Speech - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
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11/03/2016 Speech Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech 1/4 Speech production (English) visualized by Realtime MRI Speech From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Speech is the vocalized form of communication based upon the syntactic combination of lexicals and names that are drawn from very large (usually about 1,000 different words) vocabularies. Each spoken word is created out of the phonetic combination of a limited set of vowel and consonant speech sound units. These vocabularies, the syntax which structures them, and their set of speech sound units differ, creating the existence of many thousands of different types of mutually unintelligible human languages. Most human speakers are able to communicate in two or more of them, [1] hence being polyglots. The vocal abilities that enable humans to produce speech also provide humans with the ability to sing. A gestural form of human communication exists for the deaf in the form of sign language. Speech in some cultures has become the basis of a written language, often one that differs in its vocabulary, syntax and phonetics from its associated spoken one, a situation called diglossia. Speech in addition to its use in communication, it is suggested by some psychologists such as Vygotsky is internally used by mental processes to enhance and organize cognition in the form of an interior monologue. Speech is researched in terms of the speech production and speech perception of the sounds used in vocal language. Other research topics concern speech repetition, the ability to map heard spoken words into the vocalizations needed to recreate them, that plays a key role in the vocabulary expansion in children and speech errors. Several academic disciplines study these including acoustics, psychology, speech pathology, linguistics, cognitive science, communication studies, otolaryngology and computer science. Another area of research is how the human brain in its different areas such as the Broca's area and Wernicke's area underlies speech. It is controversial how far human speech is unique in that animals also communicate with vocalizations. While none in the wild have compatibly large vocabularies, research upon the nonverbal abilities of language trained apes such as Washoe and Kanzi raises the possibility that they might have these capabilities. The origins of speech are unknown and subject to much debate and speculation. Contents 1 Production 2 Perception 3 Repetition 4 Errors 5 Problems involving speech
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Speech - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
Transcript of Speech - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
11/03/2016 Speech Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech 1/4
Speech production (English)visualized by Realtime MRI
SpeechFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Speech is the vocalized form of communication based upon thesyntactic combination of lexicals and names that are drawn fromvery large (usually about 1,000 different words) vocabularies.Each spoken word is created out of the phonetic combination of alimited set of vowel and consonant speech sound units. Thesevocabularies, the syntax which structures them, and their set ofspeech sound units differ, creating the existence of manythousands of different types of mutually unintelligible humanlanguages. Most human speakers are able to communicate in twoor more of them,[1] hence being polyglots. The vocal abilities thatenable humans to produce speech also provide humans with theability to sing.
A gestural form of human communication exists for the deaf inthe form of sign language. Speech in some cultures has becomethe basis of a written language, often one that differs in itsvocabulary, syntax and phonetics from its associated spoken one, a situation called diglossia. Speech inaddition to its use in communication, it is suggested by some psychologists such as Vygotsky isinternally used by mental processes to enhance and organize cognition in the form of an interiormonologue.
Speech is researched in terms of the speech production and speech perception of the sounds used invocal language. Other research topics concern speech repetition, the ability to map heard spoken wordsinto the vocalizations needed to recreate them, that plays a key role in the vocabulary expansion inchildren and speech errors. Several academic disciplines study these including acoustics, psychology,speech pathology, linguistics, cognitive science, communication studies, otolaryngology and computerscience. Another area of research is how the human brain in its different areas such as the Broca's areaand Wernicke's area underlies speech.
It is controversial how far human speech is unique in that animals also communicate with vocalizations.While none in the wild have compatibly large vocabularies, research upon the nonverbal abilities oflanguage trained apes such as Washoe and Kanzi raises the possibility that they might have thesecapabilities. The origins of speech are unknown and subject to much debate and speculation.
Contents
1 Production
2 Perception
3 Repetition
4 Errors
5 Problems involving speech
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6 Brain physiology
7 See also
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Production
In linguistics (articulatory phonetics), manner of articulation describes how the tongue, lips, jaw, vocalcords, and other speech organs are involved in making a sound make contact. Often the concept is onlyused for the production of consonants. For any place of articulation, there may be several manners, andtherefore several homorganic consonants.
