Specialized Business Information Systems

Fundamentals of Information Systems, Second Edition

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Specialized Business Information Systems

Chapter 7


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Principles and Learning Objectives

• Artificial intelligence systems form a broad and diverse set of systems that can replicate human decision making for certain types of well-defined problems.

– Define the term artificial intelligence and state the objective of developing artificial intelligence systems.

– List the characteristics of intelligent behavior and compare the performance of natural and artificial intelligence systems for each of these characteristics.

– Identify the major components of the artificial intelligence field and provide one example of each type of system.


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• Expert systems can enable a novice to perform at the level of an expert but must be developed and maintained very carefully.

– List the characteristics and basic components of expert systems.

– Outline and briefly explain the steps for developing an expert system.

– Identify the benefits associated with the use of expert systems.


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• Virtual reality systems have the potential to reshape the interface between people and information technology by offering new ways to communicate information creatively.

– Define the term virtual reality and provide three examples of

virtual reality applications.

• Special-purpose systems can help organizations and individuals achieve their goals.

– Discuss examples of special-purpose systems for organizational and individual use.


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An Overview of Artificial Intelligence


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The Nature of Intelligence

• Learn from experience & apply the knowledge• Handle complex situations• Solve problems when important information is

missing• Determine what is important


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The Nature of Intelligence

• React quickly and correctly to new situations • Understand visual images• Process and manipulate symbols• Be creative and imaginative• Use heuristics


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A comparison of Natural and Artificial Intelligence


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A Conceptual Model of Artificial Intelligence


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Overview of Expert Systems


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Characteristics of an Expert System

• Can explain their reasoning or suggested decisions• Can display “intelligent” behavior • Can draw conclusions from complex relationships• Can provide portable knowledge• Can deal with uncertainty• Not widely used or tested


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Characteristics of an Expert System

• Limited to relatively narrow problems• Cannot readily deal with “mixed” knowledge• Possibility of error• Cannot refine its own knowledge• May have high development costs• Raise legal and ethical concerns


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When to Use Expert Systems

• High payoff• Preserve scarce expertise• Distribute expertise• Provide more consistency than humans• Faster solutions than humans• Training expertise


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Components of an Expert System


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The Relationships Among Data, Information, and Knowledge


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Rules for a Credit Application


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The Knowledge Acquisition Facility


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Knowledge Base

• Assembling human experts

• The use of fuzzy logic

• The use of rules

• The use of cases


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Inference Engine

• Backward chaining• Forward chaining• Comparison of backward and forward chaining


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Expert Systems Development


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Participants in Developing and Using Expert Systems


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Domain Expert

• Recognize the real problem• Develop a general framework for problem solving• Formulate theories about the situation• Develop and use general rules to solve a problem• Know when to break the rules or general principles• Solve problems quickly and efficiently


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Expert Systems Development Alternatives


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Applications of Expert System and Artificial Intelligence

• Credit granting and loan analysis• Stock Picking• Catching cheats and terrorists• Budgeting


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Applications of Expert System and Artificial Intelligence

• Information management and retrieval• Games• Virus detection• Hospitals and medical facilities


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Virtual Reality


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Virtual Reality

Enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment

• Immersive virtual reality - user becomes fully immersed in an artificial, three-dimensional world that is completely generated by a computer

• Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment


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Interface Devices

• Head mounted display (HMD)• Binocular Omni-Orientation Monitor (BOOM)• CAVE• Haptic interface


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The BOOM, a Head-Coupled Display Device


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Viewing the Detroit Midfield Terminal in an Immersive CAVE System


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Useful Applications

• Medicine – used to link stroke patients to physical therapists

• Education and training – used by military for aircraft maintenance

• Entertainment – Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones

• Real Estate Marketing and Tourism– Used to increase real estate sales– Virtual reality tour of the White House


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Other Specialized Systems

• Segway Personal Transporter

• Adaptive brain interface technology

• Personal awareness assistant (PAA)


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Segway


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Summary

• Artificial intelligence - used to describe computers with ability to mimic or duplicate functions of the human brain

• Intelligent behavior - includes the ability to learn from experience

• Expert systems - can explain their reasoning (or suggested decisions) and display intelligent behavior

• Virtual reality system - enables one or more users to move and react in a computer-simulated environment

• Special-purpose systems - assist organizations and individuals in new and exciting ways

Specialized Business Information Systems

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