Speeches (1)

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Speech Writing Speech Writing Objectives: Objectives: To analyse examples of speech writing To analyse examples of speech writing To identify the language aspects of speech To identify the language aspects of speech writing writing

Transcript of Speeches (1)

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Speech Writing Speech Writing Objectives:Objectives:

• To analyse examples of speech To analyse examples of speech writingwriting

• To identify the language aspects of To identify the language aspects of speech writingspeech writing

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Listen to the speech made by Listen to the speech made by Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

Read the transcript in pairsRead the transcript in pairs Identify how this speech is persuasiveIdentify how this speech is persuasive Think about:Think about:

– The pronouns he usesThe pronouns he uses– The modal verbs he usesThe modal verbs he uses– The structure of his sentencesThe structure of his sentences– Use of literary devicesUse of literary devices

http://www.charleswelty.com/authors/churchill.htmhttp://www.charleswelty.com/authors/churchill.htm

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ParallelismParallelism is repeating the same syntactical structuresis repeating the same syntactical structures Several parts of a sentence or several sentences are Several parts of a sentence or several sentences are

similar to show that the ideas are equal in importance. similar to show that the ideas are equal in importance. adds balance and rhythm and, most importantly, adds balance and rhythm and, most importantly,

clarity to the sentence. clarity to the sentence.

Forty-four Americans have now taken the

presidential oath. The words have been spoken

during rising tides of prosperity and the

still waters of peace.

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AntithesisAntithesis establishes a clear, contrasting relationship between establishes a clear, contrasting relationship between

two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing

them, often in parallel structurethem, often in parallel structure

Forty-four Americans have now taken the

presidential oath. The words have been spoken

during rising tides of prosperity and the

still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the

oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and

raging storms.

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Anaphora Anaphora Repetition of the same word or words at the Repetition of the same word or words at the beginningbeginning of successive of successive clauses or sentencesclauses or sentences

In this example the syntax has been deliberately constructed to make it In this example the syntax has been deliberately constructed to make it anaphoric. How and why?anaphoric. How and why?

For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and travelled across oceans in search of a new life.

For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and ploughed the hard earth.

For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn.

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ParenthesisParenthesis consists of a word, phrase, or whole sentence inserted consists of a word, phrase, or whole sentence inserted

as an aside in the middle of another sentence e.g.as an aside in the middle of another sentence e.g.

This device creates the effect of immediacy: you are This device creates the effect of immediacy: you are relating some fact when suddenly something very relating some fact when suddenly something very important arisesimportant arises

It may also be used to give some statements a context It may also be used to give some statements a context What is the effect in this case?What is the effect in this case?

Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our

collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age.

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Look back at the transcript of Look back at the transcript of Winston Churchill’s speechWinston Churchill’s speech

Can you identify any of these Can you identify any of these rhetorical featuresrhetorical features

Label them on the text andLabel them on the text and

comment on their effectcomment on their effect

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AlliterationAlliteration

The recurrence of The recurrence of initialinitial consonant consonant sounds. sounds.

The repetition can be juxtaposed (and The repetition can be juxtaposed (and then it is usually limited to two words):then it is usually limited to two words):

The day consisted of troubles and triumphs

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AnalogyAnalogy compares two things, which are alike in several respects, compares two things, which are alike in several respects,

for the purpose of explaining an unfamiliar or difficult idea for the purpose of explaining an unfamiliar or difficult idea by showing how the idea or object is similar to a familiar by showing how the idea or object is similar to a familiar

one.one.

Life is like a box of chocolates – you never know what you’re gonna get.

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MetaphorMetaphor

compares two different things by speaking compares two different things by speaking of one in terms of the other. Unlike a of one in terms of the other. Unlike a simile or analogy, metaphor asserts that simile or analogy, metaphor asserts that one thing one thing isis another thing, another thing, notnot just that just that one is one is likelike another. another.

The fountain of knowledge will dry up unless it is continuously replenished by streams of new learning.

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HyperboleHyperbole deliberate exaggeration for emphasis or deliberate exaggeration for emphasis or

effect. In your writing the hyperbole must effect. In your writing the hyperbole must be clearly intended as an exaggeration, and be clearly intended as an exaggeration, and should be carefully restricted. should be carefully restricted.

That is, do not exaggerate everything!That is, do not exaggerate everything!

There are a thousand reasons why more research is needed on solar energy.

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LitotesLitotes A form of understatement: it is generated by denying A form of understatement: it is generated by denying

the opposite of the word which you want to use:the opposite of the word which you want to use:

litotes can either have the effect of understatement or litotes can either have the effect of understatement or become an intensifying expression. become an intensifying expression.

Occasionally it can convey an ironic sentiment by its Occasionally it can convey an ironic sentiment by its understatement. understatement.

It’s not the cheeriest of weather outside.

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Listen to the speech by Martin Listen to the speech by Martin Luther KingLuther King

http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htmmlkihaveadream.htm

Using the transcript, look at the first few lines Using the transcript, look at the first few lines down to ‘unearned suffering is redemptive.’down to ‘unearned suffering is redemptive.’

Identify the persuasive language features in the Identify the persuasive language features in the texttext

In particular look for:In particular look for:– MetaphorMetaphor– alliterationalliteration– ParallelismParallelism– LitotesLitotes– AnaphoraAnaphora– sentence moodssentence moods– Use of pronounsUse of pronouns

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I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out

of great trials and tribulations. Some of you have come

fresh from narrow jail cells. Some of you have come

from areas where your quest for freedom left you

battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by

the winds of police brutality. You have been the

veterans of creative suffering. Continue to work with the

faith that unearned suffering is redemptive.

