Spelling rules Pronunciation rules A few words about orthography.

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System of Russian letters and sounds Spelling rules Pronunciation rules A few words about orthography

Transcript of Spelling rules Pronunciation rules A few words about orthography.

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  • Spelling rules Pronunciation rules A few words about orthography
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  • Introduction Dear friends! Look, listen, and read the comments! Memorize this useful information! Enjoy Russian spelling!
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  • Transcription Stressed vowels are written in big, bold type [ ]. Pre-stressed vowels are written slightly smaller [], and the remaining unstressed vowels are written in even smaller type [ ].
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  • Vowels These 6 letters represent simple vowels: (1), (16), (21), (29), (31), (10) [ ]AaaAnn [ ]he [ ]mind [ ]we [ ]this is [ ]world, peace
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  • Compound vowels and their spelling These 4 letters represent two sounds, each in isolated position: [/] [/] [/] [/] The spelling of these vowels depends on their position in the word.
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  • 1) Initial position In a word-initial position they are made up of two sounds: [ ] I eat [ ] hedgehog [ ] south [ ] I
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  • 2) Position after vowels At the end of a word, following a vowel, they are pronounced as two sounds: [ ]my [ ] reading [ ]I wash [ ] two (collective numeral)
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  • 3) Position after soft consonants After soft consonants, they are pronounced as just one sound: [ ] chalk [ ] easy, light [ ] likes [ ]near
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  • 4) Placed after a soft sign (), compound vowels are pronounced as 2 sounds: [ ] family [ ] hits [ ] I drink
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  • 5) Placed after a hard sign (), compound vowels are pronounced as 2 sounds: [ ]to explain [ ]door way [ ]volume
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  • System of consonants Hard consonants These letters (8), (24), (26) always denote hard consonants: [ ]feminine [ ]knives [ ]center [ ]circus [ ]six [ ] wide
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  • Soft consonants These letters (11), (25), (27) always denote soft consonants: [ ]May [ ]cup [ ]pike
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  • Correlative consonants These 12 letters denote pairs of voiced and unvoiced consonants: (2) (17) (3) (22) (4) (12) (5) (20) (8) (26) (9) (19)
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  • Voiced consonants with no unvoiced equivalents These letters (11), (13), (14), (15), (18) denote voiced consonants with no unvoiced equivalents: [ ] my [ ]moon [ ]house [ ]she [ ]mouth
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  • Unvoiced consonants with no voiced equivalents These letters (23), (25), (27), (24) denote unvoiced consonants with no voiced equivalents: [ ]well [ ]very [ ]schi (russian soup) [ ]circus
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  • Note! According to the rules of Russian orthography, after , , must be written / (not /)! After , must be written in the middle of the word, but at the end of a word.
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  • Spelling of , , , , , in stressed syllables: =[ ]mom = [ ]fashion = [ ]mind = [ ] this = [ ]we = [ ]peace, world
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  • Spelling of , , , in stressed syllables: = [ ] to eat = [ ] youth = [ ]apple = [ ] fir-tree = [ ]my (neut.) = [ ]gives Note! A syllable containing the letter is always stressed.
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  • Pronunciation of vowels in unstressed positions. Quantitative reduction of vowels Unstressed vowels sound shorter than stressed ones: [ ] salad [ ]mom
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  • Qualitative reduction of vowels Unstressed vowels are reduced: [ ] window [ ]milk [ ]metro [ ] busy [ ] floor
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  • Spelling of in the position after - after [] [ ] families [ ]whose
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  • Pronunciation of after hard consonants After these prepositions letter is pronounced []: [ ] from Iraq [ ] from Irina [ ] about their son [ ] with Ivan [ ] in the institute [ ] on the Internet [ ] to the engineer
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  • Devoicing At the end of words and before voiceless consonants voiced consonants become devoiced: [] [ ]Arab [] [ ]Tuesday [] [ ]friend [] [ ]year [] [ ]knife [] [ ]frost
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  • Functions of the soft sign . P honetic function The soft sign () is used to denote 1) Softness of consonants: [ ] salt [ ]coat
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  • 2) Separate spelling of soft consonants: [ ] family [ ] brothers [ ] hits [ ] I drink
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  • Orthographic function of the The soft sign () is used to denote 1) Feminine gender after the letters , , , : [ ]daughter [ ]thing
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  • 2) Forms of the 2nd person singular of verbs in the present and future. (This does not affect the hardness of the ): [ ] you think [ ] you will read
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  • The function of the hard sign is orthographic. The hard sign () is used after prefixes that are followed by the letters , , , : [ ]doorway [ ]volume [ ]to explain [ ]aide-de-camp
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  • Spelling of consonant groups. Silent consonants When three or more consonants are clustered together in a single word, one of them occasionally becomes silent: [ - ]Hello! [c - ]sun [ - ]heart [ - ] holidays [ - ] honest
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  • Reappearance of silent consonants Affected by a vowel that follows it or that is found at the end of a word, an otherwise silent vowel should be pronounced: [ ] health [ ]sunny [ ]cordial [ ]honor
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  • Special cases of the spelling of the letter In some words clusters of letters and are pronounced as [] and []: [] [ ]what [ ]sure, of course [ ]boring
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  • Special cases of the spelling of the letter Placed between vowels, the in and in masculine genitive and accusative endings must be pronounced as []: [ ]his [ ]of my [ ] of our [ ]of new [ ]of good
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  • Pronunciation of the letter cluster [] [ ]happiness [ ]count
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  • Pronunciation of the letter clusters -/- These letter clusters are pronounced like []: -/- [] - [ ] - [ ]
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  • List of references 1) .., .. . .: . 1980, 102 . 2) .. . . 1. . : 3) . . : http://yarus.aspu.ru/?id=383http://yarus.aspu.ru/?id=383 5) . . http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/
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  • 6) .. . - . URL: http://www.philol.msu.ru/rus/galya- 1/index1.htmhttp://www.philol.msu.ru/rus/galya- 1/index1.htm 7) . URL: http://www.krugosvet.ru/node/35197 http://www.krugosvet.ru/node/35197 8) . URL: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 9) .. . http://www.rae.ru/use/?section=content&op=show_article& article_id=7781661
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  • Text and presentation by I. Shigina Sound recording by E. Panferova Translation consultants: Karen Chilstrom (USA), A. Leonov, PhD