Sperm Oogen s2
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Gametogenesis :
Spermatogenesis dan oogenesis
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The Epididymus
Figure 28.9
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The Seminiferous Tubules
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Sertoli Cells and Developing Spermatocyte
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1) Spermatositogenesis
2) Meiosis
3) Spermiogenesis
Spermatozoa X dan Y
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Morfologi abnormal dari spermatozoa
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� Sperm produced in seminiferous tubules of testes;
� Testes are suspended in the scrotum; idealtemperature is 34 degrees C.
� Mature sperm are stored in the epididymis.
� Vas deferens is the tube from the epididymis tothe urethra; sperm become motile in vasdeferens
� Secretions are added to sperm in vas deferens.
� Semen is a mixture of sperm, prostaglandins,
alkaline buffers, sugars, water.
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Sertoli Cells
� Extend from basal lamina to lumen
� Lots of microtubules and microfilaments: movement andpushing
� Most numerous seminiferous cell prior to puberty;number same after puberty
� Supporting cells of gonad; nourish and support cells
� Heat resistant; radiation resistant, Blood Testis Barrier � Protects developing germ cells from toxins
� Sets up immunological barrier: The zona occludenslocks antigens into testes and keeps antibodies to spermout
� Contains androgen binding protein or ABP (which bindstestosterone and acts as carrier)
� Memiliki fungsi fagositik
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Figure 28.8
Spermiogenesis and Spermatozoon Structure
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SPERM MATUR ATION
� Acrosomal vesicle - contains enzymes thatdigest proteins and complex sugars.
± Important for egg recognition
± Lyses outer covering of egg
� Flagellum ± whip-like structure that propelsthe sperm using ATP
± ATP is produced by the mitochrondria
± The enzyme dynein hydrolyzes ATP to releaseenergy
� Dynein is attached to the microtubules of theflagellum
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The Modification of a Germ Cell to Form a
Mammalian Sperm
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The Sperm Head
H ead: EM, LS × 14 000
AC = acrosome; PM = plasma membrane
From Wheater¶s Functional Histology, 4th
ed., 2000.
The head of a mature sperm, lengthwise, is approximately 1/20 the
diameter of a mature ovum.
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The Sperm Neck
N eck (middle piece and principal piece): EM, LS × 17 000
Mi = mitrochondria; C = cytoplasm; F, Rn, Rb, & An = all parts of flagellum structure
From Wheater¶s Functional Histology, 4th
ed., 2000.
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� Typical ejaculate = 2-5 ml fluid
± Contains between 20 ± 100 million spermatozoa
per ml
� Seminal fluid
± A distinct ionic and nutritive glandular secretion
Contents of Semen
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Male Reproductive System
seminalvesicle
prostate
gland
Cowper¶s
gland
secrete
seminal
fluid
Fruktosa, Protein dan
Prostaglandin
Asam sitrat, As Phospat
Lubrikasi uretra
(mukoprotein)
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Figure 28.12
Hormonal Feedback and the Regulation of the Male
Reproductive Function
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Synthesis of Androgens
* *
**
From Blood
* 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
**5-reductase
Protein kinase
Adenylate cyclase
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O
CH3
CH3OH
Testosterone Dihydrotestosterone(DHT)
Converting Enzyme:
5-alpha-Reductase
O
CH3
CH3OH
H H
Finasteride
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Hypophysectomy
- The testes shrink in size
- Sperm outpput declines
- Spermatogenesis arest at
the primary spermatocyte stage- Testosterone out falls
prostat and seminal vesicle regress
1. The Testosterone was involved in
the maintenance of spermatogenesis2. The secretion of Testosteron by the Leydig cells
was under the control of the pituitary
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� Cholesterol serves as the substrate for
P5 biosynthesis in the Leydig cells.
� Testosterone is the principal steroid
produced by Leydig cells.
� Androstenedione and
dehyrdorepiandrosterone are alsoproduced but the physiological
potencies are very low.
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� In some tissues, testosterone is
converted to either dihydrotestosterone(DHT) or E2 which are the biologically
active steroids in these tissues.
� Almost 100% of the testosterone in the
blood is bound to protein
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Endocrine Control
� Testicular androgens exert negative feedbackat the level of the AP and the hypothalamus.
� Pituitary gonadotropin secretion in the male is
under a tonic regulatory control.
� Release of GnRH is coded, which may benecessary to prevent pituitary gonadotrophs
from becoming refractory to GnRH.
� In the adult male, there is a pulsatile release of LH about every 90 min, and the pattern varies
from day to day.
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Inhibin
� Sertoli cells of the testes produce inhibin,
whos putative role is to control the secretion
of FSH.
� FSH secretion from cultured AP (Anterior Pituitary) cells is inhibited when AP cells are
cocultured with Sertoli cells.
� This is further substantiated by the fact that
prior exposure to inhibin suppresses the
elevation of FSH release following GnRH
administration.
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Inhibin
� Other evidence suggests that inhibin alsosuppresses FSH at the hypothalamus.