Litotesanaphora

parallelism

alliteration

2nd person Personal pronoun Imperative

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Barak Obama’s speech after winning Barak Obama’s speech after winning the race for the White Housethe race for the White House 5/11/085/11/08

http://uk.youtube.com/watch?http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=Jll5baCAaQUv=Jll5baCAaQU

Or Or http://filepedia.org/audio/obama-victory-http://filepedia.org/audio/obama-victory-

speech-november-2008speech-november-2008

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Look at the first paragraphLook at the first paragraph

How are pronouns used?How are pronouns used? How is the adverb ‘still’ used? Would the How is the adverb ‘still’ used? Would the

speech still mean the same if it was speech still mean the same if it was omitted?omitted?

How is a sense of unity created?How is a sense of unity created? How are abstract nouns used?How are abstract nouns used? What ideas does Obama want to attach What ideas does Obama want to attach

himself to?himself to? Identify the main clause in this sentence. Identify the main clause in this sentence.

What effect is created by the structure?What effect is created by the structure?

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If there is anyone out there who still If there is anyone out there who still

doubts that America is a place where alldoubts that America is a place where all

things are possible, who still wonders if things are possible, who still wonders if

the dream of our founders is alive in ourthe dream of our founders is alive in our

time, who still questions the power of time, who still questions the power of our our

democracy, tonight is your answer.democracy, tonight is your answer.

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Read the next two paragraphs.Read the next two paragraphs.

Why has Obama changed from a Why has Obama changed from a second person possessive second person possessive determiner to the definite article?determiner to the definite article?

How is personification used here?How is personification used here? Look again at determiners.Look again at determiners. How are concrete and proper nouns How are concrete and proper nouns

used?used?

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It's the answer told by lines that stretched It's the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen, by people who waited nation has never seen, by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the first three hours and four hours, many for the first time in their lives, because they believed time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different, that their that this time must be different, that their voices could be that difference.voices could be that difference.It's the answer spoken by young and old, rich It's the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Hispanic, Asian, Native American, gay, white, Hispanic, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled. straight, disabled and not disabled. Americans who sent a message to the world Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been just a collection of that we have never been just a collection of individuals or a collection of red states and individuals or a collection of red states and blue states.blue states.

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In pairs, analyse the language in In pairs, analyse the language in the rest of the speechthe rest of the speech

LexisLexisModal auxiliary verbsModal auxiliary verbsPronouns and determinersPronouns and determinersAbstract and concrete nounsAbstract and concrete nounsDynamic and stative verbsDynamic and stative verbsPatterningPatterning

Rhetorical devices:Rhetorical devices:Rhetorical interrogativeRhetorical interrogativeAnaphoraAnaphoraParallelismParallelismTriplingTriplingJuxtaposition/ AntithesisJuxtaposition/ AntithesisHyperboleHyperboleMetaphorMetaphorSimileSimile

SyntaxSyntaxClause structureClause structureForegroundingForegroundingEnd focusEnd focus

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Section BSection B

You will be given source material You will be given source material from the core text.from the core text.

You will be asked to use the You will be asked to use the information from it to produce a information from it to produce a piece of writing of 300-400 wordspiece of writing of 300-400 words

You will then write a commentary on You will then write a commentary on your own writing of 150-200 wordsyour own writing of 150-200 words

The writing is worth 25 marksThe writing is worth 25 marks The commentary is worth 15 marksThe commentary is worth 15 marks

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Possible writing tasks are…Possible writing tasks are… Written modeWritten mode

– Entry for an encyclopaediaEntry for an encyclopaedia– EditorialEditorial– LeafletLeaflet– ReportReport– AdvertisementAdvertisement– ReviewReview– LetterLetter– Magazine or newspaper articleMagazine or newspaper article

Spoken modeSpoken mode– BroadcastBroadcast– SpeechSpeech– talktalk

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It is important to consider:It is important to consider: AudienceAudience PurposePurpose RegisterRegister FormatFormat

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You are a member of a college discussion You are a member of a college discussion group. You have been asked to produce a group. You have been asked to produce a speech arguing either for or against the speech arguing either for or against the statement:statement:

Modern life is easier for women.Modern life is easier for women.

Read the text and make notes on the Read the text and make notes on the information given.information given.

The text was written in the 80s. These are The text was written in the 80s. These are issues that affected your parents. How do issues that affected your parents. How do you feel about the issues raised?you feel about the issues raised?

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Either:Either: Write a speech for one of the leaders of Write a speech for one of the leaders of

the main partiesthe main parties

Imagine you are standing in elections as Imagine you are standing in elections as head boy/girl or senior studentshead boy/girl or senior students

Write a speech in which you argue that Write a speech in which you argue that modern society is still prejudiced against modern society is still prejudiced against women.women.

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In your groups, write three paragraphs of In your groups, write three paragraphs of speech using some of the techniques speech using some of the techniques below.below.Modal auxiliary verbsModal auxiliary verbs ParallelismParallelismPronounsPronouns AnthithesisAnthithesisAbstract and concrete nounsAbstract and concrete nouns HyperboleHyperboleDynamic and stative verbsDynamic and stative verbs ParenthesisParenthesisRhetorical interrogativeRhetorical interrogative AlliterationAlliterationAnaphoraAnaphora AnalogyAnalogyTriplingTripling LitotesLitotesJuxtapositionJuxtapositionHyperboleHyperboleMetaphorMetaphorSimileSimile

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CommentaryCommentary

Identify:Identify: AudienceAudience PurposePurpose registerregister