Special Nutritional Needs Foods I Obj. 4.02 Eating Through the Life Cycle Refer to picture Refer to...
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Transcript of Special Nutritional Needs Foods I Obj. 4.02 Eating Through the Life Cycle Refer to picture Refer to...
Special Special Nutritional Nutritional
NeedsNeeds
Foods IFoods I
Obj. 4.02Obj. 4.02
Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle
Refer to pictureRefer to picture Each person Each person
requires a requires a different different amount of amount of nutrients and nutrients and foodfood
Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle
Stages of the Life CycleStages of the Life Cycle PregancyPregancy LactationLactation Infancy (0-12 months)Infancy (0-12 months) Toddler (1-3 years)Toddler (1-3 years) Preschool (3+ years)Preschool (3+ years) School-agedSchool-aged Teen-agedTeen-aged AdultsAdults Older Adults (50+ years)Older Adults (50+ years)
Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle
PregnancyPregnancy Choosing low-fat, Choosing low-fat,
nutrient dense foodsnutrient dense foods Increase calories Increase calories
based on Dr’s based on Dr’s recommendationrecommendation
Extra helpings of dairy Extra helpings of dairy itemsitems
Reduce Caffeine intakeReduce Caffeine intake Iron needs to doubleIron needs to double Folic acid—Why?Folic acid—Why? Contaminants in foods Contaminants in foods
can cause problemscan cause problems Fish (tuna, swordfish, Fish (tuna, swordfish,
etc.)etc.)
Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle
PregnancyPregnancy Poor eating habits place the baby at risk for Poor eating habits place the baby at risk for
serious problems serious problems Inadequate nutrition can damage the Inadequate nutrition can damage the
mother’s health also.mother’s health also. Baby pulls nutrients from mother’s supplyBaby pulls nutrients from mother’s supply
Teen pregnancyTeen pregnancy Teens need added nutrients for their own growth Teens need added nutrients for their own growth
and developmentand development Increase in low birth weight, physical, and Increase in low birth weight, physical, and
learning problemslearning problems
Lactation—Feeding Your Lactation—Feeding Your ChildChild
Nutritional Needs Increase water,
calcium, protein, folic acid.
Increase calories based upon body weight.
Foods to Avoid Eat no more than two
meals per week of fish high in mercury.
Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle
Infancy Infancy (0-12 months)(0-12 months)
The infant body The infant body grows more at this grows more at this period of time than period of time than any other in life.any other in life.
Good nutrition is Good nutrition is critical for keeping critical for keeping the infant healthy.the infant healthy.
Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle
InfancyInfancy Breast-feeding vs. Bottle-feedingBreast-feeding vs. Bottle-feeding
Both provide all the nutrients neededBoth provide all the nutrients needed Yet, breast milk is recommendedYet, breast milk is recommended
Why?Why?– This milk has the right balance of fat, carbs, and protein for This milk has the right balance of fat, carbs, and protein for
the baby.the baby.– Lowers the rate of infectionsLowers the rate of infections– Mother passes immunities to baby through colostrumMother passes immunities to baby through colostrum
LactationLactation Mother is burning calories while producing milk therefore Mother is burning calories while producing milk therefore
she still needs to eat nutritiously.she still needs to eat nutritiously.– Watch out for spicy foods, acidic foods, etc.Watch out for spicy foods, acidic foods, etc.– No alcohol or drugs!!!No alcohol or drugs!!!
Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle
InfancyInfancy 4-6 months--Add 4-6 months--Add
solid foods—mash, solid foods—mash, iron-fortified cerealiron-fortified cereal
Introduce one food Introduce one food at a time—Why?at a time—Why?
9 months—self 9 months—self feedingfeeding
Example of Example of finger foods. finger foods.
Watch for food Watch for food allergies these allergies these could be deadlycould be deadly
Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle
Infancy Foods to Avoid
Avoid honey or corn syrup. Beware of choking risks. Eat no more than two meals per week of
fish high in mercury. Withhold juice until 6 months of age. Need whole milk for infants up to two years
of age
Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle
Toddler Toddler (1-3 years)(1-3 years)
Nutritional NeedsNutritional Needs– Increase iron.Increase iron.
– Introduce new flavors Introduce new flavors and textures in order to and textures in order to increase the variety of increase the variety of foods.foods.