Normal human speech is produced with pulmonary pressure provided by the lungs which createsphonation in the glottis in the larynx that is then modified by the vocal tract into different vowels andconsonants. However humans can pronounce words without the use of the lungs and glottis in alaryngealspeech of which there are three types: esophageal speech, pharyngeal speech and buccal speech (betterknown as Donald Duck talk).
Perception
Speech perception refers to the processes by which humans are able to interpret and understand thesounds used in language. The study of speech perception is closely linked to the fields of phonetics andphonology in linguistics and cognitive psychology and perception in psychology. Research in speechperception seeks to understand how human listeners recognize speech sounds and use this information tounderstand spoken language. Speech research has applications in building computer systems that canrecognize speech, as well as improving speech recognition for hearing and languageimpairedlisteners.[2]
Repetition
Spoken vocalizations are quickly turned from sensory inputs into motor instructions needed for theirimmediate or delayed (in phonological memory) vocal imitation. This occurs independently of speechperception. This type of mapping plays a key role in enabling children to expand their spokenvocabulary and hence the ability of human language to transmit across generations.[3]
Errors
Speech is a complex activity; as a result, errors are often made in speech. Speech errors have beenanalyzed by scientists to understand the nature of the processes involved in the production of speech.
Problems involving speech
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Paul Broca
There are several organic and psychological factors that can affect speech. Among these are:
1. Diseases and disorders of the lungs or the vocal cords, including paralysis, respiratory infections(bronchitis), vocal fold nodules and cancers of the lungs and throat.
2. Diseases and disorders of the brain, including alogia, aphasias, dysarthria, dystonia and speechprocessing disorders, where impaired motor planning, nerve transmission, phonologicalprocessing or perception of the message (as opposed to the actual sound) leads to poor speechproduction.
3. Hearing problems, such as otitis media with effusion, and listening problems, auditory processingdisorders, can lead to phonological problems.
4. Articulatory problems, such as slurred speech, stuttering, lisping, cleft palate, ataxia, or nervedamage leading to problems in articulation. Tourette syndrome and tics can also affect speech.
5. In addition to dysphasia, anomia and auditory processing disorder can impede the quality ofauditory perception, and therefore, expression. Those who are Hard of Hearing or deaf may beconsidered to fall into this category.
Brain physiology
Two areas of the cerebral cortex are necessary for speech. Broca's area,named after its discoverer, French neurologist Paul Broca (18241880),is in the frontal lobe, usually on the left, near the motor cortexcontrolling muscles of the lips, jaws, soft palate and vocal cords. Whendamaged by a stroke or injury, comprehension is unaffected but speechis slow and labored and the sufferer will talk in "telegramese".Wernicke's area, discovered in 1874 by German neurologist CarlWernicke (18481904), lies to the back of the temporal lobe, again,usually on the left, near the areas receiving auditory and visualinformation. Damage to it destroys comprehension the sufferer speaksfluently but nonsensically. Some researchers have explored theconnections between brain physiology, neuroscience, and otherelements of physiology to that of communication. Communibiologyfirst proposed by Beatty and McCroskey address these issues andpresents a set of specific axioms about these phenomena.
See also
Freedom of speechFOXP2Imagined speechIndex of linguistics articlesList of language disordersSpatial hearing lossSpeechwriterTalking birdsVocology
References1. Tucker, G. Richard (1999). "A Global Perspective on Bilingualism and Bilingual Education." (PDF). CarnegieMellon University. Retrieved 23 April 2012. (Archive (http://www.webcitation.org/6P4CvBskm))
2. Kennison, Shelia (2013). Introduction to Language Development. Los Angeles: Sage.
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3. Masur, E. F. (1995). "Infants' early verbal imitation and their later lexical development". MerrillPalmerQuarterly 41 (3): 286–306. OCLC 89395784.
Further reading
(French) Fitzpatrick, Élizabeth M. Apprendre à écouter et à parler. University of Ottawa Press,2013. Available at (http://130.102.44.245/books/9782760320437?auth=0) Project MUSE.
External links
Speaking captured by realtime MRI (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XQlIvlWqpo),YouTube
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speech&oldid=709389248"
Categories: Oral communication Language Speech
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