SPECIES OCCURRENCE AND UTILIZATION. BY HABITAT

Great Blue Heron Undisturbed traditional rookery Ardea herodias

Green-backed Heron Butorides striatus

Wood Duck Aix sponsa

Trees at least 16" dbh with large cavities and 4" diameter entrance holes

American Black Duck Wooded wetlands, stream banks Anas rubripes (inland)

Common Goldeneye Cavity trees with minimum dbh of Bucephala clangula 20"; clear, cold. shallow water

Bufflehead Cavity trees, usually with holes Bucephala albeola made by flickers or pileated

woodpeckers

Hooded Merganser Undisturbed wooded areas with Lophodytes cucullatus cavity trees (15" dbh min.); clear

fresh water

Common Merganser Large cavity trees at water's edge I b Mergus merganser

-

E Turkey Vulture Forest clearings Cathartes aura

Bald Eagle Large, undisturbed water bodies Haliaeetus leucocephalus containing fish. large living trees

near shore

Sharp-shinned Hawk Extensive undisturbed open Accipiter striatus mixed woodlands

SPECIES S ~ e c i a l habitat needs

Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii

Northern Goshawk Extensive mature mixed Accipiter gentilis woodlands

Red-shouldered Hawk Cool. moist. mature forest. Buteo linearus wooded wetlands

Broad-winged Hawk Extensive woodlands with roads Buteo platypterus or clearings

Red-tailed Hawk Mature forest-field ecotone Buteo jamaicensis

Golden Eagle Cliffs and wide expanses of oper Aquila chrysaetos land

American Kestrel Tall trees with cavities (dbh at

Falco spawerius least 12"): open country with low relief

Merlin Falco colurnbarius

Natural cavities or old woodpecker holes in open woodlands

Peregrine Falcon High cliffs Falco peregrinus

Spruce Grouse Coniferous forest Dendragapus canadensis

Ruffed Grouse Fallen logs amidst dense Bonasa urnbellus saplings

I

Wild Turkey Open, mast-producing woodlands,

I Meleagris gallopavo large conifers for roosting, woodland clearings

Northern Bobwhite Brushy field edges. well-drained Colinus virginianus sandy or loamy soils

American Woodcock Fertile mosit soil containing Scolopax minor earthworms, clearings and dense

swales

Mourning Dove Open land with bare ground Zenaida macroura

Black-billed Cuckoo Low, dense thickets Coccyzus erythropthalrnus

Yellow-billed Cuckoo Low. dense thickets Coccyzus arnericanus

Eastern Screech-Owl Cavlty trees (12" dbh minimum)

Great Horned Owl Large abandoned hawk nests. Bubo virginianus large tree cavities

Northern Hawk-Owl Open coniferous or mixed Surnia ulula woodland. burns with standing

stubs 7

Barred Owl Cool, damp lowlands; cavity trees / ~ t r i x varia with minimum dbh of 20"

Great Gray Owl Meadows, swamps near Strix nebulosa woodlands

I

I Long-eared Owl Dense conifer thickets in open 1 Asm otus country

1 Boreal Owl Cav~ty trees. often with large Aegolius funereus woodpecker holes

W F I R

1 Northern Saw-whet Owl Cavity trees with minimum dbh of I Aegolius acadicus 12" near forest clearings

I

Common Nighthawk Chordeiies minor

R

Whip-poor-will Ungrazed woodlands with Caprirnulgus vociferus openings

Rubythroated Hummingbird Flowers, preferably red Archilochus colubris

W F

Red-headed Woodpecker Cavity trees in savanna or open Melanerpes erythrocephalus country

Red-bellied Woodpecker Extensive mature woodlands with

Melanerpes caroiinus dead trees or trees with large I dead limbs

Sapsucker Trees with minimal dbh of 10"

Sphyrapicus varius especially aspens containing sound decayed wood 1 Downy Woodpecker Tre;;i;;b;;i;dewy C O I U ~ ~ ~ 11

Picoides pubescens

Hairy Woodpecker Trees. limbs with decay column BF Picoides villosus (minimum dbh 10") W

