Spectrum of EBV+ B-Cell ACCME/Disclosures ... · 4/11/2016 1 Spectrum of EBV+ B-Cell...

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4/11/2016 1 Spectrum of EBV+ B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders Yaso Natkunam, MD, PhD Professor of Pathology Stanford University School of Medicine http://www.biorad.com/webroot/web/images/cdg/products/microbiology/product_detail/global/cmd_25183_pdp.jpg ACCME/Disclosures Dr. Natkunam declares she has no conflict(s) of interest to disclose Outline Pathologic spectrum of EBV+ Bcell lymphoproliferative disorders Nomenclature for immunodeficiency disorders When to consider EBV testing and molecular clonality testing EpsteinBarr Virus (HHV4) Discovered in 1964 from cultured Burkitt lymphoma cells from an Ugandan child EBV infected Bcells persist within the memory Bcell pool of most immunocompetent hosts EBVencoded latent genes induce Bcell transformation by altering gene transcription and activating signaling pathways Immunosuppressed patients are at increased risk of developing EBVassociated Bcell lymphoproliferative disorders Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM. Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma. The Lancet, March 28, 1964, 1: 702–703

Transcript of Spectrum of EBV+ B-Cell ACCME/Disclosures ... · 4/11/2016 1 Spectrum of EBV+ B-Cell...

Page 1: Spectrum of EBV+ B-Cell ACCME/Disclosures ... · 4/11/2016 1 Spectrum of EBV+ B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders Yaso Natkunam, MD, PhD Professor of Pathology Stanford University

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Spectrum of EBV+ B-Cell LymphoproliferativeDisorders

Yaso Natkunam, MD, PhDProfessor of Pathology

Stanford University School of Medicine

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ACCME/Disclosures

Dr. Natkunam declares she has no conflict(s) of interest to disclose

Outline• Pathologic spectrum of EBV+ B‐celllymphoproliferative disorders

• Nomenclature for immunodeficiencydisorders

• When to consider EBV testing andmolecular clonality testing

Epstein‐Barr Virus (HHV4)

• Discovered in 1964 from culturedBurkitt lymphoma cells from anUgandan child

• EBV infected B‐cells persistwithin the memory B‐cell pool ofmost immunocompetent hosts

• EBV‐encoded latent genes induce B‐cell transformation byaltering gene transcription and activating signaling pathways

• Immunosuppressed patients are at increased risk of developingEBV‐associated B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders

Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM. Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma. The Lancet, March 28, 1964, 1: 702–703

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Immunodeficiency Disorders

HHV8‐associated lymphoproliferations

B‐cell lymphoproliferations

T & NK‐cell lymphoproliferations

LymphomaHyperplasia

EBV

HHV8

Patterns of reactive B‐cell hyperplasia

Aggressive B‐cell lymphoma

B‐LPD of varied malignant potential

Indolent B‐cell lymphoma   

Hyperplasia

Lymphoma

EBV+ B‐Cell Spectrum

Hyperplasias• Called early lesions in WHO 2008, renamed nondestructive lesions in WHO 2016

– Defined as mass forming lesions with preservation of overall tissue architecture (non‐destructive)

• Three types1. Follicular hyperplasia (formally recognized in WHO 2016)

2. Infectious mononucleosis‐like hyperplasia3. Plasmacytic hyperplasia

Follicular Hyperplasia EBER

• Presents with isolated or multifocal lymphadenopathy

• No interfollicular expansion• Distribution of EBER+ cells variable, often confined to 1‐2 follicles

• Occasional clonal IG or simple karyotypic abnormalities 

• Do not over‐react to clones!

• Regress spontaneously in most cases• Rare concurrent or subsequent EBV+ B‐LPD, clonally related in some

Images: Drs. Babu, Ewalt, TelevantuVakiani E et al, Hum Pathol 2007 

Shapiro NL et al, J Pediatr Otorhinolaryn 2003 Williamson RA et al, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001

Sevilla DW et al, Hematol Oncol 2011;29‐90 

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Hyperplasias

• Mass forming, non‐destructive lesions with overlapping patterns• Intact architecture helpful to differentiated from polymorphic B‐LPD

• Clinical context important to separate from nonspecific causes • Difficult to recognize if EBV is negative• Small clones or abnormal karyotypes may be present• Majority regress spontaneously 

Plasmacytic• Numerous interfol plasma cells• Few scattered immunoblasts• Plasma cells ‐ polytypic• FH usually present

IM‐like • Numerous interfol immunoblasts• Small to medium lymphoid cells• Plasma cells ‐ polytypic• FH usually present

Follicular • Scant interfollicular proliferation

Goodlad, SH Workshop 2015

Dasatinib‐Related Hyperplasia• Newer therapeutic agents expand spectrum of immunodeficiency–related hyperplasias

CD20

BCL2

CD21

IgD

CD20

EBER

Ozawa, Ewalt & Gratzinger, AJSP 2015

FFH

M‐PTLD

P‐PTLD

IM‐like

Vakiani et al, Hum Pathol 2007

Genetic Complexity

• Progressively increasing karyotypicabnormalities 

Polymorphic B‐LPD• Morphologically polymorphous lesions that efface 

architecture or cause destructive masses, but do not fulfill criteria for diagnosis as lymphoma• Exhibit full range of B‐cell maturation

