chose to save Catholic Christianity from the Protestant heretics.

Phillip II and Militant Catholicism(cont.)

(pages 212–213)(pages 212–213)

-Philip II became a champion of Catholicism



• Not everyone liked Philip’s rule

• The nobles in Spanish Netherlands–modern Netherlands and Belgium–was very rich

-they did not like him taking so much power-When Calvinists began to destroy church

statues, Philip sent ten thousand troops to stop the rebellion.

(pages 212–213)(pages 212–213)



• In the north, the Dutch prince William the Silent offered growing resistance to Philip.

-In 1609, a 12-year truce stopped the wars.

-The north became the United Provinces of the Netherlands

-which was one of Europe’s great powers and the core of the modern Dutch state.

(pages 212–213)(pages 212–213)



• Spain was the world’s most populous empire when Philip’s reign ended in 1598.

-but due to Philip’s war spending, the country was broke

-His successor continued to overspend, now on court life.

-Further, Spain’s armed forces were out-of-date and the government was inefficient.

-Real power shifted to England.

Power shifts to England

(pages 212–213)(pages 212–213)



The England of ElizabethElizabeth Tudor ascended to the throne of

England in 1558.

-Elizabeth quickly tried to resolve the religious conflicts.

-She repealed laws favoring Catholics.

-A new Act of Supremacy named her as “the only supreme governor” of church and state.

-The Church of England practiced a moderate Protestantism.

(pages 213–214)(pages 213–214)



• Elizabeth also was moderate in foreign affairs.

She tried to keep France and Spain from becoming too powerful by supporting first one and then the other, balancing their power.

-Even so, she could not escape a conflict with Spain.

-Philip II even thought about invading England to return it to Catholicism.

(pages 213–214)(pages 213–214)



• In 1588, Spain sent an armada to invade England.

• Yet the fleet that sailed had neither the manpower nor the ships to be victorious.

.

(pages 213–214)(pages 213–214)

Checking for Understanding



List the ways Elizabeth demonstrated moderation in her religious policy.

Elizabeth demonstrated moderation in her religious policy by repealing laws favoring Catholics and by practicing moderate Protestantism.

Critical Thinking



Making Generalizations Why did Philip II send out his fleet knowing he did not have enough ships or manpower?

Philip II sent his fleet because he believed in the cause and had faith in a miracle.

After the restoration of King Charles II, Oliver Cromwell’s embalmed remains were dug out of his Westminster Abbey tomb and hung up at Tyburn, where criminals were executed. His body was then buried beneath the gallows. Cromwell’s head, however, was stuck on a pole on top of Westminster Hall for the duration of Charles II’s reign.



Economic and Social Crises

(pages 216–217)(pages 216–217)

• From 1560 to 1650, Europe experienced economic and social crises.

• One economic problem was inflation due to the large supply of gold from the Americas and increased demand for land and food as the population grew.



• By 1600, an economic slowdown had hit Europe.

• For example, Spain’s economy seriously fell by the 1640s because mines in the Americas were producing less silver, pirates grabbed much of what was bound for Spain, and the number of Muslim and Jewish merchants and artisans had declined.

(pages 216–217)(pages 216–217)



• By 1620, population began to decline, especially in central and southern Europe.

• Warfare, plague, and famine all contributed to the population decline and general social tension.

(pages 216–217)(pages 216–217)



Why might an influx of currency raise prices (called inflation)?

The more money people have to spend, the more competition there is among buyers for products, so sellers are able to raise prices and still sell successfully.

Economic and Social Crises (cont.)

(pages 216–217)(pages 216–217)



The Witchcraft Trials

(page 217)(page 217)

• A belief in witchcraft, or magic, had been part of traditional village life for centuries.

• A series of trials called the Inquisition was focused on witchcraft, and many people in Europe were seized by a hysteria about the matter.



• Perhaps more than 100,000 people were charged with witchcraft.

-Most often common people were accused.

-More than 75% of the accused were women, mostly single, widowed, or over 50.

-Accused witches were tortured and usually confessed to such things as swearing allegiance to the devil, casting spells, and attending revels at night called sabbats.

-eventually attitudes changed and people no longer hunted witches by 1650


What role, if any, did gender play in the witch trials of Europe of this time period?

The Witchcraft Trials (cont.)