WF

Three-toed Woodpecker Spruce, fir trees with column of

Picoides tridactylus decayed wood (minimum dbh 12"); dead trees with loose bark

\ A l F

Spruce. fir trees with wlumn of Black-backed Woodpecker decayed mwd (minimum dbh Picoides arcticus 10"); dead trees with loose bark. W

often near water

Northern Flicker Colaptes aura tus

Open areas; trees w ~ t h column of decayed wood (mlnimum dbh 123, forest edges

Pileated Woodpecker Mature forest, trees w ~ t h column Dryocopus prleatus of decayed wood at least 20" dbh

WF

Olive-s~ded Flycatcher Low, wet coniferous forest, bog, Contopus borealrs etc wlth h ~ g h song perch

Eastern Wood-Pewee Forest edge or open woods Contoaus virens

Yellow-bellled Flycatcher Low, wet conlferous forest Emprdonax flavrventrrs W

W F

Acadlan Flycatcher Mature woodlands with openings

Alder Flycatcher Thickets, low shrubs and Ernpidonax alnorum clearings

R LOW declduous trees and shrubs iI Willow Flycatcher

Empidonax traillii with clearings, thick hardwood seedlings

Least Flycatcher Open deciduous or mixed forest. Empidonax mrnrrnus edges

W F

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Eastern Phoebe Exposed perches; cliffs or ledges

Sayornis phoebe in streamside clearings. woodland edges

Great Crested Flycatcher Mature cavity trees, deciduous Myiarchus crinitus forest, edges 1 Fl Eastern Kingbird Clearings. fields, orchards Tyrannus tyrannus

Purple Martin Progne subis

Martin houses near ponds. lakes

WF

Tree Swallow Cavity trees (minimum dbh 10"): Tachycineta bicolor open areas. especially near water

qorthern Rough-winged Swallow Sandy or clay banks stabilized by :telgidopteryx serripennis a grassy, overhanging top

Bank Swallow Riparia riparia a grassy overhang

WF

Cliff Swallow Open areas; mud; vertical wall Hirundo pyrrhonota with an overhang

W F

Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica

Abandoned or little-used buildings

Gray Jay Coniferous forests Perisoreus canadensis

Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata

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I I American Crow Cowus brachyrhynchos

I I Common Raven Cliffs Corvus corax I I Black.capped Chickadee ~ z \ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i n g s or Parus a tricapillus open woodlands

Boreal Chickadee Softwood snags, stubs Parus hudsonicus

Tufted Titmouse Cavity trees at least 8" dbh Parus bicolor

Red.breasted Nuthatch Cavity trees in mixed or

Sitta canadensis coniferous woods (minimum dbh 12")

White-breasted Nuthatch Cavity trees in hardwoods or Silta carolinensis mixed woods (minimum dbh 12")

W F

Brown Creeper Woodlands containing trees with 1 1 Certhia americana sloughing or loose bark Carolina Wren Cavity trees amid brushy Thryothorus ludovicianus vegetation, thickets, swamps W I",= House Wren Cavity trees, shrubs Troglodytes aedon

Winter Wren Moist, mixed or coniferous

Troglodytes troglodytes woodlands with down logs: low woody vegetation

I I Northern Mockingbird Low thickets: high perches; Mirnus polyglottos persistent fruits I I Brown Thrasher Hardwood forest-field ecotone Toxosroma rufum

Open country, shrubs, trees. Bohemian Waxwing thickets with persistent fruits Bombycilla garrulus (winter)

Open country with scattered Cedar Waxwlng Bombycilla cedrorum

trees, thickets wlth persistent fruits (winter)

I I Northern Shrike Scattered trees or shrubs in an Lanius excubitor open country I I Loggerhead Shrike Open country with short grasses. Lanius ludovicianus scattered trees, shrubs