– Increase self-feeding. Increase self-feeding. This becomes an This becomes an important important developmental developmental milestone.milestone.
Foods to Avoid Eat no more than two
meals per week of fish high in mercury.
No hot dogs, nuts, seeds, chunks of meat or cheese, whole grapes, hard, gooey, or sticky candy, popcorn, chunks or peanut butter, raw vegetables, raisins, or chewing gum.
No more than 16-24 ounces of milk or 4-6 ounces of juice/day.
Servings should be ¼ size of adults.
Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle
Preschool Preschool (3+ years)(3+ years)
Nutritional NeedsNutritional Needs Need same variety of foods Need same variety of foods
as adults but in smaller as adults but in smaller proportions.proportions.
Serve about 2/3 of a serving.Serve about 2/3 of a serving. Entice them with foods that Entice them with foods that
are bright in color, to make it are bright in color, to make it more appealing.more appealing.
Encourage children to Encourage children to try try new foods.new foods.
Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle
Pre-schoolPre-school Children have small stomachs and Children have small stomachs and
short attention spansshort attention spans Try small meals and regular snacks Try small meals and regular snacks
throughout the daythroughout the day Appetite varies depending on growthAppetite varies depending on growth
During growth spurts they may eat moreDuring growth spurts they may eat more
Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle
School-agedSchool-aged 22ndnd most rapid growth most rapid growth
period of lifeperiod of life Need for calcium and Need for calcium and
iron for bone growth is iron for bone growth is of most importanceof most importance
Like toddlers, teens Like toddlers, teens have growth spurts—have growth spurts—increase in caloric increase in caloric needsneeds
Continue healthy Continue healthy eating habitseating habits
Dieting, losing weight, Dieting, losing weight, etc can be harmfuletc can be harmful
Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle
School AgeSchool Age Girls need 2200 kcal per dayGirls need 2200 kcal per day Boys need 2800 kcal per dayBoys need 2800 kcal per day
Foods to AvoidFoods to Avoid High-sugar snacksHigh-sugar snacks Fatty foodsFatty foods
Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle
TeensTeens Nutritional NeedsNutritional Needs
Eat more Eat more carbohydrates.carbohydrates.
Females need more Females need more calcium and iron.calcium and iron.
Foods to AvoidFoods to Avoid Avoid fried and Avoid fried and
saturated fats, saturated fats, excessive salt and excessive salt and sugars.sugars.
Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle
AdulthoodAdulthood DilemmaDilemma
Need for nutrients but less caloriesNeed for nutrients but less calories Need for exercise but no timeNeed for exercise but no time
SolutionSolution Choosing a variety of healthful, low-Choosing a variety of healthful, low-
calorie food calorie food Making regular physical activity a priorityMaking regular physical activity a priority
Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle
Older Adults Older Adults (50+ years)(50+ years) Nutritional NeedsNutritional Needs
More vitamin B6, B12, More vitamin B6, B12, and vitamin D and and vitamin D and calcium.calcium.
Follow dietary guideline Follow dietary guideline dailydaily..
Foods to Avoid Eat no more than two
meals per week of fish high in mercury.
No unpasteurized cheese, raw fish, raw milk, soft cheese, lightly cooked egg, raw meat or poultry or raw sprouts.
Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle
Older AdultsOlder Adults Good nutrition = Good nutrition =
longer lifelonger life WhyWhy
Should choose Should choose nutrient-dense foodsnutrient-dense foods
Thirst signals Thirst signals decline therefore decline therefore adults need make adults need make sure to get 8-8oz sure to get 8-8oz cups a daycups a day
Eating Through the Life Eating Through the Life CycleCycle
Older adultsOlder adults Men over 51 need 2300 calories per Men over 51 need 2300 calories per
dayday Women over 51 need 1900 calories Women over 51 need 1900 calories
per dayper day ProblemsProblems
Low incomeLow income DisabilitiesDisabilities DepressionDepression
Foods I—Obj. 4.02 Foods I—Obj. 4.02 Nutrition and Chronic ConditionsNutrition and Chronic Conditions
215.02F Nutrition and Chronic Conditions
Nutrition and Chronic ConditionsNutrition and Chronic Conditions
• The following chronic conditions may be affected by managing The following chronic conditions may be affected by managing ones eating patterns include:ones eating patterns include: High Blood CholesterolHigh Blood Cholesterol Hypertension/High blood pressureHypertension/High blood pressure ObesityObesity DiabetesDiabetes OsteoporosisOsteoporosis Eating DisordersEating Disorders
Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa BulimiaBulimia Nervosa Nervosa Binge Eating Binge Eating
Special Diets— Special Diets— High Blood PressureHigh Blood Pressure
A risk factor for heart diseaseA risk factor for heart disease 1# killer of women in US1# killer of women in US
Reduce sodium and saturated fatsReduce sodium and saturated fats Diet rich in calcium, potassium, Diet rich in calcium, potassium,
and magnesiumand magnesium
Special Diets— Special Diets— High High cholesterolcholesterol
CausesCauses Eating Fatty (saturated fats) foodsEating Fatty (saturated fats) foods Eating High cholesterol foodsEating High cholesterol foods Lack of Fiber in the dietLack of Fiber in the diet Increase risk of heart disease and Increase risk of heart disease and
strokestroke SymptomsSymptoms
Elevated blood pressureElevated blood pressure Elevated HDL/LDL levelsElevated HDL/LDL levels
Foods to include Foods to include Low-fat or Fat-freeLow-fat or Fat-free Whole grainsWhole grains Lean meatsLean meats FishFish Fresh fruits and vegetablesFresh fruits and vegetables
Foods to avoidFoods to avoid Partially hydrogenated oilsPartially hydrogenated oils Processed snack foodsProcessed snack foods Highly marbled meatsHighly marbled meats
Special Diets—Special Diets—Diabetes—Diabetes—Type IIType II
What is it?What is it? A condition in which A condition in which
the body cannot control the body cannot control blood sugar levelsblood sugar levels
If left untreated it can If left untreated it can cause severe damage cause severe damage to the body—especially to the body—especially the kidneys, eyes, and the kidneys, eyes, and heartheart
To control—carbs are To control—carbs are rationed through rationed through regular meals and regular meals and careful food choicescareful food choices
CausesCauses Eating foods high in sugarEating foods high in sugar Excessive body weightExcessive body weight Low consumption of fiberLow consumption of fiber
SymptomsSymptoms Excessive thirstExcessive thirst FatigueFatigue
Foods to includeFoods to include Low-sugar and sugar-freeLow-sugar and sugar-free Protein foodsProtein foods Whole grainsWhole grains Reduced-fat and fat-freeReduced-fat and fat-free
Foods to avoidFoods to avoid Foods that are high in sugarFoods that are high in sugar Foods that are high in Foods that are high in
carbohydratescarbohydrates
ObesityObesity
65% of all adults 65% of all adults are overweightare overweight
Number of Number of children under the children under the age of 18 who are age of 18 who are overweight has overweight has doubled in the doubled in the last 30 yearslast 30 years Why?Why?
ObesityObesity Foods to IncludeFoods to Include
Smaller portionsSmaller portions Reduced-fat or fat freeReduced-fat or fat free Whole grainsWhole grains FishFish Fresh fruits and Fresh fruits and
vegetablesvegetables Foods that ImpactFoods that Impact
Highly processed snack Highly processed snack foodsfoods
Low-fiber contentLow-fiber content High-fat foodsHigh-fat foods
PortionsPortions
ObesityObesity
Health problemsHealth problems Excess weight = added strain on bones, Excess weight = added strain on bones,
muscles, and internal organsmuscles, and internal organs Walking and breathing take extra effortWalking and breathing take extra effort Heat and humidity increase stressHeat and humidity increase stress High blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, High blood pressure, heart disease, stroke,
diabetes, certain types of cancersdiabetes, certain types of cancers Over 15# can raise chance of early deathOver 15# can raise chance of early death
Fad DietsFad Diets
A diet that is popular for a short A diet that is popular for a short period of timeperiod of time Cabbage DietCabbage Diet South Beach DietSouth Beach Diet
Fad Diets
Ideal Body MythIdeal Body Myth
Fashion model Fashion model (female)(female) 5’10’’ 120#5’10’’ 120#
Average femaleAverage female 5’4” 152#5’4” 152#
Fashion model Fashion model (male)(male) 6’0” 155#6’0” 155#
Average maleAverage male 5’9” 180#5’9” 180#
Barbie Barbie MeasurementsMeasurements
Barbie’s ProportionsBarbie’s Proportions ““Real WomenReal Women
Average woman’s Average woman’s height is 5′4″height is 5′4″
Their weight is approx. Their weight is approx. 140 lbs.140 lbs.
