SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous...
Transcript of SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous...
![Page 1: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR)
Dr. Larry Johnson Texas A&M University
![Page 2: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Objectives
• Identify the components
of the globe of the eye and the layers of the retina
• Correlate the structure and function of the components of the eye
• Identify the components of the cochlea
• Correlate the structure and function of the components of the cochlea
Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies
![Page 3: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
OUTLINE
OVERVIEW
CELLULAR STRUCTURES THROUGH WHICH LIGHT PASSES
A. CORNEA
B. LENS
C. RETINA
STRUCTURES WHICH INFLUENCE THE IMAGE
A. IRIS
B. CILIARY BODIES
C. TRABECULAR MESHWORK
![Page 4: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
EYE
![Page 5: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Turn the eye so that it is facing you & examine these structures on the
front surface of the eye:
eyelids - two moveable covers that protect
the eye from dust, bright light, and impact
sclera - this is the tough, white outer coat of the eye that extends completely around the back & sides of the eye
cornea - a clear covering over the front of the eye that allows light to come into the eye (preservative often makes this appear cloudy)
iris - round black tissue through the cornea that controls the amount of light that enters the inner part of the eye (may be colored in humans)
pupil - the round opening in the center of the eye that allows light to enter and whose size is controlled by the iris
![Page 6: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Eye – conjuctiva on white of eye
![Page 8: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
THREE LAYERS OF THE WALL OF THE EYE
SUPPORTING, VASCULAR, and RETINAL layers
![Page 11: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Eye
Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies
![Page 12: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Retina
The ora serrata is the serrated junction between the retina
and the ciliary body and marks the end of the photosensitive portion of the retina.
![Page 13: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Slide 8: Eye
Cornea
Pupil
Iris
Anterior
chamber
Posterior
chamber
Vitreous chamber
Optic nerve
Sclera
Connective
tissue
Chorioid layer
Lens
![Page 15: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Eye 192 human and 34412 monkey
Cornea
Pupil
Iris
Anterior
chamber
Posterior
chamber
Vitreous chamber
Optic nerve
Sclera
Connective tissue
Chorioid layer
Lens
192
34412
Nerve
34412
Retina
Ciliary body
![Page 16: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
CELLULAR STRUCTURES
THROUGH WHICH
LIGHT PASSES A. CORNEA
B. LENS
C. RETINA
![Page 17: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
CORNEA FUNCTION:
• PROTECTION
• STRUCTURAL SUPPORT
• FILTER OUT UNDESIRABLE LIGHT RAYS
• FOCUS IMAGE ON RETINA
NUTRITION:
• LIMBUS
• O2 FROM AIR FOR
CORNEAL EPITHELIUM
cornea
cornea
![Page 18: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
limbus
![Page 19: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Slide 8: Eye
Conjunctiva
Stroma Corneal epithelium Bowman’s
membrane
Descement’s
membrane Endothelium
![Page 21: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Stroma
![Page 23: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Stroma
![Page 24: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Eye – corneal epithelium
![Page 28: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
CORNEA
![Page 29: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
lens
![Page 30: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
LENS FUNCTION: FOCUS IMAGE ON
PHOTOSENSITIVE PORTION OF
PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS
NUTRITION: AQUEOUS HUMOR
lens
![Page 31: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Eye (toluidine blue) elongation of lens
cuboidal cells at bow region 292
![Page 33: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Lens (Lens capsule)
(Lens epithelium)
(Differentiating lens fibers)
(Mature lens fibers)
Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies
![Page 35: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
• When areas of the lens become opaque or
cloudy and vision is impaired, the condition is
termed a cataract. In older individuals,
denaturation of crystallins commonly begins to
occur in lens fibers, making them less transparent
and leading to cataracts.
![Page 36: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
34412 monkey eye
![Page 37: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
CILIARY BODIES
lens
lens capsule
zonules
![Page 38: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
CILIARY BODIES
Contraction of muscle reduces tension on zonuales allowing the lens to be more spherical to focus on close objects.