European Starling Cavity trees with 10" minimum Sturnus vulgaris dbh

White-eyed Vireo Low shrubs, thickets vireo griseus

Solitary Vireo Mixed or predominantly Vireo solitarius coniferous woodland

Yellow-throated Vireo Mature deciduous forest Vireo flavifrons

Warbling Vtreo Scattered deciduous trees, shade Vireo gilvus trees

X 5 3 SPECIES 3

I

Special habitat needs

I I Black-throated Blue Warbler Hardwood or mixed woodlands Dendroica caerulescens with well-developed understory I I Yellow.rumped Warbler Coniferous trees (summer). Dendroica coranata bayberry thickets (winter) I I Black-throated Green Warbler Coniferous or mixed woodlands Dendroica virens I I Blackburnian Warbler Coniferous forest, mixed Dendroica fusca woodlands I I Pine Warbler Pine forest Dendroica pinus

Prairie Warbler Coniferous cover in old fields, Dendroica discolor hardwood saplings, slash

I i Palm Warbler Scattered trees, thick shrub Dendroica palmarum growth I I Bay-breasted Warbler Thick stands of spruce, fir Dendroica cas tanea spruce-fir I I Blackpoll Warbler Stunted spruce, esp. at high Dendroica striata elevations I i Cerulean Warbler Mature deciduous woodland Dendroica cerulea I 1 Black-and-white Warbler Mniotilta varia

SPECIES Special habitat needs

American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla

Prothonotaly Warbler Tree cavities i n moist hardwood Prolonoraria cirrea forest

Worm.eating Warbler Well-developed understory Helmitheros vermivorus

Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapillus

Northern Waterthrush Cool, shaded, wet ground with Seiurus noveboracensis shallow pools

Louisiana Waterthrush Woodlands with flowing wale1 Seiurus motacilla

Mourning Warbler Extensive stands hardwood Oporornis philadelphia regeneration

Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas

Hooded Warbler Dense understory Wilsonia citrina

Wilson's Warbler Cold shrub swamps, bogs Wilsonia pusilla

Canada Warbler Dense deciduous or ericaceous Wilsonia canadensis understory

SPECIES Special habitat needs

Yellow-breasted Chat Dense thickets and vines with

lcter~a virens scattered young trees. often near water

Scarlet Tanager Piranga olivacea

Northern Cardinal Thickets, vines Cardinalis cardinalis

Rose-breasted Grosbeak Forest-field ecotone. thickets. Pheucticus ludovicianus sapling stands of hardwoods

Indigo Bunting Foresbfield ecotones Passerina cyanea

Rufous.sided Towhee Dense, brushy understory. well- Pipilo eryihrophthalrnus drained soils

American Tree Sparrow Open country, weed fields (winte Spizella arborea

Chipping Sparrow Clearings with bare ground. Spizella passerina conifers or thorny shrubs

Field Sparrow Old fields Spizella pusilla

Fox Sparrow Passerella illaca

Song Sparrow Melospiza melodia

I I Lincoln's Sparrow Brushy thickets 4 to 8 feet high Melospiza lincolnii with grass or sedge openings Melospiza georgiana

White4hroated Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis

Dark-eyed Junco 1 1 Junco hyemalis $~~e%c$~cc~~~~&!i site 1 [ Red-winged Blackbird Grasslands, marshes Ageiaius phoeniceus

WF

Rusty Blackbird Euphagus carolinus

Common Grackle Wet, open country, shrub Quiscalus quiscula swamps. pond edges

Brown-headed Cowbird Molothrus ater

Orchard Oriole Open country with scattered lcterus spurius deciduous trees

Northern Oriole Tall scattered deciduous lclerus galbula (preferably elm) trees

Pine Grosbeak Northern conifer forest Pinlcoia enucleator

SPECIES Special habitat needs

Purple Finch Coniferous trees Carpodacus purpureus

House Finch Open ground with low seed- Carpodacus mexicanus producing plants

Red Crossbill Northern coniferous trees Loxia curvirostra

White-winged Crossblll Northern coniferous trees Loxia leucoptera

Common Redpoll Open country Carduelis flammea

Hoary Redpoll Open country Carduelis hornemanni

Pine Siskin Conifers Carduelis pinus

American Goldfinch Open. weedy fields with scatterec Carduelis tristis small trees

Evening Grosbeak Spruce and fir forest Coccothrausres vesperrinus (breeding season).

