Roseate spoonbill reproduction as an indicator for restoration of the Everglades and the
Species Concepts. What makes each an individual species? Consider the following… Painted Bunting...
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Transcript of Species Concepts. What makes each an individual species? Consider the following… Painted Bunting...
![Page 1: Species Concepts. What makes each an individual species? Consider the following… Painted Bunting Roseate Spoonbill Barn Owl Northern Mockingbird Bald.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e745503460f94b74537/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Species
Concepts
![Page 2: Species Concepts. What makes each an individual species? Consider the following… Painted Bunting Roseate Spoonbill Barn Owl Northern Mockingbird Bald.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e745503460f94b74537/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What makes each an individual species?
Consider the following…
Painted Bunting
Roseate Spoonbill
Barn Owl
Northern Mockingbird
Bald Eagle
CommonLoon
Wood Thrush
Canada Goose
![Page 3: Species Concepts. What makes each an individual species? Consider the following… Painted Bunting Roseate Spoonbill Barn Owl Northern Mockingbird Bald.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e745503460f94b74537/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Why identify species?• A few reasons:
– Scientific communication: for scientists to categorize and communicate their work on particular organisms
– Phylogeny: to study and determine what makes groups unique and how organisms are related to one another
– Conservation: to track the status and diversity of populations within an ecosystem
![Page 4: Species Concepts. What makes each an individual species? Consider the following… Painted Bunting Roseate Spoonbill Barn Owl Northern Mockingbird Bald.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e745503460f94b74537/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What is a species?• According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a
species is:
“A group or class of animals or plants (usually constituting a subdivision of a genus) having certain common and permanent characteristics which clearly distinguish it from other groups.”
But, what qualifies as “clearly distinct”?
![Page 5: Species Concepts. What makes each an individual species? Consider the following… Painted Bunting Roseate Spoonbill Barn Owl Northern Mockingbird Bald.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e745503460f94b74537/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Species Concepts• Scientists have developed various ideas on how to
best define a species. Here are a few of the over 20 possible species concepts:
BIOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT
ECOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT
MORPHOLOGICAL SPECIES CONCEPT
PHENETIC SPECIES CONCEPTRECOGNITION SPECIES CONCEPT
PHYLOGENETIC SPECIES CONCEPT
![Page 6: Species Concepts. What makes each an individual species? Consider the following… Painted Bunting Roseate Spoonbill Barn Owl Northern Mockingbird Bald.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e745503460f94b74537/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What defines a species?
![Page 7: Species Concepts. What makes each an individual species? Consider the following… Painted Bunting Roseate Spoonbill Barn Owl Northern Mockingbird Bald.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e745503460f94b74537/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• This general idea was revived later with more statistical rigor as the Phenetic Species Concept
Morphological Species Concept• A set of distinct physical features of a population
of animals which sets it apart from others
• May be applied to both sexual and asexual organisms and fossils
Strengths?Weaknesses?
![Page 8: Species Concepts. What makes each an individual species? Consider the following… Painted Bunting Roseate Spoonbill Barn Owl Northern Mockingbird Bald.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e745503460f94b74537/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Biological Species ConceptProposed by Ernst Mayr in 1942
• A population whose members can successfully breed with one another in a natural environment, and not with another species
![Page 9: Species Concepts. What makes each an individual species? Consider the following… Painted Bunting Roseate Spoonbill Barn Owl Northern Mockingbird Bald.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e745503460f94b74537/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Biological Species Concept• While a strong delimitation, the biological species
concept continues to face discussion for the following reasons…..– Some organisms reproduce through binary fission,
fragmentation, regeneration, budding, or other asexual means
– Mating may be possible, yethybrids sterile or unable toproduce offspring successfully
Other Weaknesses?
![Page 10: Species Concepts. What makes each an individual species? Consider the following… Painted Bunting Roseate Spoonbill Barn Owl Northern Mockingbird Bald.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e745503460f94b74537/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Examples of Hybridization
Lazuli Bunting
X
Indigo Bunting
Tufted Titmouse X Black-Capped Chickadee
Northern Goshawk X Cooper’s Hawk
![Page 11: Species Concepts. What makes each an individual species? Consider the following… Painted Bunting Roseate Spoonbill Barn Owl Northern Mockingbird Bald.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e745503460f94b74537/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms• Pre-mating or Pre-zygotic
• Post-mating or Post-zygotic
Ecological, temporal, or behavioral (courtship songs or displays) barriers to isolation
Hybrid inviability, sterility, or reduced fitness of hybrid offspring
![Page 12: Species Concepts. What makes each an individual species? Consider the following… Painted Bunting Roseate Spoonbill Barn Owl Northern Mockingbird Bald.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e745503460f94b74537/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Phylogenetic Species Concept• Smallest set of organisms that share an ancestor and
can be distinguished from other such sets
• Subspecies not recognized– Strengths: considers ancestry, genetic similarity,
evolutionary process
– Weaknesses: does not consider reproductive habits
![Page 13: Species Concepts. What makes each an individual species? Consider the following… Painted Bunting Roseate Spoonbill Barn Owl Northern Mockingbird Bald.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e745503460f94b74537/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Ecological Species Concept• Focus of species characterization is on similarity of
niche and ecological role– Strengths: considers species’ role in an ecosystem
– Weaknesses: geographically widespread populations that don’t actually interbreed may be considered the same species
![Page 14: Species Concepts. What makes each an individual species? Consider the following… Painted Bunting Roseate Spoonbill Barn Owl Northern Mockingbird Bald.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e745503460f94b74537/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Case Study: Ensatina salamanders• Find a group of 3 other classmates
• Take 10 minutes to look for information on these salamanders
• Then, discuss your group findings for 5 minutes and be ready to share your thoughts with the class!
How would each species concept describe these salamanders?Which categorization do you think is best, and why?
![Page 15: Species Concepts. What makes each an individual species? Consider the following… Painted Bunting Roseate Spoonbill Barn Owl Northern Mockingbird Bald.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032605/56649e745503460f94b74537/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
In Conclusion• The categorization and maintenance of species
records is important for science and conservation
• For identifying an individual species, typically scientists will first consider Biological Species Concept, then descent from common ancestry and genotypic and phenotypic cohesion
• Species concepts are still subject to debate