Spectrum of EBV+ B-Cell ACCME/Disclosures ... · 4/11/2016 1 Spectrum of EBV+ B-Cell...
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Transcript of Spectrum of EBV+ B-Cell ACCME/Disclosures ... · 4/11/2016 1 Spectrum of EBV+ B-Cell...
4/11/2016
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Spectrum of EBV+ B-Cell LymphoproliferativeDisorders
Yaso Natkunam, MD, PhDProfessor of Pathology
Stanford University School of Medicine
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ACCME/Disclosures
Dr. Natkunam declares she has no conflict(s) of interest to disclose
Outline• Pathologic spectrum of EBV+ B‐celllymphoproliferative disorders
• Nomenclature for immunodeficiencydisorders
• When to consider EBV testing andmolecular clonality testing
Epstein‐Barr Virus (HHV4)
• Discovered in 1964 from culturedBurkitt lymphoma cells from anUgandan child
• EBV infected B‐cells persistwithin the memory B‐cell pool ofmost immunocompetent hosts
• EBV‐encoded latent genes induce B‐cell transformation byaltering gene transcription and activating signaling pathways
• Immunosuppressed patients are at increased risk of developingEBV‐associated B‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders
Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM. Virus particles in cultured lymphoblasts from Burkitt's lymphoma. The Lancet, March 28, 1964, 1: 702–703
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Immunodeficiency Disorders
HHV8‐associated lymphoproliferations
B‐cell lymphoproliferations
T & NK‐cell lymphoproliferations
LymphomaHyperplasia
EBV
HHV8
Patterns of reactive B‐cell hyperplasia
Aggressive B‐cell lymphoma
B‐LPD of varied malignant potential
Indolent B‐cell lymphoma
Hyperplasia
Lymphoma
EBV+ B‐Cell Spectrum
Hyperplasias• Called early lesions in WHO 2008, renamed nondestructive lesions in WHO 2016
– Defined as mass forming lesions with preservation of overall tissue architecture (non‐destructive)
• Three types1. Follicular hyperplasia (formally recognized in WHO 2016)
2. Infectious mononucleosis‐like hyperplasia3. Plasmacytic hyperplasia
Follicular Hyperplasia EBER
• Presents with isolated or multifocal lymphadenopathy
• No interfollicular expansion• Distribution of EBER+ cells variable, often confined to 1‐2 follicles
• Occasional clonal IG or simple karyotypic abnormalities
• Do not over‐react to clones!
• Regress spontaneously in most cases• Rare concurrent or subsequent EBV+ B‐LPD, clonally related in some
Images: Drs. Babu, Ewalt, TelevantuVakiani E et al, Hum Pathol 2007
Shapiro NL et al, J Pediatr Otorhinolaryn 2003 Williamson RA et al, Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001
Sevilla DW et al, Hematol Oncol 2011;29‐90
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Hyperplasias
• Mass forming, non‐destructive lesions with overlapping patterns• Intact architecture helpful to differentiated from polymorphic B‐LPD
• Clinical context important to separate from nonspecific causes • Difficult to recognize if EBV is negative• Small clones or abnormal karyotypes may be present• Majority regress spontaneously
Plasmacytic• Numerous interfol plasma cells• Few scattered immunoblasts• Plasma cells ‐ polytypic• FH usually present
IM‐like • Numerous interfol immunoblasts• Small to medium lymphoid cells• Plasma cells ‐ polytypic• FH usually present
Follicular • Scant interfollicular proliferation
Goodlad, SH Workshop 2015
Dasatinib‐Related Hyperplasia• Newer therapeutic agents expand spectrum of immunodeficiency–related hyperplasias
CD20
BCL2
CD21
IgD
CD20
EBER
Ozawa, Ewalt & Gratzinger, AJSP 2015
FFH
M‐PTLD
P‐PTLD
IM‐like
Vakiani et al, Hum Pathol 2007
Genetic Complexity
• Progressively increasing karyotypicabnormalities
Polymorphic B‐LPD• Morphologically polymorphous lesions that efface
architecture or cause destructive masses, but do not fulfill criteria for diagnosis as lymphoma• Exhibit full range of B‐cell maturation
– Variable number of B & T cells; T may predominate
– Variable number of Hodgkin‐like cells
