Oral Communication it is the process by which thoughtsare transferred through spoken wordsfrom one person to another.

It is an interaction between twopersons involved:

the speaker and the listener.

The Six Basic Factors of Delivery1. Platform Behavior – everything that the

speaker does and does not do on the stagemust have proper motivation. Thereshould be a reason for every movement.Avoid mannerisms.

2. Posture – refers to the way you stand.Balance the weight of your body on bothfeet.

3. Loudness – Speak loud enough to beheard. Pay attention to the people at thelast row if they can hear you.

4. Clarity – Speak clearly. Speech mustbe delivered slower than in anordinary conversation.

5. Pronunciation – Use correctpronunciation. Whenever you havedoubt as to your pronunciation,consult a modern dictionary.

6. Grammar – Use correct grammar.Expose yourself often to languagethrough practice

CHAPTER 2SELF-CONFIDENCE

Self-Confidence (in PublicSpeaking)

it is the positive feeling of thespeaker that he can face up anaudience and deliver a good, ifnot a brilliant, speech.

THE ANATOMY OF PLATFORM FRIGHT

1. Shyness

2. Inexperience – a person who has a little or no experience in delivering a speech generally lacks self-confidence.

3. Unpreparedness – unprepared person is not at all confident of himself. Prepare well.

4. Decisiveness ofSpeech

5.Fear of the Unknown –You are afraid becauseyou do not know whatis ahead of you.

HOW TO DEVELOP SELF-CONFIDENCE

Take care of your physical appearance.

Prepare well.

Face up to your audience.

Exercise before delivery and move within proper bounds during delivery.

Concentrate on your speechand on your audience.

Be determined.Go through the same

situations repeatedly andwatch your confidence developrapidly.

CHAPTER 3METHODS OF SPEAKING

IMPROMPTU SPEECH – is wherethe development of both the ideasand language is thought out onlyat the moment of delivery.

*** it should not be deliberatelychosen as a matter of practice.

EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH – isone where the ideas are preparedbut the language is definitelycomposed only at the moment ofdelivery.

It is commonly favored becauseit stands between theimpromptu and the readspeeches.

READ SPEECH – is a speech that is written outand read word for word during delivery.

This speech is good for the audience andthe press.

It usually employs a “ghost writer –somebody who prepares a speech to bedelivered by other person

The necessity for this type of speech isfelt when the speaker wants to make sureof what he is going to say as in importanthistoric occasions where speech will berecorded for posterity.

MEMORIZED SPEECH – is aspeech that is committedentirely to memory anddelivered from memory .

this is the speech that needsmost preparation because youhave to memorize not only thecontent but also the action.

Types of Speeches According to Purpose

1. To Actuate – a speech which attempts to make the audience do something.

Example:

The speaker wants the audience to vote for a particular candidate; to contribute for a charitable cause; to join a club; or to stop smoking.

In order to actuate, you have to convince first. Thus, all speeches to actuate are speeches to convince.

2. To Convince - a speech which attempts to make the audience agree with or believe in a certain proposition.

if your main proposition is that smoking produces cancer, you merely want the audience to agree with you; you do not want them to stop smoking.

the speaker should concentrate on making his ideas reach the listeners in the clearest terms possible. No person gets convinced about anything that he does not fully comprehend. The speaker should sound convincing

4. To Inform – a speech which attempts to impart knowledge to the listeners. This is also called speech to instruct or to educate.

The speaker may advance his own views but his real and ultimate purpose is to make the audience learn something they had not known about before.

The lecture of a professor, though not strictly a speech, falls under this category.

Other examples include those made in business conferences or in training course, fora, and symposia.

5. To Entertain – is a speech which attempts to amuse the audience.

Its main purpose is to inject humor and to evoke laughter.

It is one of the hardest speeches to make because one of the most difficult things to do is to make people laugh. It requires some talents.

THE PROGRAM

1. Opening- the emcee takes to the microphone and begins the program often by just saying that they will now begin the program. It may start with the singing of the National Anthem or the delivery of an invocation or both, one after the other.

2. Welcome - refers to the welcome address or the opening remarks. If there is no such part of the program, the function of welcoming is performed by the emcee.

3. Introduction – Someone is asked to introduce the guest speaker. Again, the emcee handles the job if there is no other person assigned to do it.

4. Speech – the main part of the program. The success of the entire program rests on this part.

5. Reactions – this is where audience give their reactions to the speaker’s speech.(Optional)

6. Open-Forum – questions are asked from the floor supervised by the moderator or the emcee.

- also called the question and answer portion.

7. Closing – the program may be brought to a close by a closing remarks of a dignitary. If none is available, the program is closed by the moderator or the emcee with an expression of gratitude to all those who attended.

THE SPEAKER’S ROLE1 . The Emcee – his task is to announce the

next part of the program. There are emcees who deliver a speech every time they do. Don’t be one of them. You may prepare a well-thought out phrase or two, or a little humorous comment here and there.

