Special Steels Oct08
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Transcript of Special Steels Oct08
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International Nickel Study Group 6th-10th October 2008
Lisbon, Portugal
Special Steels
Speaker:Salvatore PinizzottoXida (Market Research) Ltd.
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STATO DELL’ARTEDefinition
All steels are “SPECIAL” in some way, since even “ORDINARY” steel is a mixture of carbon and iron and the result of careful heat-treatment and forging.
However, the term “SPECIAL” (or in the US, SPECIALTY) steel usually defines those steels that contain elements other than carbon in sufficient amount to modify substantially some of their useful properties .
Usually SPECIAL steels contain alloying elements, thus the terms SPECIAL and ALLOY STEELS are often used interchangeably.
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Special Steels : main types
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-ENGINEERING STEEL
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PEngineering Steels
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Bearing Steels
These steels often contain 1 percent carbon, 1.2 percent chromium, 0.25 percent nickel, and 0.25 percent molybdenum and are very hard after heat treatment.
Most important, however, they are extremely clean, having been purged of practically all inclusions by vacuum treatment ofthe liquid steel. Inclusions are very harmful in bearings because they create stress concentrations that result in low fatigue strength.
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-Microalloyed Steels
The microalloyed steels, also known as high‐strength low‐alloy (HSLA) steels, are intermediate in composition between carbon steels, whose properties are controlled mainly by the amount of carbon they contain (usually less than 1 percent), and alloy steels.
Developed in the l960s and resurrected in the late 1970s to satisfy the need for weight savings through greater strength, the HSLA steels tend to be low in carbon with minute additions of titanium or vanadium, for example.
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-Microalloyed Steels
They are considered to be quite competitive with aluminum substitutes for two reasons:
they are relatively inexpensive (steel sells for one‐half the price of aluminum on a per‐unit‐weight basis);
and very little change in fabrication and processing procedures is needed in switching from carbon steel to HSLA steel, whereas major changes are usually required in switching to aluminum.
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-The European market for Engineering Steel
Total Market8000 kt
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-Engineering Steel: main European markets
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-Origin of different products by country
SEMIS
Wire Rods
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-Origin of different products by country (continues)
BARS
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-TOOL STEEL
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-Tool Steel
Tool steel refers to a variety of carbon and alloy steels that are particularly well‐suited to be made into tools.
Their suitability comes from their distinctive hardness, resistance to abrasion, their ability to hold a cutting edge, and/or their resistance to deformation at elevated temperatures (red‐hardness).
With a carbon content between 0.7% and 1.4%, tool steels are manufactured under carefully controlled conditions to produce the required quality.
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-Tool Steel
The most important alloying elements are vanadium, chromium, nickel, tungsten, cobalt and molybdenum.
Tool steels have an average alloy content of 5% to 15%, but this figure can range up to 50% for high‐alloy steel.
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-Tool Steel (continues)
The main users of tool steel are tool builders.
Tool builders construct a large range of industrial tools and forms for cutting, punching, milling or forming metals and plastics and supply these tools to a wide variety of manufacturers.
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-Tool Steel (continues)
Total European production of tool steel is about 600, 000 tonnes.
European producers are facing strong competition from non European producers.
The strong European currency reduces thecompetitiviness of export and opens the door to new international players. Chinese tool steel producers show a constant growth of supplies into Europe as well as in North America.
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-END USE MARKETS
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-Engineering steel : end-use markets
AutomotionHot forgingSpringsBall BearingsTrucks & Capital GoodsMechanical EngineeringEnergy
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-Tool Steel (continues)
Main End‐use sectors
Automotive and automotive suppliersTool and machinery manufacturersAircraft manufacturersConsumers and electronics industriesWood and saw industriesTextile and Paper IndustriesPower GenerationOilfield generation and plant construction
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Ball Bearings
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-Energy
Electricity generation is predicted to grow globally in excess of 85% by 2030.
Electricity generation from fossil fuels will remain dominant.
Meeting policy targets will require a “portfolio” approach.
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-Energy (continues)
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Energy (continues) -
ordered
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-Nuclear plant key components
Capacity and Demand for Heavy Nuclear Forgings (Kt)
Large pressure vesselsHeavy duty cooling pipesLarge Pump castings
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-Automotive
Brake Hubs
Transmission gear
Connecting rods Constant velocity joint
Crankshaft
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STAINLESS STEEL
Component Category
Components Free Cutting
Steel
Carbon steel for machine
structural use
Alloy Steel
BearingSteel
Engines CrankshaftsConnecting rodsCommon rail systems
XX
XX
X
Drive train Transmission gearsDifferential gear unitsCVT
XXX
Steering HubsConstant velocity jointSteering X
XX
X
X
Electrical Alternators X
Bearings Bearings X
Other Bolts, nutsHydraulic components X
X X
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-Automotive (continues)
STAINLESS STEEL
Specialty steel are used for safety related parts in power trainand chassis.
Quality, therefore, is critically important.
Cost competitiviness and product development are key to profitability.
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-STAINLESS STEEL
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-Stainless Steel: Emerging Fields
• Transport (flat – long – welded tubes)
• Building and Infrastructures(flat – long – welded tubes)
• Potable Water(flat – welded tubes)
• Waste Water Treatment(flat – welded tubes)
• Desalination(flat – welded tubes)
• Pulp and paper(welded tubes – castings)
Source: Centro Inox- Italian Stainless Steel Development Assn.
STR
UC
TU
RA
L U
SE
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-The “Nido” project by Pinifarina
Centro Inox supported the project providing the
know‐how about the material and as go‐
between with SS producers
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-Water Treatment Plant (Como)
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