• CD45+ CD20/CD79A+ CD30+ CD15+/‐ PAX5+ OCT2+
– Light chain restriction +/‐ or focal or biclonal
– Clonal IG gene rearrangements in almost all cases
– Simple karyotypic abnormalities may be present
• Some regress with withdrawal of immunosuppression; others need more active management such as Rituximab or RCHOP
Full B‐cell spectrum
Immunoblasts
Hodgkin‐like
Vakiani et al, Hum Pathol 2007, 2008Poirel ha et al, Transplantation 2005 Capello D et al, Hematol Oncol 2005
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Polymorphic B‐LPD in Iatrogenic/Autoimmune Setting
• Iatrogenic LPDs usually arise in patients treated with immunosuppressive regimens for autoimmune disease
• Methotrexate commonly implicated
• Contribution of underlying autoimmune disease versus drug regimen is difficult to quantify; may depend on greater disease severity
• Longitudinal study of 10,815 RA patients on anti‐TNFα meta‐analyses of 14 published reports– Conclusion: no statistically significant
difference in lymphoma rate
Disorder DrugRheumatoid Arthritis
MethotrexateSteroidsHydroxychloroquineTNFα inhibitor
AplasticAnemia
ATGMethyprednizoneCyclosporine
Kamel OW et al, AJSP 1996; Semin Diagn Pathol 1997Wolfe F, Michaud K, Arthritis Rheum. 2007
Hasserjian RP et al. Mod Pathol. 2009 Rizzi R, et al. Med Oncol 2009
Wong AK et al, Clin Rheumatol 2012 Ichikawa A et al., Eur J Haematol 2013
*Important to obtain clinical history/
treatment regimens
Polymorphic B‐LPD
• 57M, HIV/AIDS• Abnormal LFT with multiple liver lesions
• Architectural destruction, necrosis
• Polymorphic background with RS‐like cells
• IHC suggestive of Hodgkin lymphoma
• Commenced HAART with resolution
Images: Dr. Jonathan Said
• 41F, HIV+• Multiple lung nodules
• HAART started after diagnosis with complete remission
Images: Dr. John GoodladBuxton J et al, Virch Arch 2012
Fujita H et al, Int J Haematol 2010
Before HAART After HAART
Polymorphic B‐LPD in Lung Polymorphic B‐LPD: Other Features• RS‐like cells and EBV+ cells associated with monocytoid clusters
• Monocytoid B‐cell clusters should be a trigger to test for EBER
Images:Dr. Barath Nathwani
May be associated with• Angiodestructive growth • Necrosis• Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
Images: Dr. Jeannett Schiby
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Mucocutaneous Ulcer• Isolated, sharply‐circumscribed ulcer in
oropharyngeal mucosa, skin or GI tract
• Polymorphous infiltrate with RS‐like cells mimicking classical Hodgkin lymphoma– CD30+ EBER+ CD20+/‐ CD15+/‐ CD45+– Prominent rim of CD8+ T‐cells at base of ulcer– Clonal IG in 39%, TCR in 38%
• Self‐limiting, indolent, IS withdrawal effective– Localized defect in immune surveillance?
Dojcinov et al, Am J Surg Pathol 2010
Images: Dr. Alina Nicolae
Images: Dr. Soumya PandeyEBER
“Large B‐Cell Proliferations associated with Chronic Inflammation”
• Rare EBV+ clonal large B‐cell proliferations arising in localizedsites without mass lesions in immunocompetent patients• Overlap with Pyothorax‐associated
lymphoma
• Associated fibrin or amorphous material adjacent to cavities
• Clinically indolent; seldom disseminate
– Resemble breast‐implant assoc. ALCL
– Localized alteration in host immune surveillance?
– Using “Large B‐cell lymphoma” name may cause overtreatment
Left atrial myxomaImages: Dr. Rogney
Aortic aneurysm thrombusImages: Dr. Singhal
Indolent EBV+ B‐Cell Lymphomas
• Rarely reported in immunodeficiency settings
• Almost all plasmacytoid, most are MZL– EBV+ MZL designated as a
PTLD in WHO 2016– Very few FL and CLL/SLL– Difficult to designate EBV‐neg
cases as immunodeficiency‐related
– IgA heavy chain predominant– CR with reduced IS +/‐ antiviral
therapy, local excision, rituximab, or local radiation
Gibson S et al, Am J Surg Pathol 2011
EBER
CXCR3IgA
LambdaKappa
• Aggressive EBV+ monoclonal B‐cell proliferation arising in patients >50y with no known immunodeficiency
• Provisional entity in WHO 2008• Incidence increases with age• Immune senescence leading to defective immune surveillance?