SPECIES OCCURRENCE AND UTILIZATION, BY HABITAT NONFORESTED

Terrestrial

U ~ l a n d field 1 Wetland/Deep Water -

Marine

Other

Palustrine

Special habitat needs SPECIES

Common Loon Large undisturbed bodies of

Gavia immer water with stable water levels and islands.

Pied-billed Grebe Marshes with waterand emergent Podilymbus podiceps vegetation.

American Bittern Undisturbed tall marsh Botaurus lentiginosus vegetation.

Least B~ttern lxobrychus exilis

Deep marshes with clumps of emergent vegetation.

Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias

Tall trees

Green-backed Heron Butorides striatus

Black-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax nycticorax

Yellow-crowned Night-Heron Nycticorax violaceus

Glossy Ibis Plegadrs falc~nellus

Mute Swan Cygnus olor

Shallow ponds, rivers with abundant aquatic vegetation

Canada Goose Branta canadensis

SPECIES Special hab i ta t

needs

Wood Duck Aix Sponsa

Trees at least 1 6 dbh with large cavities and 4" diameter entrance holes.

Green-winged Teal Anas crecca

American Black Duck Anas rubripes

Mallard Anas platyrhynchos

Northern Pintall Drakes need mudbanks or Anas acuta exposed shorelines.

Blue-wmged Teal Anas discors

Northern Shoveler Shallow water with muddy

Anas clypaafa bottom, surrounded by. dry grassy areas.

Gadwall Anas strepera

Moderate to large bodies of water. with submerged aquatic plants.

American Wigeon Anas americana

Canvasback Aythya valisineria

Stretches of open water and emergent vegetation.

Ring-necked Duck Aythya collaris

Expanse of open water

Terrestrial

Up land f ie ld I 1 I 1 I Wetland/Deep Water

Terrestr ial

ID

I

Water Other

Palustr ine

Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula

I

Cavity trees with minimum dbh of 2 0 ; clear. cold, shallow water.

Bufflehead Bucephala albeola

Hooded Merganser Undisturbed wooded areas with cavity trees (15" dbh min.):

Lophodytes cucullatus clear fresh water.

Common Merganser Mergus merganser

Turkey Vulture Forest openings, fields, large Cathartes aura stubs of dead tree trunks.

Osprey Clear lakes, rivers containing fish. Pandion haliaetus

Bald Eagle Large, undisturbed water bodieq

Hariaeerus leucocephalUS containing fish. large living trees near shore.

Northern Harrier Marshes or open country with low Circus cyaneus vegetation.

Sharp-shinned Hawk Extensive undisturbed open Accipiter striatus mixed woodlands.

Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii

SPECIES Special habitat

needs

Northern Goshawk Extensive mature mixed Accipmr gentills woodlands.

Red-shouldered Hawk Buteo lineatus

Cool, moist, mature forest. IH Broad-winged Hawk Extensive woodlands with roads Buteo platypterus or clearings.

Red-tailed Hawk Mature forest-field ecotone. Buteo jarnaicensis

Rough-legged Hawk Open country. Buteo lagopus

Golden Eagle Cliffs and wide expanses of Aquila chrysaetos open land.

American Kestrel Falco sparverius

Tall trees with cavities (dbh at least 1 2 ) ; open country with low elevation.

Merlin Falco colurnbarius

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus

High cliffs.

Gray Partridge Grasslands, grain crops. Perdix perdrx

Ring-necked Pheasant Phasianus colchicus

Cultwated fields, farmland.

Terrestrial

Upland field I I I I Wetland/Deep Water

Palustrine I Riverine

SPECIES

Spruce Grouse Coniferous forest. Dendragapus canadensis

Ruffed Grouse Bonasa urnbellus

Fallen logs amidst dense saplings. I

Wild Turkey Open, mast-producing Meleagris gallopavo woodlands, large conifers for

roosting, woodland clearings.

Northern Bobwhite Brushy field edges, well-drained Colinus virginianus sandy or loamy soils.

King Rail Rallus elegans

Stable water levels.

Virginia Rail Rallus limicola

Wetlands with sedge and cattails.

Porzana carolina

Common Moorhen Emergent vegetation in water Gallinula chloropus 1 to 3 feet deep.