![Page 39: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Aqueous humor and ciliary zonule fibers
Production and removal of
aqueous humor
Ciliary zonule fibers SEM
Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies
![Page 40: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Slide 8: Eye Lens
Anterior
epithelium Capsule
Attached
zonula fiber
Lens
Lens fibers
Nuclear zone: transitional
area from cells to fibers
![Page 41: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
RETINA
![Page 42: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Retina
Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies
![Page 43: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
RETINA FUNCTION: PHOTORECEPTION OF
IMAGE PROCESSING BY NEURONS
PREVENT BACKSCATTER OF LIGHT
NUTRITION: CHOROID, RETINAL
BLOOD VESSELS
retina
![Page 44: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
CONES have pigments for the
primary colors (red, green, and blue)
![Page 46: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Slide 8: Eye 10 Retina layers
1. Pigmented epithelium
2a. Layer of rods
2b. Layer of cones
3. External limiting membrane
4. Outer nuclear layer
5. Outer plexiform layer
6. Inner nuclear layer
7. Inner plexiform layer
8. Ganglion layer
9. Nerve fiber layer
10. Inner limiting membrane
1 2a 2b 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
![Page 48: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Photoreceptor cells
Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies
Rod cell
Cone cell
Rod cell phototransduction
![Page 51: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Functions of Retinal pigment epithelium 1. Vitamin A storage 2. Phagocytosis of rod
tips 3. Absorption of light 4. Nutrients to retina 5. Blood retinal barrier
![Page 52: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
298
![Page 55: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
macula
Typical retina
![Page 57: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
macula
Fovea centralis: a shallow depression with only cone cells at its center; ganglion cells
and other conducting neurons are located only at its periphery. It lies directly opposite of
the pupil and is where visual acuity or sharpness is maximal.
Macula lutea: This surrounds the fovea centralis. Here all layers of the retina are
present and the two plexiform layers are rich in various carotenoids, which give the area
a yellowish color. The carotenoids have antioxidant properties and filter potentially
damaging short wavelength light, thus helping to protect the cone cells of the fovea.
![Page 59: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Eye (toluidine blue)
![Page 60: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
macula
blind spot
![Page 61: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
blind spot
![Page 62: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
STRUCTURES WHICH
INFLUENCE THE IMAGE A. IRIS
B. CILIARY BODIES
C. TRABECULAR
MESHWORK
![Page 63: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
IRIS FUNCTION:
REGULATE AMOUNT OF LIGHT THAT
REACHES RETINA
BLACKENED POSTERIOR SURFACE TO
STOP LIGHT RAYS
DILATOR (MYOEPITHELIAL)
AND CONSTRICTOR (smooth) MUSCLES
NUTRITION: LOCAL BLOOD VESSELS
iris
![Page 64: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Slide 8: Eye
Iris Sclera Choroid Uvea
Vascular choroid with
melanophores
Ciliary body Posterior choroid
layer
![Page 65: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Slide 8: Eye
Pupil
Iris
Dilator
pupillae
Pupillae
constrictor
Pigmented
epithelium
Ciliary body
Ciliary
processes Canal of Schlemm
Ciliary
muscle
![Page 66: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Monkey eye 34412
Pupil
Iris
Dilator
pupillae
Pupillae
constrictor
Pigmented
epithelium
Ciliary
body
Ciliary
processes
Canal of Schlemm
Ciliary
muscle
Lens
Zonula fibers
connected to lens
Trabecular
meshwork
The dilator pupillae muscle is controlled
by the sympathetic innervation.
![Page 67: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Slide 8: Eye
Zonula fibers Zonula fibers connected
to lens
Vitreal, non-
pigmented ciliary
epithelium layer
Scleral,
pigmented ciliary
epithelium layer
Ciliary processes Lens
![Page 68: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Eye (toluidine blue) Iris and lens
Pupillae constrictor
Lens
Iris
The sphincter pupillae muscle is innervated
by the parasympathetic innervation.
![Page 69: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Eye – pigmented epithelium of iris 192
Pigmented
epithelium of iris
Lens
![Page 70: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
IRIS
DILATOR (MYOEPITHELIAL)
AND CONSTRICTOR (smooth) MUSCLE
![Page 71: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
IRIS
MYOEPITHELIAL
PIGMENTED LAYER
![Page 72: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
CILIARY BODIES
FUNCTION:
• CONTRACTION OF MUSCLE
CHANGES LENS THROUGH ZONULES
• CILIARY PROCESSES SECRETE AQUEOUS
HUMOR
• BLACKENED REGION STOPS LIGHT RAYS
NUTRITION: LOCAL BLOOD VESSELS
CILIARY BODIES
![Page 73: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
A detached retina
occurs when the
pigmented
epithelium and
the photoreceptor
layer of the retina
separate.
![Page 74: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Eye – ciliary muscle 192
![Page 75: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
295
![Page 76: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
192 Eye – secreatory cells
192
![Page 77: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Secreatory epithelium
and pigmented
epithelium for the
CILIARY BODIES
Secreatory epithelium
Pigmented epithelium
![Page 78: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
![Page 79: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
IRIS
Outflow of aqueous humor
![Page 80: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Iris of Eye (toluidine blue)
292
Aqueous humor is produced
by ciliary processes. It then
flows into the posterior
chamber of the anterior
cavity through the pupil
into the anterior chamber,
and finally drains through
the canal of Schlemm.