• Broader range of morphologies than usual DLBCL
Oyama et al, Am J Surg Pathol 2003; Clin Cancer Res 2007Gibson et al, Hum Pathol 2009Hoeller et al, Hum Pathol 2010
Hofscheier et al, Mod Pathol 2011Kato et al Cancer Sci 2014
Ok et al, Blood 2013; Clin Cancer Res 2014Gebauer et al, Leuk Lym 2015
EBV+ DLBCL of the Elderly
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EBV+ Large B‐Cell Proliferations
DLBCL CHLTCRBCL/Hodgkin‐like
De Jong, SH Workshop 2015
• A spectrum of morphologies and immunophenotypes
CD20 PAX5
Immunophenotypic Spectrum
DLBCL CHLTCRBCL/Hodgkin‐like
Centroblast/immunoblast‐like Hodgkin‐like
Intact B‐cell phenotype Deficient B‐cell phenotype(CD20, CD79a, PAX5, OCT2, BOB1)
Aberrant phenotype(CD15, granzyme B, perforin)
Sparse infiltrate T‐cell rich histiocyte‐rich Few eosinophils
Grey zone type diagnostic challenge
De Jong, SH Workshop 2015
• Incidence 3‐14%; rare in West• DLBCL with non‐GC immunophenotype• GEP: constitutive activation of NF‐kB, enriched for JAK/STAT‐
signaling, immune/inflammatory, cell cycle, metabolism genes
Kato et al Cancer Sci 2014Ok et al, Blood 2013; Clin Cancer Res 2014
Gebauer et al, Leuk Lym 2015
EBV+ DLBCL of the Elderly• 46 DLBCL ≤ 45y• Immunocompetent• M:F = 3.6:1• Histologic spectrum• PDL1 expression indicative of a tolerogenic immune microenvironment
• Superior outcome of EBV+ DLBCL in the young compared to the elderly – CR 82%, AWD 10%, DOD 8%– 5 y OS of 89% vs 24.4% (p<.0001)
• Term ‘elderly’ no longer in WHO 2016Nicolae et al, Blood 2015
EBV+ DLBCL in the YoungTCRLBCL
DLBCL
GZL
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• 46 Caucasian EBV+ DLBCL
• Compared <50 vs >50 – No difference in clinicopathologic,
IHC or genetic features
– No difference in gene expression profiles or miRNA profiles
– No difference in clinical outcome
• Need validation in larger cohorts of patients
Ok et al, Oncotarget 2015
EBV+ DLBCL: Is Age relevant?
Nomenclature for Immunodeficiency Disorders
EBV
Host immune status
Host immune status
HHV8
Primary/Congenital
HIVAging
Transplant
Drugs
Autoimmunity
• Current classification is organized by immunodeficiency settings
Challenges…• Significant overlap of similar proliferations across different
immunodeficiency settings
– “Similar” lesions between immunodeficiency and immunocompetentpatients and among different immunodeficiency states may not be biologically similar
– Virus or immune status may not be causal (bystander)
• Spectrum of lymphoid proliferations, diagnostic criteria and terminology are reasonably well established for post‐transplant setting, but not in other settings
– Lack of unifying nomenclature
• Increasing use of novel immunomodulatory agents and precision in immune monitoring, increases the complexity of treatment decisions related to whether or how early to treat
Proposed Unifying Nomenclature for Immunodeficiency Disorders
• 2015 SH Workshop Panel proposal
• Aims to provide a common framework for discussion and further study and is not intended as a new classification at this time
A name with 3 components• Lesion: hyperplasia, polymorphic LPD, DLBCL, etc• Virus: EBV, HHV8, other• Immunodeficiency setting: PTLD, HIV, primary, iatrogenic, etc
Example• Polymorphic B‐lymphoproliferative disorder, EBV+, iatrogenic
setting (methotrexate)
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When to Test for EBV and Molecular Clonality
EBV testing• Known or suspected immunodeficiency• Clinical history and drug regimen• When morphology is polymorphous or discordant• Necrosis• Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis• Monocytoid B‐cell clusters• EBV monitoring in PTLD setting
Clonality testing• EBV can induce oligoclonal or clonal proliferations• Results should be interpreted with caution and in the context of clinical and histologic findings
Clinical Cancer Research, May 14, 2013
Expressed in NSHL, MCHL
PMBLTCRLBCL
EBV+ DLBCLPlasmablastic lymphomaNK/T cell lymphoma
HHV8+ PELLacking inDLBCL, NOSBurkitt
Small B‐cell lymphoma
EBV+ DLBCL
EBV‐ PTLD
DLBCL, NOS
Role of EBV & PD1/PDL1 Pathway• EBV LMP1 & LMP2 enhance transcriptional activity of PDL1/PDL2
to create a tolerogenic microenvironment by inducing T‐cell anergyand immune evasion
Chen et al, Clin Can Res 2013 Morscio et al, Am J Tanspl 2013
Hartman et al, BJH 2015 Yoon et al, Gene Chrom Can 2015
Nicolae et al, Blood 2015
PD1/PD‐L1 blockade • Removes tumor cell
resistance to cytotoxic T‐cell mediated lysis
• Restores anti‐tumor activity of CD4+ T‐cells
• Offers a novel therapeutic option
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Thank you!