American Coot Emergent vegetation in water Fulica americana 1 to 4 feet deep.

Killdeer Charadrius vocilerus

Bare ground, sparse vegetation.

Spotted Sandpiper Actitis macularia

1 Terrestrial Upland field I I 1 I

Special habitat needs

I I Upland Sandpiper Bartramia longicauda I I Common Snipe Moist organic soils, low scattered Gallinago gallinago vegetation, bogs, swamps. large open spaces. I I American Woodcock Fertile moist soil containing Scolopax minor earthworms. small clearings and dense swales. I I Ring-billed Gull Larus delawarensis

Herring Gull Larus argentatus

Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus

Common Tern Sterna hirundo

Black Tern Fresh marsh in breeding season. Chlidonias niger

Rock Dove Columba livia

Mourning Dove Open land with bare ground. Zanaida macroura

I 1 Black-billed Cuckoo Low, dense, thickets Coccyzus erythropthalmus

Wet landIDeeo Water

u

w

I Terrestr ial O the r Pa lus t r ine 1 I U o l a n d f ie ld I River ine

Spec ia l hab i ta t needs SPECIES

Yellow-billed Cuckoo Low, dense, thickets Coccyzus arnericanus

Sommon Barn-Owl Barns, silos, deserted buildings. Tyto alba tree cavities.

Eastern Screech-Owl Cavity trees ( 1 2 dbh minimum). 3tus asio

3reat Horned Owl Large abandoned hawk nests. 3ubo virgmanus large tree cavities.

Snowy Owl Open country Vyctea scandiaca

Uorthern Hawk-Owl jurnia ulula

3arred Owl Cool, damp lowlands;cavity trees Strix varia with minimum dbh of 2 0 .

;reat Gray Owl ;trix nebulosa

.ow-eared Owl Dense conifer thickets in tsio otus open country.

short-eared Owl Extensive open grasslands, dunes. Isio flamrneus

Joreal Owl Iegolius funereus

Northern Saw-whet Owl Cavity trees with minimum dbh Aegolius acadicus of 1 2

Common Nighthawk Chordeiles minor

Whippoor-will Caprimulgus vociferus

Chimney Swift Chimneys. Chaetura pelagica

Ruby-throated Hummingbird Flowers, preferably red. Archilochus colubris

Belted Kingfishel Ceryle alcyon

Perches over streams. ponds: banks for nest sltes.

Red-headed Woodpecker Cavity trees in savanna or Melanerpes erythrocephalus open country.

Red.bellied Woodpecker Extensive maturewoodlandswith

Melanerpes carolinus dead trees or trees with large dead limbs.

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Trees with minimum dbh of 1 0 Sphyrapicus varius

Downy Woodpecker Trees, limbs with decay column Picoides pubescens (minimum dbh 6).

Hairy Woodpecker Trees, limbs with decay column Picoides villosus (minimum dbh 10").

SPECIES Special habitat

needs

I I ~ h ~ ~ ~ - t ~ ~ d woodpecker Spruce. fir trees with decay Picoides tridactylus (mlnimum dbh of 12"): dead trees with loose bark. 1 I Black-backed Woodpecker Spruce. fir trees with decay Picoides arcticus (minimum dbh of 10"); dead trees with loose bark. I i Northern Flicker Open areas; trees with heartrot Colaptes auratus (minimum dbh of 12) . I I Pileated Woodpecker Mature forest; trees w ~ t h decay Dryocopus pileatus at least 20" dbh. I I Olive-sided Flycatcher Tall perch adjacent to low. Contopus borealis wet thicket

I I Eastern Wood-Pewee Contopus virens Yellow-bellied Flycatcher Low, wet coniferous forest. Empidonax flaviventris

Acadian Flycatcher Mature, woodlands with open Empidonax virescens spaces in the canopy.

Alder Flycatcher Thickets, low shrubs and clearings. Empidonax alnorum

I I Willow Flycatcher Empidonax traillii Low deciduous trees and shrubs with clearings, thick hardwood seedlings. I I Least Flycatcher Open deciduous or mixed forest. Empidonax minimus edges.