2. Presiding Officer – takes charge of the conduct of the proceedings. He may be called the Chairman, President, or the Speaker but he is the one who presides.

3. Moderator – he also presides but only in a particular activity where moderation is needed.

4. Floor Leader – legislative bodies have floor leaders: the majority floor leader and the minority floor leader. He initiates moves, controls the proceedings, and maintains order in the discussion.

he steers the proceedings from the floor. He assigns different persons to make various motions and to second them.

5. Rapporteur – he is assigned to report to the plenary session of an assembly on what transpired in a work session

6. Resolutions Committee Chairman – takes over at the end of the convention where resolutions are expected to be passed. The last resolutions should be resolutions of gratitude for all those who made the convention possible.

7. Open Forum Participant – he has no specific function except to be present and to listen. He may also rise and ask questions or make comments.

8. Fine Master - the person assigned to supervise the fining sessions in clubs who impose fines as a means of raising funds

The Speaking Environment

c0nsider the place or the venue of the speaking activity.

Consider the noise of the crowd and outside the hall.

It may be hot and uncomfortable

Consider the audience’s mood.

If you are going to speak in a festive occasion, be acutely conscious of the length of your speech. People have come to be merry and socialize not to listen to you.

be sensitive enough to notice this because generally, they try their best to hide their feelings from you. If you do not catch easily you become the principal subject of unsavory conversation by gossipers behind your back.

PROOF – is anything that effects persuasion.1. Personal Proof – a kind of proof furnished by the person or the speaker himself, his integrity and his good reputation. Character is revealed in the following ways:

A. how the speaker looks;B. what he does or how he acts;C. what he says or how he says it; andD. what other people say about him.

2. Emotional Proof – a kind of proof that appeals to the emotions. Sometimes, an audience is won over by purely emotional appeals.

** this is usually used in speech to stimulate.

3. Logical Proof – it is a kind of proof based on reason.

Support – is a speech material that clarifies or backs up an assertion.

1. Explanation – is an exposition that makes an idea clear and intelligible.

2. Analogy or Comparison – a form of explanation that points out similarities between two objects.

3. Illustration – a detailed example in a narrative form of idea. It can be hypothetical or factual.

4. Specific Instance or Specific Reference- is a briefly stated example. There are general statements that may not particularly impress an audience unless the speaker mentions specific persons, places or things.

Example: a short person can win a slam dunk competition in NBA.

5. Statistics – these are numerical data about a state of affairs. It is the most scientific of all techniques of support. Example: “There are more women on earth than men”

6. Restatement or Iteration – is the repetition of the same idea from a different viewpoint.

7. Testimony – is a statement of a person who is usually prominent that favors a certain assertion.

Ways of Making Introduction1.Reference to the Subject – mention the subject/topic of the speech.

2.Significance of the Occasion3.Humorous Anecdote4.Illustration5.Quotation6.Startling Statement7.Rhetorical Question8.Complimentary Reference9.Personal Reference

Ways of Making Conclusion1. Summary

2. Appeal

3. Inducement

4. Quotation

5. Illustration

6. Personal Intention

7. Prayer

The Speech MechanismTidal Air- the minimal amount of air we

inhale for breathing purposes.Complementary Air – the additional

air we inhale for speaking purposes.STAGES OF VOICE PRODUCTION

1. Compression – speaking starts with the movement of the air out of the body thru the process of exhalation. The inhaled air is compressed for exhalation.

Motor – is the structure of the body

that works to compress the air needed for

speaking.

Ex: lungs, bronchial tubes, windpipe or

trachea, etc.

it is to be noted that no sound is yet

produced in the compression stage.

it is an essential part of the process of

voice production because without the

movement of compressed air out of the

body, no sound can ever be produced.

2. Vibration – it is where the initial sound is produced.

when the air hits the windpipe, it passes through the larynx or the vocal box. It is known as the vibrator.

Vocal Folds- a pair of thin membranes which vibrate when the air passes through. They are called the vibrator proper.

3. Amplification – the initial sound is made loud and amplified into our true voice by air chambers in our body called the resonators.

A. vestibule – the first air chamber located above the larynx;

B. Pharynx – or the throat, the 2nd air chamber located at the end of the mouth.

C. Nasal Cavities – the air chamber of the nose.

D. Mouth – a very important resonator.

4. Modification – the sound made loud by the resonators is carved out into intelligible sounds, the vowels and consonants, by the modifiers or articulators. They are the

A. Lips – for bilabial soundsB. Teeth – for the sound /s/C. Tongue – the key modifier. Without

the tongue, we cannot speak.D. Hard Palate – for t, d,r,n,l,ch, j

soundsE. Soft Palate – for k, g, ng, x and hard c,

ch.

VOCAL VARIETY It is a key to good speaking. It is not

enough that we know how to produce our voice properly; we must also learn how to change our voice as we speak.

