Speech ElementsEnglish IMrs. Humphreys

State Standards Addressed SPI 3001.2.4 Discern the structure of a challenging

speech (e.g., sequential, problem solution, comparison-contrast, cause-effect).  

SPI 3001.2.5 Identify rhetorical devices used in a challenging speech (i.e., rhetorical questions, parallelism and repetition, analogies, and hyperbole).

SPI 3001.2.6 Determine the most effective methods of engaging an audience during an oral presentation (e.g., making eye contact, adjusting speaking rate).

Connection to Prior Learning Today, we will learn about structures of

challenging speeches and rhetorical devices good speech makers use to reach their audience. Look at the following terms and let’s discuss as a class what we already know about these words from prior lessons. With your front door/ backdoor partner, complete the second column (use can use your past notes as a cheat sheet!). We will complete the third column together.

Words to Know Sequential Problem-solution Comparison-

contrast Cause-effect Rhetorical

questions Parallelism Repetition

Analogies Hyperbole Metaphors Similes

Organizational Tools for Speeches Sequential Problem-solution Comparison-contrast Cause-effect

Sequential What do we already know about

sequential?

Sequential Speeches: Third Column Notes What is it? When a speech is organized in a specific

pattern or fixed order

Real Life Sequential Speeches Directions on how to get to your house This English lesson How to make a Thanksgiving side dishCreate an sequential speech example for your personal notes.

Problem-solution What do we already know about

problem-solution?

Problem-solution Speeches:Third Column Notes What is it? A speech in which the speaker states

the problem, discusses solutions, and visualizes these potential solutions for the audience.

Usually has a call to action for the audience

Real Life Problem-Solution Speech Topics Injuries from Car Airbags Cigarette Advertising Cheating in Schools High School DropoutsCreate a Problem-Solution Speech Topic in your own notes.

Comparison-contrast What do we already know about

comparison-contrast?

Comparison-contrast Speeches:Third Column Notes What is it? A speech that logically compares two

items with an ultimate purpose in mind.

Real World Comparison-Contrast Speech Topics Two hosts of late-night talk shows A good boss and a bad boss Bulimia and anorexia Two video games Create a comparison-contrast topic on your own notes.

Cause-effect What do we already know about cause-

effect?

Cause-effect Speeches:Third Column Notes What is it? A speech that is organized around the

idea of causes and effects. Some speeches emphasize causes;

others dwell on the effects of something

Real World Cause-Effect Speech Topics The effects of racial, sexual, or religious

discrimination Why people exercise Why people keep pets The effects of computers on our

everyday lives Create one of your own on your notes.

Rhetorical Devices for Speeches Rhetorical questions Parallelism Repetition Analogies Hyperbole Metaphors Similes

Rhetorical Questions What do we already know about

rhetorical questions?

Rhetorical Questions in Speeches:Third Column Notes What is it? A question asked merely for effect with

no answer expected. The answer may be obvious or immediately provided by the questioner.

Real Life Example of Rhetorical Questions in a Speech "The means are at hand to fulfill the age-old

dream: poverty can be abolished. How long shall we ignore this under-developed nation in our midst? How long shall we look the other way while our fellow human beings suffer? How long?"(Michael Harrington, The Other America: Poverty in the United States, 1962)

Parallelism What do we already know about

parallelism?

Parallelism in Speeches: Third Column Notes What is it? An arrangement of the parts of a

composition so that elements of equal importance are balanced in similar constructions. This arrangement may be applied to words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, or complete units of compositions.

Real Life Example of Parallelism in Speech Shakespeare used this device in his Richard

II when King Richard laments his position:I’ll give my jewels for a set of beads,My gorgeous palace for a hermitage,My gay apparel for an almsman’s

gown,My figured goblets for a dish of wood

(III.iii.170 – 173)

Repetition What do we already know about

repetition?

Repetition in Speeches: Third Column Notes What is it? An instance of using a word, phrase, or

clause more than once in a short passage--dwelling on a point.

Real Life Examples of Repetition in Speeches “It’s Friday, but Sunday’s coming.” “212 Degrees” “I have a dream”

Analogies What do we already know about

analogies?

Analogy in Speeches: Third Column Notes What is it? A comparison between two different

things in order to highlight some point of similarity

Real Life Examples of Analogies in Speeches Scientific writer Claudia Kalb relies on the

explaining computer processes (with which we are somewhat familiar) to explain how our brains process memories

Does this mean that human memory functions exactly like a computer in all ways? Certainly not. By its nature, an analogy offers a simplified view of an idea or process--an illustration rather than a detailed examination.

(Source: http://grammar.about.com/od/rhetoricstyle/f/qanalogy07.htm)

Hyperbole What do we already know about

hyperbole?

Hyperbole in Speeches: Third Column Notes What it is? An obvious and deliberate

exaggeration or an extravagant statement

Real Life Examples of Hyperbole in Speeches "My toaster has never once worked properly in

four years. I follow the instructions and push two slices of bread down in the slots, and seconds later they rifle upwards. Once they broke the nose of a woman I loved dearly."

(Woody Allen, "My Speech to the Graduates." The New York Times, Aug. 10, 1979)

Metaphor What do we already know about

metaphor?

Metaphor in Speeches: Third Column Notes What is it? A comparison of two unalike things not

using the words “like” or “as”

Real Life Examples of Metaphor in Speeches “In the factory we make cosmetics. In

the store we sell hope.” (Charles Revson, Maker of Revlon Cosmetics)

“A Porsche is not a car. It is the best engineered executive toy in the world.” (Porsche advertisement)

Simile What do we already know about simile?

Simile in Speeches: Third Column Notes What is it? A comparison of two unalike things

using the words “like” or “as”

Real Life Examples of Similes in Speeches "Life is like an onion: You peel it off one layer at a time,

and sometimes you weep."(Carl Sandburg)

Shrek: Ogres are like onions.Donkey: They stink?Shrek: Yes. No!Donkey: They make you cry?Shrek: No!Donkey: You leave them out in the sun, they get all brown, start sprouting little white hairs.Shrek: No! Layers! Onions have layers!(Shrek, 2001)