They wear a size 14 They wear a size 14 dressdress
Their bust is between Their bust is between 36″ and 37″ (B cup)36″ and 37″ (B cup)
Their waist is between Their waist is between 30″ and 34″30″ and 34″
Their hips average Their hips average between 40″ and 42″between 40″ and 42″
Their shoe size is Their shoe size is estimated to be estimated to be between 8.5 and 9.5between 8.5 and 9.5
Barbie (as a human) Barbie (as a human) Barbie’s height would Barbie’s height would
be 7′2″be 7′2″ Her weight would be Her weight would be
101 lbs.101 lbs. She would wear a size She would wear a size
4 dress4 dress Her bust would be 39″ Her bust would be 39″
(FF cup)(FF cup) Her waist would be 19″ Her waist would be 19″
(same as her head)(same as her head) Her hips would be 33″Her hips would be 33″ Her shoe size would Her shoe size would
be a 5be a 5
Additional InformationAdditional Information Barbie’s body would have Barbie’s body would have
room for only room for only half of a liverhalf of a liver and only a and only a few inches of few inches of intestinesintestines As opposed to the usual 26 As opposed to the usual 26
feet. feet. The result: chronic diarrhea The result: chronic diarrhea
and death from malabsorption and death from malabsorption & malnutrition.& malnutrition.
Barbie’s Barbie’s neck is twice as neck is twice as long long as the average humans as the average humans Making it impossible to hold Making it impossible to hold
up her head.up her head. Barbie’s waist is the same Barbie’s waist is the same
circumference as her headcircumference as her head.. There are There are 3 billion women 3 billion women
on the planet who don’t on the planet who don’t look like Barbielook like Barbie; ; only 8 only 8 women come close.women come close.
To look like a barbie proportionally, To look like a barbie proportionally, a a healthy woman would need to healthy woman would need to
add 2 feet to her height, add 2 feet to her height, subtract 6 inches from her subtract 6 inches from her
waist, waist, add 5 inches to her chest, and add 5 inches to her chest, and 3 inches to her neck length.3 inches to her neck length.
If a woman had the same If a woman had the same measurements as Barbie, she measurements as Barbie, she would would not have enough body fat not have enough body fat to menstruateto menstruate (and obviously to (and obviously to have children).have children).
Barbie’s Barbie’s legs are 50% longer legs are 50% longer than her armsthan her arms, whereas the , whereas the average woman’s legs are only average woman’s legs are only 20% longer than her arms.20% longer than her arms.
Barbie would be unable to walk Barbie would be unable to walk upright (she would need to upright (she would need to walk on all 4’s)walk on all 4’s): :
Her feet are so proportionately small Her feet are so proportionately small that her chest would pull her that her chest would pull her perpetually forward onto her toes.”perpetually forward onto her toes.”
Why are these unreal for Why are these unreal for the “average” American?the “average” American?
Body’s type is Body’s type is combination of combination of general body shape general body shape and heightand height
Determined by Determined by parents through parents through genesgenes
Models achieve Models achieve “ideals” through “ideals” through strict diets, strict diets, exercise, and exercise, and photo touch-ups.photo touch-ups. How do they do it?How do they do it?
Dove clipDove clip– Evolution--Dove
Can you tell the Can you tell the difference?difference?
UnderweightUnderweight
Who?Who? Models, jockeys, Models, jockeys,
wrestlers, etc.wrestlers, etc. ProblemProblem
Not eating enough Not eating enough nutrients to meet nutrients to meet body’s needsbody’s needs
UnderweightUnderweight
Health problemsHealth problems Suffer from Suffer from
infectionsinfections Tire easilyTire easily ColdCold
Why?Why?
Eating DisordersEating Disorders
Conditions marked Conditions marked by extreme by extreme emotions, emotions, attitudes, and attitudes, and behaviors related behaviors related to food, eating, to food, eating, and weight.and weight.