� Granulosa cells from the ovarian folliclesecrete inhibin that acts directly on AP cellcultures derived from the male or female.
� Administration of anti-inhibin antisera to ratsof either sex causes an elevation in serumFSH, LH remains unchanged.
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Prolactin
� Hypox of male rats results in a loss of testicular LH receptors, but administration of FSH or LH does not, re-establish testicular LH receptors.
� Inhibition of FSH and LH secretion by anti-GnRH or by E2 or T trt does not result in aloss of testicular LH receptors.
� Inhibiton of Prl secretion results in adecrease in testicular LH receptors.
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1) Dynein arms attached to A microtubule ³walk´
along the B microtubule
2) ³Walking´ dynein generates the force
3) Since microtubules are cross linked to each other
instead of sliding they bend
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OOGENESIS
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Perkembangan folikel
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Figure 28.16
The Ovarian Cycle
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The Ovarian Follicle of Mammals
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Maturasi Oosit in vitro
Immature oocyte
Mature oocyte
(36 jam setelah kultur in vitro)
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The OvumGraafian follicle Az an × 75
� F A = follicular antrum
� CR = corona radiata
� O2 = secondary oocyte
� ZG = zona granulosa
� TI = theca interna
� The oocyte is released along
with the corona radiata.� Notice the clear ring just around
the ovum (arrow tip): this is the
zona pellucida.
From Wheater¶s Functional Histology, 4th
ed., 2000.
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Figure 28.16
The Ovarian Cycle
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ROS : Reactive Oxygen Spesies
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ZP1, ZP2 and ZP 3 : Glycoprotein
ZP3 :-Bound to the head of mouse sperm
-83 kDa
- Initiates the acrosome reaction
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Menstrual Cycle
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Seleksi Folikel Dominan
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Sperm Cell Movement
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� Trisomy 21 (Down¶s Syndrome)
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� Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)
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� Turner Syndrome (XO)
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� XYY males
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Figure 2.
Estimatedbirthincidence of maternallyderived
trisomy 21.
Oogenesis versus
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Oogenesis versus
Spermatogenisis
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Meiosis I (four phases)Meiosis I (four phases)
�� Cell divisionCell division that reduces the chromosomechromosome
number by oneone--half.half.
�� four phasesfour phases:a.a. prophase Iprophase I
b.b. metaphase Imetaphase I
c.c. anaphase Ianaphase I
d.d. telophase Itelophase I
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Meiosis I : the reduction division
Prophase I(early)
(diploid)
Prophase I(late)
(diploid)
Metaphase I(diploid)
Anaphase I(diploid)
Telophase I(diploid)
NucleusSpindle
fibersNuclear
envelope
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Prophase IProphase I
�� Longest and most complex phase (90%)Longest and most complex phase (90%) Tahap paling penting
�� ChromosomesChromosomes condense
kondensasi benang-benang k r omatin
sebelum kondensasi disebut sebagai f aseleptotene
�� SynapsisSynapsis occurs: homologous chromosomeshomologous chromosomes cometogether to form a tetradtetrad. selama fase zygotene
�� TetradTetrad is two chromosomeschromosomes or four chromatidschromatids(sister and nonsister chromatids pachytene
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Homologous ChromosomesHomologous Chromosomes
� Pair of chromosomeschromosomes (maternalmaternal and paternalpaternal) that are
similar in shape and size.
� Homologous pairs (tetrads)(tetrads) carry genes controlling
the same inherited traits.
� Each locuslocus (position of a gene)(position of a gene) is in the same
position on homologues.
� Humans have 23 pairs of homologous chromosomeshomologous chromosomes..
a. 22 pairs of autosomesautosomes
b. 01 pair of sex chromosomessex chromosomes
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Prophase IProphase I -- SynapsisSynapsis
Homologous chromosomes
sister chromatids sister chromatids
Tetrad
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Homologous ChromosomesHomologous Chromosomes
Paternal Maternal
eye color
locus
eye color
locus
hair color
locushair color
locus
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Crossing Over Crossing Over
�� Crossing over (variation)Crossing over (variation) may occur between
nonsister chromatidschromatids at the chiasmatachiasmata.
�� Crossing over Crossing over : segments of nonsister
chromatidschromatids break and reattach to the other
chromatidchromatid.
�� Chiasmata (chiasma)Chiasmata (chiasma) are the sites of crossingcrossingover over .
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Crossing Over Crossing Over -- variationvariation
nonsister chromatids
chiasmata: site
of crossing over variation
Tetrad
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Recombination (crossing over)
� Occurs in prophase of meiosis I
� Generates diversity
Letters denote genes
Case denotes alleles
�Creates chromosomes with new combinations of alleles for genes A to F.
A
B
C
D
E
F
a
b
c
d
e
f
c
d
e
f
A
B
a
b
C
D
E
F
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Sex ChromosomesSex Chromosomes
XX chromosome - female XY chromosome - male