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Transcript of Speecciaall EEnnffoorcc eemmenntt DDiivv iissioonn … East Sunset Boulevard, Suite 240 Tiyan, Guam...
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY (FOUO) Page ONE of EIGHT This document is for official use only and remains the property of the CQA. Any request for further use or disclosure of this document or
information contained herein should be referred to the Office of Intelligence and the Director of Guam Customs.
Thrips and the damages they cause
These little guys are very hard to spot with the naked eye and are as evasive as they are
small. Most people find the signs of these pests long before the pests themselves are
spotted. The symptoms include; black spots or specks dotting all along the infected plant
(these are actually the thrips droppings), small patches of dead leaf tissue throughout the
leaves (the thrips actually pierce through the leaf skin and suck out the juices inside,
leaving a hollow spot while the skin of the leaf is still intact), curling of the new leaf
growth (the feeding of thrips at the point of new growth causes the new growth to curl
around the point of incesion causing deformed leaf growth).
Thrips are rarely seen because of their small size. The insects feed by puncturing the
surface of the plant parts with their single large mandible and slurping the plant juices
that seep from the wound. Flowers or leaves may develop silvery streaks. Heavily infested
leaves appear brownish or silvery, and growing points may become contorted. Some
species of thrips leave sooty spots of black fecal matter on the leaves. Thrips also vector
plant diseases.
Egg-laying scars and feeding damage on pepper
SSppeecciiaall EEnnffoorrcceemmeenntt DDiivviissiioonn Office of intelligence (OI)
Customs & Quarantine Agency, Guam 770 East Sunset Boulevard, Suite 240 Tiyan,
Guam 96913 Executive Office: C-270, A. B. Won Pat
International Air Terminal, Tamuning, Guam 96913
(671) 475-6220 • (671) 475-6227 Fax www.cqa.guam.gov
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.. NNoo..AADD--1144--00000044
.. 22 JJuullyy 22001144
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY (FOUO) Page TWO of EIGHT This document is for official use only and remains the property of the CQA. Any request for further use or disclosure of this document or
information contained herein should be referred to the Office of Intelligence and the Director of Guam Customs.
Western flower thrips (WFT) is the most important vector of a group of viruses called
tospoviruses. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV)
are the most common tospoviruses in greenhouse crops. In Ontario, TSWV is generally
found in vegetable crops and some ornamental crops such as chrysanthemum, while INSV
is more common in ornamental crops. In vegetables, symptoms of this disease vary
according to the host, cultivar and stage of plant development, but it can severely reduce
or even stop plant growth. Other general symptoms include stunting, bronzing and curling
of the leaves, and distortion of affected plant areas. In addition, infected fruit are
misshapen and ripen unevenly, often with a necrotic ring pattern.
Close up of the eggs eggs inside the leaf Typical thrips life cycle. Illustration
. by Jane C. Medley, University of Florida.
Life Cycle
Female thrips lay their eggs in tiny slits cut into the surface of leaves, flowers, and
stems. The eggs can be laid any time of year and hatch within a few days in warm, indoor
conditions. The young, called nymphs, are cream to pale green and only visible with
magnification. They feed for 7–14 days. Full grown nymphs, in most species, drop off the
plant to the soil where they burrow down and pupate. Winged adults emerge to complete
the cycle.
Silver-like air-filled plant cells are typical symptoms of a thrips attack
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information contained herein should be referred to the Office of Intelligence and the Director of Guam Customs.
Leaf spot symptoms caused by Ovipostion damage on
thrips-transmitted TSWV. tomato fruits from thrips
Feeding on foliage causes young leaves to curl upward and gives older leaves a silvery or
speckled appearance. Feeding within blooms on the ovary of flowers can result in
malformed, stunted or discolored fruit, and oviposition into small fruit can also cause
deformities or halo spotting. Generally, any direct damage is overshadowed by the impact
of TSWV transmission in tomato. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is transmitted
exclusively by thrips and especially by western flower thrips and tobacco thrips. The
initial symptom of this disease is usually a spotting of the leaf. This is followed by a
wilting of the plant, and by mid season this can clearly be seen as short distorted plants in
the row. Plants infected early in development do not produce fruit. The fruit from infected
plants later in development is usually unmarketable and can display irregular ripening
symptoms.
Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) nymphs in new growth, between onion leaves. Photo Credit: Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University
Helionothrips errans feeding on orchid leaves. Silver streaking on leaf of Dendrobium orchid from (Thysanoptera errans)
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY (FOUO) Page FOUR of EIGHT This document is for official use only and remains the property of the CQA. Any request for further use or disclosure of this document or
information contained herein should be referred to the Office of Intelligence and the Director of Guam Customs.
Thrips and the damages they cause
Cuban laurel thrips (Thysanoptera) eggs and adult eitchia sp. Damaging palm leaves
Thrips store their eggs inside the plant tissue and puppestadier can
survive in the soil.
Deformed petals are the results of thrips infestation.
Thrips (Thysanoptera) on the pistils
Larger infestations can easily kill off young plants or even older stressed plants, by
simply eating away at all of the plants tissue. Leaf curl and mutation can cause fruit and
flower drop. A big concern with thrips is the passing of disease from one plant to another.
Thrips will also "bite" humans leaving pain and irritation similar to that of no-see-ums, or
mosquitoes.
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY (FOUO) Page FIVE of EIGHT This document is for official use only and remains the property of the CQA. Any request for further use or disclosure of this document or
information contained herein should be referred to the Office of Intelligence and the Director of Guam Customs.
Damages caused by Thrips
Thrips, Scirtothrips perseaeNakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Fruit scarring can be severe resulting in "alligator skin". Avocado thrips has only been found feeding on
avocado.
Citrus Thrips Scirtothrips citri Kelly’s citrus thrips (KCT), Pezothrips kellyanus KCT scurfing (or halo) damage .
. Pezothrips kellyanus, on lemon flower
Citrus thrips has a history of rapidly developing resistance to chemicals that are
used repeatedly and frequently for its control.
Western Flower Thrips (WFT) lays its eggs in plant tissue, using a blade-like ovipositor
to insert eggs into leaves, buds, and petals. After egg hatch, there are two feeding life
stages (called the first and second instar larvae), followed by two immobile non-feeding
stages (the propupa and pupa) that both occur in the soil. Adults emerge from pupae and
are winged. Adults feed, mate, disperse, and females lay eggs. Western flower thrips is a
vector of many plant diseases, the most important of which for greenhouse producers are
two plant viruses in the genus Tospovirus: impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and
tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV).
Thrips-transmitted tospoviruses are a major group of plant viruses affecting over 1,090
host-plant species worldwide. Twenty Tospovirus species have been identified globally
along with the fourteen thrips species that can serve as vectors. Tospovirus species can
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information contained herein should be referred to the Office of Intelligence and the Director of Guam Customs.
feed on virus infected host plants and infect healthy plants causing huge economic losses
in the agriculture industry and ornamental plant trade.
WFT lays its eggs in plant tissue, using a blade-like ovipositor to insert eggs
into leaves, buds, and petals to protect them from the elements. Washing may
not remove them. Once females mated, WFT produce offspring biased toward
females, ranging from 58-70% female depending on age of the mother
INSV symptoms on Exacum: complete plant collapse.
Eggplant leaf damage caused by melon thrips, Thrips palmi Karny. Photograph by John Capinera, University of Florida
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information contained herein should be referred to the Office of Intelligence and the Director of Guam Customs.
The thrips species are ranked from highest to lowest based on the no. of virus
associated publications currently available.
Thrips species Tospovirustransmitted References on Tospovirustransmission.