– Variable number of B & T cells; T may predominate

– Variable number of Hodgkin‐like cells 

• CD45+ CD20/CD79A+ CD30+ CD15+/‐ PAX5+ OCT2+ 

– Light chain restriction +/‐ or focal or biclonal

– Clonal IG gene rearrangements in almost all cases

– Simple karyotypic abnormalities may be present

• Some regress with withdrawal of immunosuppression; others need more active management such as Rituximab or RCHOP

Full B‐cell spectrum

Immunoblasts

Hodgkin‐like

Vakiani et al, Hum Pathol 2007, 2008Poirel ha et al, Transplantation 2005 Capello D et al, Hematol Oncol 2005

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Polymorphic B‐LPD in Iatrogenic/Autoimmune Setting

• Iatrogenic LPDs usually arise in patients treated with immunosuppressive regimens for autoimmune disease

• Methotrexate commonly implicated

• Contribution of underlying autoimmune disease versus drug regimen is difficult to quantify; may depend on greater disease severity

• Longitudinal study of 10,815 RA patients on anti‐TNFα meta‐analyses of 14 published reports– Conclusion: no statistically significant 

difference in lymphoma rate 

Disorder DrugRheumatoid Arthritis

MethotrexateSteroidsHydroxychloroquineTNFα inhibitor

AplasticAnemia

ATGMethyprednizoneCyclosporine

Kamel OW et al, AJSP 1996; Semin Diagn Pathol 1997Wolfe F, Michaud K, Arthritis Rheum. 2007 

Hasserjian RP et al. Mod Pathol. 2009 Rizzi R, et al. Med Oncol 2009

Wong AK et al, Clin Rheumatol 2012 Ichikawa A et al., Eur J Haematol 2013 

*Important to obtain clinical history/ 

treatment regimens

Polymorphic B‐LPD

• 57M, HIV/AIDS• Abnormal LFT with multiple liver lesions

• Architectural destruction, necrosis

• Polymorphic background with RS‐like cells

• IHC suggestive of Hodgkin lymphoma

• Commenced HAART with resolution 

Images: Dr. Jonathan Said

• 41F, HIV+• Multiple lung nodules

• HAART started after diagnosis with complete remission

Images: Dr. John GoodladBuxton J et al, Virch Arch 2012

Fujita H et al, Int J Haematol 2010

Before HAART After HAART

Polymorphic B‐LPD in Lung Polymorphic B‐LPD: Other Features• RS‐like cells and EBV+ cells associated with monocytoid clusters

• Monocytoid B‐cell clusters should be a trigger to test for EBER

Images:Dr. Barath Nathwani

May be associated with• Angiodestructive growth • Necrosis• Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

Images: Dr. Jeannett Schiby

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Mucocutaneous Ulcer• Isolated, sharply‐circumscribed ulcer in 

oropharyngeal mucosa, skin or GI tract

• Polymorphous infiltrate with RS‐like cells mimicking classical Hodgkin lymphoma– CD30+ EBER+ CD20+/‐ CD15+/‐ CD45+– Prominent rim of CD8+ T‐cells at base of ulcer– Clonal IG in 39%, TCR in 38%

• Self‐limiting, indolent, IS withdrawal effective– Localized defect in immune surveillance?

Dojcinov et al, Am J Surg Pathol 2010

Images: Dr. Alina Nicolae

Images: Dr. Soumya PandeyEBER

“Large B‐Cell Proliferations associated with Chronic Inflammation”

• Rare EBV+ clonal large B‐cell proliferations arising in localizedsites without mass lesions in immunocompetent patients• Overlap with Pyothorax‐associated 

lymphoma

• Associated fibrin or amorphous material adjacent to cavities 

• Clinically indolent; seldom disseminate

– Resemble breast‐implant assoc. ALCL

– Localized alteration in host immune surveillance?

– Using “Large B‐cell lymphoma” name may cause overtreatment

Left atrial myxomaImages: Dr. Rogney

Aortic aneurysm thrombusImages: Dr. Singhal

Indolent EBV+ B‐Cell Lymphomas

• Rarely reported in immunodeficiency settings 

• Almost all plasmacytoid, most are MZL– EBV+ MZL designated as a 

PTLD in WHO 2016– Very few FL and CLL/SLL– Difficult to designate EBV‐neg

cases as immunodeficiency‐related

– IgA heavy chain predominant– CR with reduced IS +/‐ antiviral 

therapy, local excision, rituximab, or local radiation

Gibson S et al, Am J Surg Pathol 2011 

EBER

CXCR3IgA

LambdaKappa

• Aggressive EBV+ monoclonal B‐cell proliferation arising in patients >50y with no known immunodeficiency

• Provisional entity in WHO 2008• Incidence increases with age• Immune senescence leading to defective immune surveillance?