The Thirty Years’ War

(pages 217–218)(pages 217–218)

• Religious disputes continued in Germany after the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 principally because the peace settlement did not recognize Calvinism, which spread throughout Europe.

-Peace of Augsburg – allowed each German state to decide it’s own religion

-mainly decide between Protestant or Catholic



• Religion, politics, and territory all played a role in the Thirty Years’ War, called the “last of the religious wars.”

• The Thirty Years’ War was Europe’s most destructive ever.

• The war began in the Holy Roman Empire in 1618 as a fight between the Hapsburg Holy Roman emperors and Protestant nobles in Bohemia who rebelled against the Hapsburgs.

-All major European countries but England became involved.

(pages 217–218)(pages 217–218)-It ended all religious wars****



• The battles took place on German soil, and Germany was plundered and destroyed for 30 years.

-The Peace of Westphalia ended the war in 1648.

(1) it weakened the Hapsburg states of Spain

(2) It strengthened France

(3) German princes independent of the Roman Empire

(4) It ended all religious wars****

.(pages 217–218)(pages 217–218)



• The Thirty Years’ War was Europe’s most destructive ever.

-The flintlock musket (with a bayonet) was a new, accurate weapon that could be reloaded faster than earlier firearms.

-this allowed greater troop movement on the battlefield.

• Governments began to support standing armies.

-By 1700, France had a standing army of 400,000.

(pages 217–218)(pages 217–218)



Revolutions in England

(pages 219–221)(pages 219–221)

• The 17th century saw England’s civil war, the English Revolution.

• In essence, it was a struggle between Parliament and the king to determine the power of each in governing England.



• The Tudor dynasty ended with Elizabeth’s death in 1603.

• The Stuart king of Scotland, James I, ascended to the throne.

-He believed in the divine right of kings–that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God.

-Parliament wanted an equal role in ruling, however.

(pages 219–221)(pages 219–221)



• Religion was an issue as well. -Puritans (one group of English Calvinists)

disagreed with the king’s defense of the Church of England,

-wanted it to be more Protestant.

-purify the church of any & all Catholic practices

-Many Puritans served in the House of Commons, the lower house of Parliament, which gave them power.

(pages 219–221)(pages 219–221)



• Conflict came to a head under the reign of James I’s son, Charles I, who also believed in the divine right of kings.

-Charles I tried to add ritual to the Protestant service, which to the Puritans seemed a return to Catholicism.

(pages 219–221)(pages 219–221)

-Thousands of Puritans went to America rather than adhere to Charles I’s religious policies.



• Civil war broke out in 1642 between supporters of the king (Cavaliers or Royalists) and those of Parliament (Roundheads).

-Parliament won, due to the military genius, Oliver Cromwell.

-His army was made up chiefly of extreme Puritans known as the Independents.

-They believed they were doing battle for God.

(pages 219–221)(pages 219–221)



• Cromwell purged Parliament of anyone who had not supported him,

-the remainder of Parliament executed Charles I in 1649.

-The execution of the king horrified much of Europe.

-Parliament abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords,

-also declared England republic, or commonwealth.

(pages 219–221)(pages 219–221)



• Cromwell soon dismissed Parliament and set up a military dictatorship.

-He ruled until his death in 1658.

-Parliament then restored the monarchy, and Charles II took the throne.

-Under the restored Stuart monarchy, Parliament kept much of the power it had gained.

-It restored the Church of England as the state religion and restricted some rights of Catholics and Puritans.

(pages 219–221)(pages 219–221)



• In 1685, James II became king.

-He was a devout Catholic.

-James named Catholics to high positions in the government, armed forces, and universities.

-Conflict over religion again stirred.

(pages 219–221)(pages 219–221)



• Parliament did not want James II’s Catholic son to assume the throne.

• A group of English noblemen invited the Dutch leader, William of Orange, husband of James’s daughter Mary, to invade England.

• William and Mary raised an army and marched to England.

• James and his family fled, so with almost no violence, England underwent its “Glorious Revolution.”

• The issue was who would be monarch.

(pages 219–221)(pages 219–221)



• William and Mary accepted the throne in 1689

-The English Bill of Rights -which set forth Parliament’s right to make laws and levy taxes.

-standing armies could be raised only with Parliament’s consent.