Frankliniella occidentalis Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus Nagata and de A´évila 2000, Nagata et al. 2004
Groundnut ringspot virus Wijkamp et al. 1995, Nagata et al. 2004
Impatiens necrotic spot virus De Angelis et al. 1993, Wijkamp et al. 1995, and
Sakurai et al. 2004
Tomato chlorotic spot virus Nagata et al. 2004, Whitfield et al. 2005
Tomato spotted wilt virus Medeiros et al. 2004, Nagata et al. 2004, and
Wijkamp et al. 1995
Thrips tabaci Iris yellow spot virus Corteˆs et al. 1998, Hsu et al. 2010
Tomato spotted wilt virus Wijkamp et al. 1995
Tomato yellow fruit ring virus Golnaraghi et al. 2007
Frankliniella schultzei Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus Nagata and de A´évila 2000, Nagata et al. 2004
Groundnut ringspot virus Wijkamp et al. 1995, de Bordo´ n et al. 2006, and
Nagata et al. 2004
Groundnut bud necrosis virus Meena et al. 2005
Tomato chlorotic spot virus Wijkamp et al. 1995, Nagata et al. 2004
Tomato spotted wilt virus Wijkamp et al. 1995, Sakimura 1969
Frankliniella fusca Tomato spotted wilt virus Sakimura 1963 Naidu et al. 2001
Impatiens necrotic spot virus
Thrips palmi Calla lily chlorotic spot virus Chen et al. 2005
Groundnut bud necrosis virus Lakshmi et al. 1995, Meena et al. 2005, Reddy et al. 1992
Melon yellow spot virus Kato et al. 2000
Watermelon silver mottle virus Iwaki et al. 1984
Scirtothrips dorsalisa Groundnut bud necrosis virus German et al. 1992, Meena et al. 2005
Peanut chlorotic fan-spot virus Chen et al. 1996, Chu et al. 2001
Peanut yellow spot virus Gopal et al. 2010
Frankliniella intonsa Groundnut ringspot virus Wijkamp et al. 1995
Impatiens necrotic spot virus Sakurai et al. 2004
Tomato chlorotic spot virus Wijkamp et al. 1995
Tomato spotted wilt virus Wijkamp et al. 1995
Frankliniella bispinosa Tomato spotted wilt virus Avila et al. 2006
Thrips setosus Tomato spotted wilt virus Tsuda et al. 1996
Ceratothripoides claratris Capsicum chlorosis virus Premachandra et al. 2005a,b
Frankliniella zucchini Zucchini lethal chlorosis virus Nakahara and Monteiro 1999
Frankliniella gemina Tomato spotted wilt virus de Bordo´ n et al. 1999
Groundnut ringspot virus de Bordo´ n et al. 1999
Frankliniella cephalica Tomato spotted wilt virus Ohnishi et al. 2006
Dictyothrips betae Polygonum ring spot virus Ciuffo et al. 2010
Amin et al. (1981) reported S. dorsalis as a vector for Tomato spotted wilt virus, but later German et al. (1992) clarified that this
previous report of a Tomato spotted wilt virus-like virus in India based on a nonspecific identification was actuallyGroundnut bud
necrosis virus.
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FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY (FOUO) Page EIGHT of EIGHT This document is for official use only and remains the property of the CQA. Any request for further use or disclosure of this document or
information contained herein should be referred to the Office of Intelligence and the Director of Guam Customs.
Inspecting plant products with the use of a loupe greatly improves your ability to detect pests.
The eradication of new thrips species would cost the Government millions of dollars.
Introduction may destroy native fauna and agricultural crops forcing the people of Guam
to import more produce.
The first line of defense against invasive species is to keep
them out. Control at ports of entry is essential to prevent
the spread of invasive species.
Source: https://greenmethods.com/thrips/
http://plantpath.ifas.ufl.edu/extension/fact-sheets/pdfs/circ0914.pdf
http://pvo.bio-mirror.cn/genus049.htm#Nomenclature
http://ucanr.edu/sites/veg_crop_sjc/files/75702.pdf
Note: All officers are reminded to exercise additional scrutiny when screening passengers with fresh fruits,
cut flowers, live plants and cargo arriving into Guam. For more information, please contact the CQA
Biosecurity Taskforce at 642-8058/60.
Stay Alert. Stay Safe