1 SPHERE - 1

Development of digital technology and fabrication could enable us to show the data within physical material. Global situation and referential process between physical and digital model suggest which material I choose intuitively.

S P H E R E P R O J E C TGLOB A L D A T A M A T E R I A L I Z A T I O N

1 SPHERE - 20

010h20h30h

4,000km8,000km12,000km16,000km

Travel Time

Passengers

Ground Distance5h = 1,740km

1 New York City JFK 2,517,896

40 Houston Intercontinental 541,632

Travel timeGround distance

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4 0 I N T E R N A T I O N A L B U S I E S T F L I G H T R O U T E S

Developing air transportation system makes us feel the world smaller than ever. The cities connected by the transportation attract each other. People move around the world by power of this attraction. I referred statistics about travel time, distance and passenger handling in Heathrow. In 2010, Heathrow was the busiest airport in Europe in terms of total passenger traffic, with 13.2% more passengers than Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport and 24.3% more than Frankfurt Airport. By July 2011, Heathrow was the third busiest airport in the world, after Atlanta and Beijing, and overtaking Chicago OHare. From the same period in 2010, it had passenger numbers had increased by 7%.

Rank Airport Passengers Travel Time Distance(km)

1 New York City JFK 2,517,896 7h 2min 5573

2 Dubai 1,787,561 6h 55min 5477

3 Dublin 1,493,613 1h 5min 464

4 Hong Kong 1,386,779 11h 52min 9626

5 Amsterdam 1,333,124 0h 55min 358

6 Paris CDG 1,299,701 0h 53min 338

7 Frankfurt am Main 1,266,240 1h 4min 639

8 Los Angeles 1,189,309 11h 31min 8952

9 Chicago OHare 1,138,012 8h 44min 6378

10 Madrid 1,093,538 2h 7min 1263

11 Newark 1,091,818 7h 6min 5592

12 Rome Fiumicino 1,032,872 2h 6 min 1432

13 Singapore 1,022,220 13h 20min 10848

14 Munich 975,465 1h 45min 918

15 Mumbai 957,439 8h 59min 7197

16 Toronto Pearson 940,448 7h 14min 5739

17 Washington Dulles 920,514 7h 28min 5934

18 Stockholm Arlanda 912,362 2h 7min 1444

19 Istanbul Atatrk 905,002 3h 22min 2497

20 Delhi 893,196 8h 24min 6721

21 Johannesburg 886,146 11h 10min 9039

22 Zurich 876,385 1h 32min 779

23 Copenhagen 870,072 1h 48min 958

24 Boston 866,719 6h 41min 5277

25 San Francisco 860,617 10h 42min 8636

26 Geneva 859,143 1h 30min 748

27 Miami 822,315 8h 54min 7137

28 Athens 784,308 3h 15min 2396

29 Vienna 731,100 1h 52min 1238

30 Lisbon 727,335 2h 17min 1587

31 Sydney 696,301 20h 38min 16974

32 Tokyo Narita 683,186 11h 50min 9594

33 Milan Linate 647,636 1h 49min 961

34 Doha 640,528 6h 37min 5218

35 Barcelona 605,989 1h 45min 1139

36 Bangkok Suvarnabhumi 597,826 11h 48min 9561

37 Berlin Tegel 596,543 1h 45min 926

38 Oslo 592,477 1h 45min 1156

39 Helsinki 578,543 2h 34min 1826

40 Houston Intercontinental 541,632 9h 41min 7817

1 SPHERE - 3

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A Z I M U T H A L E Q U I D I S T A N T P R O J E C T I O N

Azimuthal equidistant projection map precisely show distances between London located centre, and other cities. Therefore, the edge of map is circle so that this is appropriate to see how our world is shirked in global scale by the air transportation.

1 SPHERE - 4

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S P A C E / T I M E * P A S S E N G E R P R O J E C T I O N M A P

As the first attempt, I deformed map based on the statistics. The speed of air plane in longer routes are faster than shorter ones. The density of the route is not homogeneity in the world. Those two effect cause complexity of deformation of the map.

1 SPHERE - 5

London

Madrid Vienna

C H O I C E O F M A T E R I A L : F O L D I N G P A P E R

Paper is suitable to show geometry change because it has appropriate hardness of material and easy to work. I tested fold the part of world map to make closer several cities. Then, these are valleys appeared, which show the gap between travel time and ground distance.

1 SPHERE - 6

P A P E R S P H E R E A N D I T S 3 D S C A N N I N G

Because I could not see complexity in the part of the paper map, I picked up 3 routes from the map based on time-space*population and then bind physical sphere to see what will be happens on the sphere. I used Japanese traditional paper for this model because Japanese paper is stronger the others but still flexible owing to longer fibre. Then, I scanned it by 3D scanner. Interestingly, the deep valleys could not be cached up and turn into hales even though strings were got. This result gave the idea of digitalization of paper sphere to further development.

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MISSING

Japanese paper model 3D scanned paper model

1 SPHERE - 7

M E S H F A C E S O N 3 D S C A N N I N G M O D E L

We can see many triangulated mesh faces on 3D scanning model. I thought this is important point of simulate movement of paper sphere. I start looking at sphere mesh geometries with considering result of 3D scanning. Then, I decide use Geodesic geometry because it is the most triangulated sphere that can be suitable for simulation movement. After deciding geometry of sphere,I tested hinge of Geodesic dome while simulating paper sphere on Grasshopper.

1 SPHERE - 8

H I N G E T E S T M O D E L S

Then, I decide use Geodesic geometry because it is the most triangulated sphere. After deciding geometry of sphere,I tested hinge of Geodesic dome while simulating paper sphere on Grasshopper.