![Page 81: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
TRABECULAR MESHWORK
FUNCTION: RESISTANCE TO
OUTFLOW OF AQUEOUS HUMOR
NUTRITION: LOCAL BLOOD
VESSELS, PROBABLY AQUEOUS
HUMOR
TRABECULAR MESHWORK
![Page 82: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
endothelium
![Page 83: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Trabecular meshwork and Canal of Schlemm:
1. Anterior chamber
2. Canal of Schlemm
3. Endothelial cell
4. Trabecular meshwork
![Page 84: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Eye – trabecular meshwork and
canal of Schlemm
The canal of Schlemm
functions to drain the
aqueous humor
from the anterior chamber
via the trabuclar
meshwork.
![Page 87: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
34412
artifact
![Page 88: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
![Page 89: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
human head
![Page 90: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Ear
Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies
![Page 91: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Cochlea and spiral organ of Corti
Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies
![Page 92: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Slide 9: Cochlea
Bony cochlea Modiolus
Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies
![Page 94: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Slide 9: Cochlea
Organ of Corti
The scala vestibuli and scala
tympani contain perilymph.
Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies
Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies
![Page 95: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Slide 9: Cochlea Organ of Corti
Vestibular
(Reissner’s)
membrane
Scala
vestibuli
Scala
media
Basilar
membrane Spiral
ligament
Spiral
limbus
Stria
vascularis
Tectorial
membrane
Spiral
ganglion
Scala
tympani
Cochlear
nerve
![Page 96: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Sound waves
Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies
![Page 97: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Mechanotransduction in hair cells
Copyright McGraw-Hill Companies
![Page 98: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Clinical Correlations
A patient complains of “foggy” vision. Upon
examination, the patient is diagnosed with age-related
cataracts.
What portion of the eye is affected by this condition? • When areas of the lens become opaque or cloudy and vision is
impaired, the condition is termed a cataract. In older individuals,
denaturation of crystallins commonly begins to occur in lens fibers,
making them less transparent and leading to cataracts.
Between what layers is the separation in a patient with
a "detached retina?" • A detached retina occurs when the pigmented epithelium and the
photoreceptor layer of the retina separate.
Why is this detachment so important? • This is important because when the retina is detached the
photoreceptor cells no longer have access to metabolic support from
the pigmented layer and choroid and will eventually die, resulting in
loss of vision. Prompt repositioning of the retina and reattaching it with
laser surgery is an effective treatment.
http://www.varga.org/cataract_-_senile.jpg
http://medicalimages.allrefer.com/large/detached-retina.jpg
![Page 99: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
• Bruce Alberts, et al. 1983. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, NY.
• Bruce Alberts, et al. 1994. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Publishing, Inc., New York, NY.
• William J. Banks, 1981. Applied Veterinary Histology. Williams and Wilkins, Los Angeles, CA.
• Hans Elias, et al. 1978. Histology and Human Microanatomy. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
• Don W. Fawcett. 1986. Bloom and Fawcett. A textbook of histology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA.
• Don W. Fawcett. 1994. Bloom and Fawcett. A textbook of histology. Chapman and Hall, New York, NY.
• Arthur W. Ham and David H. Cormack. 1979. Histology. J. S. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, PA.
• Luis C. Junqueira, et al. 1983. Basic Histology. Lange Medical Publications, Los Altos, CA.
• L. Carlos Junqueira, et al. 1995. Basic Histology. Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, CT.
• L.L. Langley, et al. 1974. Dynamic Anatomy and Physiology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY.
• W.W. Tuttle and Byron A. Schottelius. 1969. Textbook of Physiology. The C. V. Mosby Company, St. Louis, MO.
• Leon Weiss. 1977. Histology Cell and Tissue Biology. Elsevier Biomedical, New York, NY.
• Leon Weiss and Roy O. Greep. 1977. Histology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY.
• Nature (http://www.nature.com), Vol. 414:88,2001.
• Arthur C. Guyton,1971.Textbook of Medical Physiology W.B. Saunders company, Philadelphia, PA
• WW Tuttle and BA Schottelius 1969 Textbook of Physiology C.V. Mosby Co.
• A.L. Mescher 2013 Junqueira’s Basis Histology text and atlas, 13th ed. McGraw
• Douglas P. Dohrman and TAMHSC Faculty 2012 Structure and Function of Human Organ Systems, Histology Laboratory Manual - Slide selections were largely based on this manual for first year medical students at TAMHSC
Many illustrations in these VIBS Histology YouTube videos were modified
from the following books and sources: Many thanks to original sources!
![Page 100: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
![Page 101: SPECIAL SENSES (EYE & INNER EAR) - peer.tamu.edu. Special senses (eye, inner ear... · Aqueous humor is produced by ciliary processes. It then flows into the posterior chamber of](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052716/5c10860c09d3f20c238cab6f/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
The End!