Speech Act Pragmatik Kelompok 7

8/10/2019 Speech Act Pragmatik Kelompok 7

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SPEECH ACT

GROUP 7

1. Sari Kusumaningrum

2. Yessi Aprilia Waluyo


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SPEECH ACT

Speech act is an action performed by the use

of an utterance to communicate.

For example: apology, complaint,

compliment, invitation, promise, request.


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FOR EXAMPLE

Youre so delicious (compliment)

Youre welcome (the acknowledgement of

thanks)

Youre crazy (the expression of surprise)


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Austin (in Mey, 1993: 110-112) divided the

action performed by producing an utterance

will consists of three related acts that is

produced by the speaker. Those \threerelated acts are locutionary act, illocutionary

act, and perlocutionary act


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THREE RELATED ACTS

1. Locutionary act

2. Illocutionary act

3. Perlocutionary act


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2. ILLOCUTIONARY ACT

We form an utterance with some kind of

function in mind.

It is performed via the communicative force

of an utterance (the illocutionary force).


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3. PERLOCUTIONARY ACT

We do not, of course, simply create an

utterance with a function without intending it

to have an effect.

Depending on the circumstances, you will

utter , the example of Ive just made some

coffee , on the assumption that the hearer

will recognize the effect you intended(Perlocutionary effect).


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The illocutionary force of an utterance is

what it counts as.

For example :

a. Ill see you later (=A)

b. [I predict that] A. (A prediction)

c. [I promise you that] A. (A promise)d. [I warn you that] A. (A warning)


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1. IFID

IFIDs (Illocutionary Force Indicating Device)

means some device to distinguish which

illocutionary act which is meant by the

speaker. It is used by the hearer. If theillocutionary act is explicitly shown at the

utterance, it can be called performative verb.


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The most obvious device for indicating the

illocutionary force is an expression of

I (Vp) you that.(Vp is a performative

verb), where there is a slot for a verb that

explicitly names the illocutionary act being

performed.


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IFID can be shown by using the words of , for

example, promise, warn, ask, tell, which

they must be stated.

Him : Can I Talk to Mary?

Her : No, shes not here

Him : Im asking you-can I talk to her?

Her : And Im telling you-SHES NOT

HERE!


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IFIS can also be shown by using word order,

stress, and intonation.

For example:

a. Youre going! (I tell you Y-G)

b. Youre going? (I request confirmation about

Y-G)

c. Are you going? (I ask you if Y-G)


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2. FELICITY CONDITIONS

Felicity conditions are certain expected or

appropriate circumstances which are for the

performance of a speech act to be

recognized as intended.


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THERE ARE FIVE FELICITY CONDITIONS.

1. General conditions

2. Content conditions

3.

Preparatory conditions4. Sincerity conditions

5. Essential conditions


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1. GENERAL CONDITIONS

There are general conditions on the

participants which they can understand the

language being used and that they are not

play-acting or being nonsensical


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2. CONTENT CONDITIONS

For both a promise and a warning, the

content of the utterance must be about a

future event.


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3. PREPARATORY CONDITIONS

The preparatory conditions for a promise are

significantly different from those for a

warning.

.


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FOR EXAMPLE:

1. When I promise to do something, there twopreparatory conditions:

First, the event will not happen by itself

Second, the event will have a beneficial effect.2. When I utter a warning, there are the following

preparatory conditions: First, it isnt clear thatthe hearer knows the event will occur, and the

speaker doesnt think the event will occur; andSecond, the event will not have a beneficialeffect


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4. SINCERITY CONDITIONS

For a promise, the speaker genuinely intends

to carry out the future action.

For a warning, the speaker genuinely

believes that the future event will not have a

beneficial effect.


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5. ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS

Essential conditions cover the fact that by the

act of uttering a promise, I thereby intend to

create an obligation to carry out the action as

promised. In other words, the utterancechanges my state from non-obligation to

obligation.


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SPEECH ACT CLASSIFICATION

1. Declaration

2. Representatives

3. Expressives

4. Directives

5. Commissives


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1. DECLARATION

It is the kinds of speech acts that change the

world via their utterance.

For example :

a. Priest : I now pronounce you husband

and wife.

b. Referee : Youre out!

c. Jury Foreman: We find the defendant guilty.


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2. REPRESENTATIVES

It is kinds of speech acts that state what the

speaker believes to be the case or not, such

as statements of fact, assertions,

conclusions and descriptions.

For example:

a. The earth is flat

b. Chomsky didnt write about peanuts

c. It was a warm sunny day


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3. EXPRESSIVES

It is the kinds of speech acts that state whatthe speaker feels. They expresspsychological states and can be statements

of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy, orsorrow.

For example:

a. Im really sorry!

b. Congratulations!

c. Oh, yes, great, mmmmm, ssahh!


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4. DIRECTIVES

It is the kinds of speech acts that speakers

use to get someone else to do something.

They express what the speaker wants, such

commands, orders, requests, suggestions.

For example:

a. Gimme a cup of coffee. Make it black.

b. Could you lend me a pen, please?

c. Dont touch that.


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5. COMMISSIVE

It is the kinds of speech acts that thespeakers use to commit themselves to somefuture action. They express what the speaker

intends, such as promises, threats, refusals,pledges.

For example:

a. Ill be back.

b. Im going to get it right next time.

c. We will not do that.


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THREE BASIC SENTENCE TYPES

Three structural forms

a. Declarative

b. Interrogative

c. Imperative

Three general communicative functions

a. Statement

b. Question

c. Command/Request


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FOR EXAMPLE

a. You wear a seat belt (declarative)

b. Do you wear a seat belt? (interrogative)

c. Wear a seat belt! (imperative)


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INDIRECT SPEECH ACT

It can happen whenever there is an indirect

relationship between a structure and a

function.


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A declarative used to make a statement is a

direct speech act, but a declarative used to

make a request is an indirect speech act.

a. Its cold outside. (declarative)

b. I hereby tell you about the weather. (direct

speech act)

c. I hereby request of you that you close the

door (indirect speech act)


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FOR EXAMPLE

a. Move out of the way! (direct speech act)

b. Do you have to stand in front of the TV?

(indirect speech act)

c. Youre standing in front of the TV. (indirect

request)

d. Youd make a better door than a window.

(indirect request)


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FOR EXAMPLE

a. Could you pass the salt? (indirect speech

act)

b. Would you open this? (indirect speech

act)


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Indirect speech acts are generally associated

with greater politeness in English than direct

speech act.


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THANK YOU

Speech Act Pragmatik Kelompok 7

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