1 SPHERE - 9

RUBBER HINGE - Move smooth but force do not deliver each face.

STIFF HINGE - Move difficult but force is easy to deliver each face.

H I N G E T E S T I N G

Different material on hinge lead to different physical property of deformation. Rubber hinge can easy to deform but power can not distribute whole shape. Meanwhile, plastic band hinge is difficult to deform but can distribute power. As result,the shape has plastic hinge more undulate than rubber one. I realize stiffness of hinge is important factor to simulate materiality on computer. More stiff hinge become more like board material, less stiff one become more like cloth material.Paper has material property in between those two.

1 SPHERE - 10

A N I M A T I O N O F H O W T O C R E A S E

The surface between two cities protruded and cities go the inside of original geometry of the sphere when I make them come close. I thought this movement resemble behaviour of paper sphere. So, I continued the simulation. The deformation is simply multiplied as number of cities increasing.Finally, the 20 routes was more complex form than the 1 route when it were simulated.

TWO CITIES DEFORMATION PROCESS

THREE CITIES DEFORMATION PROCESS

TWENTY CITIES DEFORMATION PROCESS

1 SPHERE - 11

T O P T O PF R O N T

G E O D E S I C D O M E G E O D E S I C D O M EL E F T L E F T

B A C K B O T T O M B O T T O M

R I G H T R I G H T

RESULT OF SIMULATION OF PAPER SPHERE

Firstly when I looked at result of simulation of paper sphere,I thought there is no rule. However, if I looked at carefully, the holes are apparently heading to London. Moreover, all original flight route is inside of sphere. The part of sphere with no cities still keep sphere shape.

London

London

London

1 SPHERE - 12

RESULT OF 3D PRINTING

Result of 3D printing enable us to touch result of computational paper stimulation. This can be work as physical graph. However, this object lost materiality of paper and less show dynamics of simulation...

Technique : 3D printer at Metropolitan WorksMaterial : A plaster based material bonded with glueSize : Approx. 10cm*10cm

1 SPHERE - 13

R E S T S P A C E G L O B E

The subsaturated volume from origan godesic dome show rest space as power of deformation.The volumes how the power of gap between traveltime and ground distance.

- =

Technique : Selective Laser Sintering at Metropolitan WorksMaterial : A polyamide powderSize : 10cm*10cm

1 SPHERE - 14

C O L O R E D S I M U L A T I O N O F P A P E R S P H E R E

I coloured deformation process of the sphere to show dynamics of simulation. Each coloured mesh face show embodied tension. Those stills describe creasing process. Faces are gradually coloured.

0%Under 10% Over 10%

The gap of areaExpand Shrink

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1 SPHERE - 16

C O L O R E 3 D P R I N T I N G

I used 3D colour printer to show dynamics of simulation. Each coloured mesh face show embodied tension. The gradation of surface shows deformation process. We can feel dynamic on it. Colore makes objects more powerful.

Technique : 3D colour printer at Metropolitan WorksMaterial : A polyamide powder and CYMK InkSize : Approx. 10cm*10cm

1 SPHERE - 17

1.Plot international route

2.Extrude international route

3.Cut surface in the middle of international routes

4.Repeat 1-3 action

5.Add Tension based on data

F L I G H T B A S E D G L O B E

I success the simulation of paper sphere, however, the 3D printing model lost materiality of paper and its behaviour and also not clear relation between flight route and deformed geometry. So, I looked back into the flight routes again and try to make geometry of sphere from those. I aimed to establish relation between data and material, so this is first attempt to mix virtual simulation with real materiality. The idea of this model is from UV dome which represented by vertical lines on sphere.

1 SPHERE - 18

Technique : Laser cutter at Metropolitan WorksMaterial : Card board and red stringSize : Approx. L20cm * W3cm * H5cm

1 SPHERE - 19

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M A N U F A C T U R I N G O F F L I G H T B A S E D S P H E R E

I used a card board for manufacturing this sphere,however, the card board seems not suite for this model. It would be good if this fabricated of like steel, more elastic material. Moreover, the cut line probably should be drawn another way because all projected curve can not assembled together owing to shortage of space to stick caused by distortion of the cut line.

Technique : Laser cutter at Metropolitan WorksMaterial : Card boardSize : Approx. L60cm * W60cm * H50cm

1 SPHERE - 20

PART OF FINAL SPHERE INDORMATION OF DEFIRMATION RESULT OF SIMULATION

LARGE SHELL PAPER SPHERE

MOLD FOR LARGE SHELL PAPER SPHERE

ORIGINAL SPHERE

PHYSICAL SIMULATION OF CRUMPLED PAPER SPHERE

C O M B I N A T I O N O F C R A F T A N D D I G I T A L T E C H N O L O G Y

The physical simulation on Grasshopper provide me information about deformation of whole sphere. Then, we can choose part of the deformed sphere to make large sphere. The machines, laser cutter and CNC router in Metropolitan Works, enable us to create the model in large scale.

CRAFT

MANUFACTURE

VIRTUAL

1 SPHERE - 21

Technique : Laser cutting Material : Japanese paper, thread and MDFSize : Approx. 120cm*60cm

P A P E R S P H E R E D E F O R M E D B Y D A T A O F S I M U L A T I O N

Laser cutting pieces are embodied deformation. Physical simulation divide large force from the gap between travel time and ground distance, into small forces. This enable us to apply result of simulation to actual material.

1 SPHERE - 22

1 SPHERE - 23

R E S U L T O F S P H E R E P R O J E C T

The achievement of this project suggest us new materiality. The object deformed is made of paper but parameter of this deformation is based on statistics from air transportation. There is spatial relationship between paper and our global situation. This could mean that the space can change in relation to the another object thorough digital technique.