• Broader range of morphologies than usual DLBCL

Oyama et al, Am J Surg Pathol 2003; Clin Cancer Res 2007Gibson et al, Hum Pathol 2009Hoeller et al, Hum Pathol 2010

Hofscheier et al, Mod Pathol 2011Kato et al Cancer Sci 2014

Ok et al, Blood 2013; Clin Cancer Res 2014Gebauer et al, Leuk Lym 2015

EBV+ DLBCL of the Elderly

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EBV+ Large B‐Cell Proliferations

DLBCL CHLTCRBCL/Hodgkin‐like

De Jong, SH Workshop 2015

• A spectrum of morphologies and immunophenotypes

CD20 PAX5

Immunophenotypic Spectrum

DLBCL CHLTCRBCL/Hodgkin‐like

Centroblast/immunoblast‐like Hodgkin‐like

Intact B‐cell phenotype Deficient B‐cell phenotype(CD20, CD79a, PAX5, OCT2, BOB1)

Aberrant phenotype(CD15, granzyme B, perforin)

Sparse infiltrate T‐cell rich histiocyte‐rich Few eosinophils

Grey zone type diagnostic challenge

De Jong, SH Workshop 2015

• Incidence 3‐14%; rare in West• DLBCL with non‐GC immunophenotype• GEP: constitutive activation of NF‐kB, enriched for JAK/STAT‐

signaling, immune/inflammatory, cell cycle, metabolism genes

Kato et al Cancer Sci 2014Ok et al, Blood 2013; Clin Cancer Res 2014

Gebauer et al, Leuk Lym 2015

EBV+ DLBCL of the Elderly• 46 DLBCL ≤ 45y• Immunocompetent• M:F = 3.6:1• Histologic spectrum• PDL1 expression indicative of a tolerogenic immune microenvironment 

• Superior outcome of EBV+ DLBCL in the young compared to the elderly – CR 82%, AWD 10%, DOD 8%– 5 y OS of 89% vs 24.4% (p<.0001)

• Term ‘elderly’ no longer in WHO 2016Nicolae et al, Blood 2015

EBV+ DLBCL in the YoungTCRLBCL

DLBCL

GZL

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• 46 Caucasian EBV+ DLBCL

• Compared <50 vs >50 – No difference in clinicopathologic, 

IHC or genetic features

– No difference in gene expression profiles or miRNA profiles 

– No difference in clinical outcome

• Need validation in larger cohorts of patients

Ok et al, Oncotarget 2015   

EBV+ DLBCL: Is Age relevant? 

Nomenclature for Immunodeficiency Disorders

EBV

Host immune status

Host immune status

HHV8

Primary/Congenital

HIVAging

Transplant

Drugs

Autoimmunity

• Current classification is organized by immunodeficiency settings 

Challenges…• Significant overlap of similar proliferations across different 

immunodeficiency settings

– “Similar” lesions between immunodeficiency and immunocompetentpatients and among different immunodeficiency states may not be biologically similar

– Virus or immune status may not be causal (bystander)

• Spectrum of lymphoid proliferations, diagnostic criteria and terminology are reasonably well established for post‐transplant setting, but not in other settings

– Lack of unifying nomenclature

• Increasing use of novel immunomodulatory agents and precision in immune monitoring, increases the complexity of treatment decisions related to whether or how early to treat

Proposed Unifying Nomenclature for Immunodeficiency Disorders

• 2015 SH Workshop Panel proposal 

• Aims to provide a common framework for discussion and further study and is not intended as a new classification at this time

A name with 3 components• Lesion: hyperplasia, polymorphic LPD, DLBCL, etc• Virus: EBV, HHV8, other• Immunodeficiency setting: PTLD, HIV, primary, iatrogenic, etc

Example• Polymorphic B‐lymphoproliferative disorder, EBV+, iatrogenic 

setting (methotrexate)

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When to Test for EBV and Molecular Clonality

EBV testing• Known or suspected immunodeficiency• Clinical history and drug regimen• When morphology is polymorphous or discordant• Necrosis• Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis• Monocytoid B‐cell clusters• EBV monitoring in PTLD setting

Clonality testing• EBV can induce oligoclonal or clonal proliferations• Results should be interpreted with caution and in the context of clinical and histologic findings

Clinical Cancer Research, May 14, 2013

Expressed in NSHL, MCHL

PMBLTCRLBCL

EBV+ DLBCLPlasmablastic lymphomaNK/T cell lymphoma

HHV8+ PELLacking inDLBCL, NOSBurkitt

Small B‐cell lymphoma

EBV+ DLBCL

EBV‐ PTLD

DLBCL, NOS

Role of EBV & PD1/PDL1 Pathway• EBV LMP1 & LMP2 enhance transcriptional activity of PDL1/PDL2 

to create a tolerogenic microenvironment by inducing T‐cell anergyand immune evasion

Chen et al, Clin Can Res 2013 Morscio et al, Am J Tanspl 2013 

Hartman et al, BJH 2015 Yoon et al, Gene Chrom Can 2015

Nicolae et al, Blood 2015 

PD1/PD‐L1 blockade • Removes tumor cell 

resistance to cytotoxic      T‐cell mediated lysis

• Restores anti‐tumor activity of CD4+ T‐cells

• Offers a novel therapeutic option

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Thank you!