-gave citizens the right to bear arms -to have a jury trial-created a government based on the rule of

law and a freely elected Parliament.-set the groundwork for a limited,

constitutional monarch

(pages 219–221)(pages 219–221)



• The Toleration Act of 1689 gave Puritans, not Catholics, the right of free public worship.

-Few English citizens were persecuted for religion ever again, however.

-By deposing one king and establishing another, Parliament had destroyed the divine right theory of kingship.

(pages 219–221)(pages 219–221)



Why would the execution of a king be so horrifying in 1649?

Possible answer: Many people believed that there was a connection between the king and God, so the execution must have seemed blasphemous. To other rulers, it seemed an invitation to anarchy.

Revolutions in England (cont.)

(pages 219–221)(pages 219–221)

__ 1. a republic

__ 2. a rapid increase in prices

__ 3. the practice of magic by people supposedly in league with the devil

__ 4. the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God

A. inflation

B. witchcraft

C. divine right of kings

D. commonwealth

Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

D

A

B


Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers.Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers.

C

Critical Thinking

Drawing Conclusions Which nation emerged stronger after the Thirty Years’ War? Did thirty years of fighting accomplish any of the original motives for waging the war?

France emerged stronger after the Thirty Years’ War. After thirty years of fighting, the Protestants made some gains, but Germany did not fare well.





France under Louis XIV

(pages 223–226)(pages 223–226)

• One way countries dealt with the instability of the 17th century was by increasing the monarchy’s power.

-absolutism, a system in which the ruler has total power.

-It also includes the idea of the divine right of kings.

-Absolute monarchs could make laws, levy taxes, administer justice, control the state’s officials, and determine foreign policy.



• French power and culture spread throughout Europe.

• Other courts imitated the court of Louis XIV.

(pages 223–226)(pages 223–226)



France under Louis XIV (cont.) The best example of 17th century absolutism

is the reign of Louis XIV of France.

-Louis XIV were only boys when they came to power.

-A royal minister held power for each up to a certain age, Cardinal Mazarin

-he helped preserve the monarchy.

(pages 223–226)(pages 223–226)

At the time of his father’s death, the four-year-old Louis XIV was, according to the laws of his kingdom, the owner of the bodies and property of 19 million subjects. Nonetheless, he once narrowly escaped drowning in a pond because no one was watching him.



• Louis XIV came to the throne in 1643 at age four.

• During Mazarin’s rule, nobles rebelled against the throne, but their efforts were crushed.

• Many French people concluded that the best chance for stability was with a monarch.

(pages 223–226)(pages 223–226)



• Louis XIV took power in 1661 at age 23.

-He wanted to be–and was to be–sole ruler of France.

-All were to report to him for orders or approval of orders.

-He fostered the myth of himself as the Sun King–the source of light for his people.

(pages 223–226)(pages 223–226)



• The royal court Louis established at Versailles served three purposes.

(1) It was the king’s household

(2) the location of the chief offices of the state

(3) and a place where the powerful could find favors and offices for themselves.

• From Versailles, Louis controlled the central policy-making machinery of government.

(pages 223–226)(pages 223–226)



-Louis had an anti-Huguenot policy, wanting the Huguenots to convert to Catholicism.

-He destroyed Huguenot churches and closed Huguenot schools.

-The mercantilist policies of the brilliant Jean-Baptiste Colbert helped Louis with the money he needed for maintaining his court and pursuing his wars.

(pages 223–226)(pages 223–226)



• Louis developed a standing army of 400,000

-he wanted to dominate Europe.

-To do this, he waged four wars between 1667 and 1713

-upon his death in 1715, France was debt-ridden and surrounded by enemies

(pages 223–226)(pages 223–226)



• Religion, politics, and territory all played a role in the Thirty Years’ War, called the “last of the religious wars.”

-The Thirty Years’ War was Europe’s most destructive ever.

-The war began in the Holy Roman Empire in 1618

-a fight between the Hapsburgs and Protestant nobles in Bohemia who rebelled against the Hapsburgs.

(pages 217–218)(pages 217–218)

Absolutism in Central and Eastern Europe

-All major European countries but England became involved.

-The battles took place on German soil, and Germany was plundered and destroyed for 30 years.