Terrestrial I Wetland/Deep Water I Palustrine ( I Riverine

Other I

r

E 0 0 0 c -7

SPECIES : (D

Special habitat needs

Eastern Phoebe Exposed perches; cliffs or ledges Sayornis phoebe in streamside clearings.

Great Crested Flycatcher Mature cavity trees, deciduous Myiarchus crrnitus forest, edges.

Eastern Kingbird Clearings, fields, orchards. Tyrannus tyrannus

Horned Lark Bare, exposed soil Eremophila alpestris

Purple Martin Martin houses near ponds, lakes Progne subfs

Tree Swallow Cavity trees (minimum dbh 10): Tachycineta bicolor open areas.

Northern Rough-wmged Swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis

Bank Swallow Riparia riparia

Sandy or clay banks stabilized by a grassy overhang.

Cliff Swallow Open areas; mud: vertical wall Hirundo pyrrhonota with an overhang.

Barn Swallow Abandoned or little-used buildings. Hfrundo rustica

Gray Jay Coniferous forests Perisoreus canadensis

I I Terrestrial I I Wetland/Deep Water Other I

Terrestrial

Upland field I I I Wetland/Dee~ Water Other

Blue Jay Cyanocilta crislata

American crow 1 Corvus brachyrhynchos

Fish Crow Corvus ossifragus

W F

Common Raven Corvus corax Cliffs.

~ l ~ ~ k - c a p p e d Chickadee Cavity trees or stubs in

Parus atricapillus small woodlands, clearings or open woodlands.

Boreal Chickadee Softwood snags, stubs. Parus hudsonicus

Tufted Titmouse Parus bicolor

Cavity trees at least 8" dbh.

Red-breasted Nuthatch Cavity trees in mixed or coniferous Sitta canadensis woods (minimum dbh 1 2 ) .

White-breasted Nuthatch Cavity trees in hardwoods or mixed Sitta carolinens~s woods (minimum dbh 1 2 ) .

Brown Creeper Woodland trees with sloughing or

Certhia americana loose bark.

Carolina Wren Cavity tree amid brushy vegetation. Thryothorus ludovicianus

Special habitat needs

I I House Wren Cavity trees, shrubs. Troglodytes aedon I I Winter Wren Moist, mixed or coniferous Troglodytes troglodytes woodlands with down logs; low woody vegetation. I I Sedge Wren Sedge meadows Cistothorus platensis

Marsh Wren Marshes. Cistothorus palustris

Golden-crowned Kinglet Regulus satrapa t'

I I Ruby-crowned Kinglet Regulus calendula I I Blue-gray Gnatcatcher Polioptila caerulea I I Eastern Bluebird Sialia sialis Low cavities, open country.

Moist woodlands with understory of low trees and shrubs.

I I Gray-cheeked Thrush Stunted con~ferous forest Catharus minimus at h ~ g h elevat~ons. I I Hermit Thrush Coniferous or mixed woodlands Catharus guttatus with dense Undergrowth.

I Terrestrial I ( Other Upland field Riverine

SPECIES

Wood Thrush Cool, molst, mature deciduous Hylocichla mustelina or mixed forest.

American Rob~n Turdus migratonus

Gray Catbird Shrubs, thickets in open country Dumetella carolinensis or forest understory.

Northern Mockingbird Low th~ckets; high perches: Mimus polyglottos persistent fruits.

Brown Thrasher Toxostoma rufum Hardwood forest-field ecotone.

Bohemian Waxwing Bombycilla garrulus

Cedar Waxwing Bombycilla cedrorum

Northern Shrike Scattered trees or shrubs in Lanius excubitor open country.

Loggerhead Shrike Open country with short grasses: Lanius ludovicianus scattered trees, shrubs.

European Starling Cavity trees with 1 0 minimum dbh. Sturnus vulgaris

White-eyed Vireo Vireo griseus

Low shrubs, thickets.

SPECIES Spec ia l habitat

needs

Yellow-throated Vireo Vireo flavifrons

Mature deciduous forest.

Warbling Vireo Scattered deciduous trees. Vireo gilvus shade trees.

Philadelph~a Vireo Vireo philadelphicus Hardwood forest edges.