May cause damage May cause damage to health or to health or threaten lifethreaten life
Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa
An intense fear of An intense fear of gaining weight—gaining weight—see self as fat see self as fat
Develop unusual Develop unusual eating habitseating habits
Strenuous Strenuous exercisingexercising
Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa
Starvation diet takes a toll on the bodyStarvation diet takes a toll on the body Lower heart rateLower heart rate Breathing rateBreathing rate Blood pressureBlood pressure Body tempBody temp Lead to heart probs, osteoporosis, Lead to heart probs, osteoporosis,
constipationconstipation Stunt growthStunt growth Stop menstrual cycleStop menstrual cycle
Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa
Kills Kills approximately 5% approximately 5% of all who suffer of all who suffer from itfrom it Death by heart Death by heart
attack, attack, electrolyte electrolyte imbalance, and imbalance, and suicidesuicide
Results of Eating DisordersResults of Eating Disorders
Karen Carpenter (32) Karen Carpenter (32) musician:musician: Went on a water diet to Went on a water diet to
lose weight. Died of lose weight. Died of cardiac arrest due to cardiac arrest due to anorexia and weighed anorexia and weighed only 80 lbs. only 80 lbs.
Christy Henrich (22) Christy Henrich (22) gymnast: gymnast: Told to lose weight in Told to lose weight in
order to make the order to make the Olympic team. She died Olympic team. She died of multiple organ failure, of multiple organ failure, as a result of anorexia. as a result of anorexia. She weighed only 60 lbs.She weighed only 60 lbs.
Those Who Have Struggled Those Who Have Struggled With Eating DisordersWith Eating Disorders
Paula Abdul Paula Abdul Dancer, choreographer and Dancer, choreographer and
singer singer battled bulimia battled bulimia
Kelly ClarksonKelly Clarkson The 'American Idol' winner The 'American Idol' winner
struggled with bulimia struggled with bulimia for six months until for six months until friends discovered her friends discovered her secret and begged her secret and begged her to get help.to get help.
Oprah WinfreyOprah Winfrey TV personalityTV personality
"It's always a struggle. "It's always a struggle. I've felt safer and more I've felt safer and more protected when I was protected when I was heavy. Food has always heavy. Food has always been comforting."been comforting."
Binge Eating DisorderBinge Eating Disorder
Eat abnormally large amounts of Eat abnormally large amounts of food in a short timefood in a short time Approximately 3,000-5,000 in one Approximately 3,000-5,000 in one
sittingsitting Occurs when alone followed by Occurs when alone followed by
feelings of guilt, disgust, and feelings of guilt, disgust, and depressiondepression
Binge Eating DisorderBinge Eating Disorder
Unbalanced diet Unbalanced diet and emotional and emotional distress can lead distress can lead to…to… Leads to excessive Leads to excessive
weight gainweight gain High blood pressureHigh blood pressure High cholesterolHigh cholesterol Heart diseaseHeart disease DiabetesDiabetes
Bulimia NervosaBulimia Nervosa Binge eating is followed by purging to rid the Binge eating is followed by purging to rid the
body of the food and calories and prevent body of the food and calories and prevent weight gainweight gain
2 or more times a week2 or more times a week Purging includesPurging includes
Self-induced vomitingSelf-induced vomiting Abuse of laxativesAbuse of laxatives Diet pillsDiet pills Diuretics (water-removal pills)_Diuretics (water-removal pills)_ FastingFasting Excessive exerciseExcessive exercise
Bulimia NervosaBulimia Nervosa Bulimia hides itself Bulimia hides itself
wellwell Fear getting fat but Fear getting fat but
usually stay 10-15 usually stay 10-15 pounds within pounds within healthy weighthealthy weight
Signs of bulimiaSigns of bulimia Missing foodMissing food Empty containersEmpty containers Discovery of laxativesDiscovery of laxatives Long periods in Long periods in
bathroom after mealsbathroom after meals
Bulimia NervosaBulimia Nervosa
Health problemsHealth problems Vomit eats away at the teeth, gums, and Vomit eats away at the teeth, gums, and
stomachstomach Constant sore throatsConstant sore throats Electrolyte imbalanceElectrolyte imbalance
Irregular heart beat and possible heart failureIrregular heart beat and possible heart failure
Physical signs include…Physical signs include… Stained, decayed teethStained, decayed teeth Scarred, blistered handsScarred, blistered hands Unusual swelling around jawsUnusual swelling around jaws
Eating DisordersEating Disorders
Discussion--Discussion-- WHY DO EATING DISORDERS WHY DO EATING DISORDERS
EXSIST?EXSIST?