-It ended all religious wars****



(pages 226–227)(pages 226–227)

• After the Thirty Years’ War, two German states–Prussia and Austria–emerged in the 17th and 18th centuries as great powers.

(1) Frederick William the Great Elector established the basis for the Prussian state.

-He built an efficient standing army of 40,000 men, the 4th-largest army in Europe.



-He set up the General War Commissariat to oversee the army.

-It soon became a bureaucratic machine for civil government as well.

-he used it to govern the state and to do as he pleased

-but he ruled as a father would rule his children (although he would have none of his own)-

(pages 226–227)(pages 226–227)



(2) The Austrian Hapsburgs had long been Holy Roman emperors.

-After the Thirty Years’ War, the center of their empire was in present-day Austria, the Czech Republic, and Hungary.

(pages 226–227)(pages 226–227)

•In 1711, Charles VI was its’ ruler

-so many different cultures in one country made it difficult to rule

-to see that his family continued to reign, he persuaded the local rulers to accept his eldest daughter, Maria Theresa as his heir

(she took over in 1740)

• But both leaders wanted to prove their superiority

-aligning themselves with former enemies will create a problem

• Seven Years War (1756) – fought by almost all countries in Europe, even spreading to North America

• Ended in 1763, did not change anything in Europe

-in North America, Brit. won



What are the basic principles of mercantilism?

Mercantilism stresses the need to have a favorable balance of trade for a country to be wealthy and grow economically. Mercantilism stresses having high reserves of gold and silver, and using colonies as sources of bullion and raw goods and as markets for the parent country.

France under Louis XIV (cont.)

(pages 223–226)(pages 223–226)



Russia under Peter the Great

(pages 227–229)(pages 227–229)

• In the 16th century, Ivan IV became the first Russian ruler to take the title of czar, Russian for caesar.

-Called Ivan the Terrible for his ruthlessness, he expanded Russia eastward and crushed the power of the Russian boyars (the nobility).



• The end of Ivan’s rule in 1598 was followed by a period of anarchy called the Time of Troubles.

-It ended when the national assembly chose Michael Romanov as czar in 1613.

-The Romanov dynasty lasted until 1917.

(pages 227–229)(pages 227–229)



• Its most prominent ruler was Peter the Great, coming to power in 1689

-believed in the divine right of kings. -He wanted European technology to create a great

army to support Russia as a great power.

-By Peter’s death in 1725, Russia was an important European state.

(pages 227–229)(pages 227–229)



• To create his army, Peter drafted peasants for 25-year stints.

-formed the first Russian navy.

-he divided Russia into provinces to rule more effectively.

-he wanted to create a “police state,” by which he meant a well-ordered community governed by law.

(pages 227–229)(pages 227–229)



• Peter introduced Western customs and etiquette. -At court, Russian beards had to be shaved and

coats shortened, for example, as were the customs in Europe.

-He insisted women remove their veils, and he held gatherings for conversation and dancing where the sexes mixed, as in Europe.

(pages 227–229)(pages 227–229)



• Peter’s goal was to make Russia a great power.

-An important part of this was finding a port with access to Europe through the Baltic Sea.

-After a war with Sweden, he got what he wanted-On the Baltic in 1703, he began construction of a

new city, St. Petersburg. -he wanted it to be like other western cities he had

visited-It was the Russian capital until 1918.

(pages 227–229)(pages 227–229)



Why would a port with access to Europe be important for being a world power?

At the time, much long-distance travel and trade was by ship. Europe was the important cultural and political area closest to Russia. Peter wanted to Europeanize his country and needed ready access to the ideas and commodities available in Europe.

Russia under Peter the Great (cont.)

(pages 227–229)(pages 227–229)

__ 1. a political system in which a ruler holds total power

__ 2. a Russian noble

__ 3. Russian for “caesar,” the title used by Russian emperors

A. absolutism

B. czar

C. boyar


A



C

B



Mannerism• The artistic Renaissance ended 1520s

and 1530s.

(pages 230–231)(pages 230–231)

-a new movement, Mannerism broke down the High Renaissance values of balance, harmony, moderation, and proportion.

-Elongated figures showed suffering, heightened emotions, and religious ecstasy.

-Mannerism reached its height with the painter El Greco (”the Greek”).

-was eventually replaced by the Baroque Period

View a painting by El Greco. Do you like the style he used? Why or why not?