Four Ways to Vary Our Voice1. Rate – is the speed in speaking.

Allowable Rate – Not so fast that the speaker cannot be understood and not so slow that the listeners will get bored.

TWO ELEMENTS OF RATE1. Quantity – the length of time spent within

spoken words. Ex: roll, hit2. Pause – is the length of time spent in

silence between words.

Purposes of Pause1. to divide sentences into thought

phrases.2. To enable the audience to think of

what the speaker has just said.3. To create suspense.

2. Force – it is the loudness in speaking.

Allowable Force – not so soft that the speaker cannot be heard and not so loud that the listeners will get distracted. Force may be applied as to degree and form.

Degree – refers to the amount of force applied ranging from whisper to shout.

Form – refers to the manner in which force is applied.

A. Effusive Force- even application of force to all the words. Often used in poetry interpretation.

B. Expulsive Force- the short and quick application of force to the words. It is the ordinary way in which we speak.

C. Explosive Force – is the abrupt and violent application of force to the words. It is used when the speaker is in a highly emotional state.

Stress – is the force applied to different syllables in a word or to different words in a phrase.

Ex: LAB’oratory; CE’remony; DOL’lar; PA’ssage; BLI’zzard; WORTH’less; LO’cate; HON’orable; COM’mandant

comMIT’tee; atTACK’; batTAL’ion; exCHANGE’; persPIRE’; abO’lish;

3. Pitch- is the musical position of the speech sound.

Allowable Pitch should be within your range, provided only that you do not strain your voice or it is not too low to sound mumbled.

Intonation or Inflection – is the change of pitch from syllable to syllable.

Two Kinds of Inflection1. Glide or Slide – the gradual change of

pitch.2. Step – is the abrupt change of pitch.

Rules to Remember:1. Avoid a sing-song intonation-your

voice goes up and down without reason

2. Avoid a patterned intonation – you have a certain accent in your speech. It is much like the “punto” in vernacular

Wh Questions use the falling intonationYes-No Questions use the rising

intonation.

Emphasis – any act of the speaker that calls attention to the ideas being conveyed.

Vocal Climax – it is a vocal expression that grows steadily in power or intensifies gradually in feeling until the peak is reached.

WHAT THE AUDIENCE SEESSight is as important as sound in oral communication. What the listeners see is just as important as what they hear.

Visual Aids – may come in the form of the objects we are explaining like maps, diagrams, graphs, charts, models, pictures, slides, and movies.

Physical Appearance/Personality

Bodily Behavior – refers to the speaker’s movement from the time he walks upstage to the time he leaves it.

Eye Contact – a speaker must look at individual members of the audience straight in the eye

Posture – a speaker must be conscious of the way he stands. He may be comfortable with a certain stance, but if it is not comfortable from the point of view of the audience, such a posture must be avoided.

Gesture – is any act of the speaker that reinforces or demonstrates ideas. We may use any part of the body to gesture, particularly the face, head, shoulders, arms, and hands.

Facial Expression – the use of lips, eyes, eyebrows, or the face as a whole to show life on our face whether we exhibit happiness, determination, anger, or any other emotion.

Head Gesture – may be employed by nodding (to assist an affirmative idea), shaking (to express a negative idea), pointing (with a jerk of the head), or by emphasizing (with one definite nod).

a shrug of the shoulders may mean indifference, resignation, or lack of knowledge.

The common gestures are with the hands in conjunction with the arms.

Basic Hand Gestures1. Palms-up Gesture – the palm of

the hand is either facing the audience or facing upwards. This is an affirmative or giving or receiving gesture.

2. Palms-down Gesture – the back side of the palm is either facing the audience or facing upwards. This is the negative or rejecting gesture.

3. Index-finger Gesture – the index finger is extended and all the other fingers are closed. This is a pointing gesture.

4. Clenched Fist Gesture – all the fingers are closed with the thumb over the closed fingers. This is the emphatic gesture or one that denotes force and power.

Kinds of Gestures as to Function

1. Locative Gestures – point out persons, places, or things within the sight of the listeners or within the imagination.

2. Picturing Gestures – describe or demonstrate objects, ideas, or action. Example: demonstrating the length of a fish or the body of a woman.

3. Emphatic Gestures- stress or emphasize ideas. The index finger gesture or the clenched fist gesture may be used.

4. Suggestive Gestures- stimulate the imagination of the listeners. If a gesture does not fall under the first three above-enumerated gestures, it falls under this type of gesture.

Principles of Good Gestures1. Integration – the gesture must

suit the idea it supports. Ex: You nod if you support an affirmative idea.

2. Coordination – the gesture must be harmonized with the other parts of the body.

3. Timing –the gesture must be timed to the word it supports.

4. Definiteness – the gesture must be precise.

5. Variety – the gesture must be varied.

Repetition of gesture must be avoided.

do not gesture at every word. This appears comical. Gestures must be reasonably spaced apart.