Red-eyed Vireo Vireo olivaceus

Blue-winged Warbler Verrnivora pinus

Old fields with scattered shrubs and small trees.

Golden-winged Warbler Open areas with saplings in Vermivora chrysoptera deciduous woodlands.

Tennessee Warbler Verrnrvora peregnna

Brushy, semi-open country.

Nashville Warbler Scattered trees interspersed with Vermivora ruficapilla brush. thickets.

Northern Parula Parula arnericana

Presence of bearded lichen.

Yellow Warbler Scattered small trees or Dendroica petechia dense shrubs.

Chestnut-sided Warbler Sprouts and brush at wood margins: Dendroica pensylvanica hardwood seedling stands.

O the r 1

SPECIES

11 Terrestrial

Yellow-rumped Warbler Coniferous trees (summer), Dendroica coronata bayberry thickets (winter).

Prairie Warbler Dendroica discolor Coniferous cover in old fields.

Palm Warbler Dendroica palmarurn

Bay-breasted Warbler Thick stands of spruce, fir, Dendroica castanea spruce-fir

Blackpoll Warbler Stunted spruce, esp. at high Dendroica striata elevations.

Cerulean Warbler Dendroica cerulea

Black-and-white Warbler Mniotilta varia

American Redstart Setophaga ruticilla

Prothonotary Warbler Tree cavities in moist, hardwood Protonotaria citrea forest.

Northern Waterthrush Cool, shaded, wet ground with Seiurus noveboracensis shallow pools.

Louisiana Waterthrush Woodlands with flowing water. Seiurus motacrlla

Wetland/Deep Water I Palustrine Riverine I l ~ a r i n e

Other

I- 0 0

E 0 0 0

5 5 SPECIES [ (D 0

r -

Specia l hab i ta t needs

Mourning Warbler Oporornis philadelphia Hardwood regeneratoon.

Common Yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas

Hooded Warbler Wilsonia citrina Dense understory

Wilson's Warbler Wilsonia pusilla

Canada Warbler Wihonra canadensis

Yellow-breasted Chat Dense thickets and vines with

lcteria virens scattered young trees. often near water.

I I Nonhern Cardinal Thickets. vines Cardinalis cardinalis Rose-breasted Grosbeak Forest-field ecotone. thickets. Pheucticus ludovicianus hardwood regeneration.

I I Indigo Bunting Passerina cvanea Forest-field ecotones Rufous-sided Towhee Dense, brushy understory, well- Pipilo erythrophthalmus drained soils.

Tree Sparrow Spizella arborea

Terrestr ial 1 1 W e t l a n d / D e e ~ Water I Othe r

ex!/! ella~assed mol~edg xoj

spaau S3133dS lel!qaq ~qoadg

Spec ia l hab i ta t SPECIES needs

Dark-eyed Junco Junco hyemalis

Lapland Longspur Calcarius lapponicus

Snow Bunting Plectrophenax nivalis

Bobolink Do,ichonyx oryzivorus Wide expanses of grassland.

Red-winged Blackbird Agelaius phoeniceus

Eastern Meadowlark Sturnella rnagna Grasslands, elevated perches.

Rusty Blackbird Euphagus carolinus

Common Grackle Quiscalus guiscula

Brown-headed Cowblrd Molothrus ater

Orchard Oriole Icterus spunus

Northern Oriole Tall scattered deciduous (preferably lcterus galbula elm) trees.

Other

I I Other

SPECIES Special habitat

needs

Pine Grosbeak Pinicola enucleator Northern conifer forest.

Purple Finch Carpodacus purpureus Coniferous trees.

House Finch Open ground with low seed- Carpodacus mexicanus producing plants.

Red Crossbill Loxia curvirostra Northern coniferous trees.

White-winged Crossbill Northern coniferous trees Loxia leucoptera

Common Redpoll Carduelis flammea

Hoary Redpoll Carduelis hornemanni

Pine Siskin Conifers. Carduelis pinus

American Goldfinch Open, weedy fields with scattered Carduelis tristis small trees.

Evening Grosbeak Spruce and fir forest Coccothraustes vespertinus (breeding season).

House Sparrow Passer domesticus