Mannerism (cont.)

(pages 230–231)(pages 230–231)



The Baroque Period • Baroque artists tried to join Renaissance

ideals with the newly revived spiritual feelings.

-it was known for dramatic effects to arouse emotions.

-Baroque art and architecture also reflected the 17th century search for power.

-Churches and palaces were magnificent and richly detailed, giving off a sense of power.




• The Italian architect and sculptor Gian Lorenzo Bernini is perhaps the greatest figure of the baroque period.

-He completed Saint Peter’s Basilica in Rome where drama and exuberance mark his work.




• The best-known female artist of the seventeenth century was Artemisia Gentileschi.

-At the age of 23, she became the first woman elected to the Florentine Academy of Design.

-She is best known for a series of pictures of Old Testament heroines, especially Judith Beheading Holofernes.




A Golden Age of Literature • England had a cultural flourishing during

the Elizabethan Era.

-Most notable was the drama of the time, especially that of William Shakespeare.

-Shakespeare’s works were performed principally at the Globe Theater.

-Shakespeare is viewed as a universal genius who combined masterful language skills with deep insight into human psychology and the human condition

(pages 231–232)(pages 231–232)



(1) Thomas Hobbes. -He wrote a work on political thought,

Leviathan (1651), to deal with the issue of civil disorder.

-He claimed that before society, man was selfish and evil.

-Life is not about morals, but self-preservation.


Political Thought



• To save people from destroying one another, people must form a state by agreeing to be governed by an absolute ruler with complete power.

-Only in this way could social order be preserved.




(2) John Locke wrote a political work called Two Treatises of Government (1690).

-He argued against the absolute rule of one person.

-he believed that before the development of society and politics, people lived in a state of freedom and equality, not violence and war.

-In this state people had natural rights–rights with which people are born.




-They agree to establish a government to secure and protect these rights.

-The contract between people and government establishes mutual obligations.

-If the contract is broken, people have a right to overthrow the government.




• Locke’s ideas were important to the American and French Revolutions.

-They were used to support demands for constitutional government, the rule of law, and the protection of rights.

-Locke’s ideas are found in the American Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution.


Do you agree with Hobbes’s view that human nature is thoroughly self-interested? Why or why not?

Political Thought (cont.)


__ 1. an artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements

__ 2. an artistic movement that emerged in Italy in the 1520s and 1530s; it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation

__ 3. rights with which all humans are supposedly born, including the rights to life, liberty, and property

A. Mannerism

B. baroque

C. natural rights


B



A

C




Summarize the mutual obligations between people and government as understood by Locke.

Locke believed the government’s obligation was to protect people’s rights. He believed the people’s obligation was to act reasonably toward government.

Chapter Summary

The rulers of Europe during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and early eighteenth centuries battled to expand their borders, power, and religion. This chart summarizes some of the events of the chapter.

Critical Thinking



Compare and Contrast Compare the political thought of John Locke to the American form of government. What would Locke support? What would he not support?

Critical Thinking

Locke believed that humans had certain natural rights to life, liberty, and property. This belief is reflected in our belief in the “inalienable rights” to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.” He believed that the government had a duty to protect the rights of the people and when it fails, that the people have a right to form a new government. This is similar to what happened when the American colonists declared independence from Britain. He would probably approve wholeheartedly of the American system of government.



All of the following resulted from the English “Glorious Revolution” EXCEPT

F the idea of the divine right of kings.

G the addition of a Bill of Rights to the English constitution.

H the restoration of a monarch in England.

J increased religious freedom for Protestants.

Test-Taking Tip Key words such as except or not dramatically change the test question. Always read carefully so you do not miss key words.

Directions: Choose the best answer to the following question.

Standardized Test Practice

If you could spend an evening with one of the rulers you have met in this chapter, who would it be and what would you do? Answer in the form of a brief essay.

Click the mouse button or press theSpace Bar to display the answers.

130 about 1900England; the English ships had more cannons per ship than did the Spanish


The most famous civil war in England was the English Revolution.

They did not support it. Parliament offered the throne to William and Mary.


William Shakespeare was a famous playwright and actor.

Shakespeare has been viewed as a universal genius. The era was

named for Queen Elizabeth because great works of drama and literature and a “cultural flowering” occurred during her reign.

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