Special DietsSpecial DietsInstructions for those with Instructions for those with

different diseases that affect different diseases that affect nutritional concerns.nutritional concerns.

DiabetesDiabetes

Glucose

Receptor

Insulin

The pancreas supplies insulin which causes the receptors to be able to take up glucose into the cells. This is a normal functioning pancreas.

Diabetes Type IDiabetes Type I

Glucose

Receptor

Insulin

Those with Diabetes type I do not produce insulin, so therefore glucose is not absorbed or utilized. This causes high levels of glucose to remain in the blood and urine.

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/diabetesintroduction/htm/_no_50_no_0.htm

Diabetes Type IIDiabetes Type II

Glucose

Receptor

Insulin

Those with type II diabetes have insulin made by their pancreas, but it is not utilized correctly or there are not enough receptors. It does not unlock the receptors to take up that glucose within the body.

Diabetes SymptomsDiabetes Symptoms– Symptoms of this disease include: Symptoms of this disease include:

excessive thirst and urination excessive thirst and urination

hungerhunger

weight lossweight loss

– Over the long term, Over the long term, kidney problems, kidney problems,

pain due to nerve damagepain due to nerve damage

blindnessblindness

heart and blood vessel disease. heart and blood vessel disease.

DiabetesDiabetesTreatmentTreatment– dietary changesdietary changes– exerciseexercise– oral medicationoral medication

Many who develop type 2 Many who develop type 2 diabetes are overweight, thus diabetes are overweight, thus having a decreased having a decreased responsiveness to insulin.responsiveness to insulin.

DiabetesDiabetesThose with diabetes need to:Those with diabetes need to:– Eat about the same amount of food each Eat about the same amount of food each

day.day.– Eat your meals and snacks at about the Eat your meals and snacks at about the

same times each day.same times each day.– Do not skip meals or snacks.Do not skip meals or snacks.– Take your medicines at the same times Take your medicines at the same times

each day.each day.– Exercise at about the same times each Exercise at about the same times each

day.day.

HypoglycemiaHypoglycemia

This is where your body produces This is where your body produces TOO MUCH insulinTOO MUCH insulin– This is treated in much the same way as This is treated in much the same way as

diabetesdiabetes

– http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/hypoglycemia/htm/_no_50_no_0.htm

High Blood PressureHigh Blood Pressure

When your heart has to use more When your heart has to use more force than it should to get the blood force than it should to get the blood and nutrients to where they need to and nutrients to where they need to go.go.– Thick blood due to dehydrationThick blood due to dehydration– Fatty deposits in the vessels causing a Fatty deposits in the vessels causing a

“traffic jam” “traffic jam” – Stress causes increased muscle tension Stress causes increased muscle tension

around the vessels squeezing them shutaround the vessels squeezing them shut

High Blood PressureHigh Blood Pressure

Eat a balanced dietEat a balanced diet–Low fatLow fat–Reduce the amount of Reduce the amount of sodium intakesodium intake

Maintain a healthy weightMaintain a healthy weight

Decrease stress/ Relax/ Decrease stress/ Relax/ SleepSleep

Celiac diseaseCeliac disease

The lining of the small intestine is The lining of the small intestine is damaged from eating gluten and damaged from eating gluten and other proteins found in wheat, other proteins found in wheat, barley, rye, and possibly oats.barley, rye, and possibly oats.

Gastrointestinal symptoms:Gastrointestinal symptoms:

Abdominal painAbdominal pain

Bloating, gas, Bloating, gas, indigestionindigestion

ConstipationConstipation

Diarrhea, chronic Diarrhea, chronic or occasional or occasional Decreased appetite Decreased appetite

Stools that float, Stools that float, are foul smelling, are foul smelling, bloody, or “fatty”bloody, or “fatty”

Unexplained Unexplained weight lossweight loss

Lactose intolerance Lactose intolerance

Nausea and Nausea and vomitingvomiting

The symptoms of celiac disease can vary The symptoms of celiac disease can vary significantly from person to person.significantly from person to person.

Metabolic DisordersMetabolic DisordersHyperthyroidismHyperthyroidism– caused by an overactive thyroid gland. caused by an overactive thyroid gland.

which increases the person's basal which increases the person's basal metabolic rate (BMR). metabolic rate (BMR).

– symptoms:symptoms: weight loss, weight loss, increased heart rateincreased heart rateblood pressure, blood pressure, protruding eyes, protruding eyes, swelling in the neck from an enlarged swelling in the neck from an enlarged thyroid (goiter). thyroid (goiter).

Metabolic DisordersMetabolic DisordersHypothyroidismHypothyroidism– a nonexistent or underactive thyroid a nonexistent or underactive thyroid

glandgland– it results from a developmental it results from a developmental

problem or a destructive disease of problem or a destructive disease of the thyroid. the thyroid.

– a person's basal metabolic rate a person's basal metabolic rate (BMR) is low. (BMR) is low.

Not getting treatment for hypothyroidism Not getting treatment for hypothyroidism can lead to brain and growth problems. can lead to brain and growth problems.

HypothyroidismHypothyroidism

– Symptoms Symptoms slows body processes and slows body processes and

causes fatigue, causes fatigue,

slow heart rate, slow heart rate,

excessive weight gain, and excessive weight gain, and

constipation. constipation.

– Teens with this condition can be Teens with this condition can be treated with oral thyroid treated with oral thyroid hormone to achieve normal hormone to achieve normal levels in the body. levels in the body.

Lactose IntoleranceLactose Intolerance

condition in which condition in which lactase, an enzyme lactase, an enzyme needed for proper needed for proper metabolization of metabolization of lactose (a lactose (a constituent of milk constituent of milk and other dairy and other dairy products), is not products), is not produced in produced in adulthood. adulthood.

SymptomsSymptoms– Increased amounts of Increased amounts of

gas (flatulents and gas (flatulents and bloating)bloating)

– Stomach crampsStomach cramps– DiarrheaDiarrhea

TreatmentTreatment– Avoid lactose productsAvoid lactose products– Alternate dairy Alternate dairy

productsproducts– Lactase-enzyme medsLactase-enzyme meds

PregnancyPregnancyIt is especially important to have a It is especially important to have a balanced diet according to the food balanced diet according to the food pyramid.pyramid.Doctor also suggest to make sure Doctor also suggest to make sure that a pregnant woman gets enough:that a pregnant woman gets enough:– Calcium – for bone growthCalcium – for bone growth– Iron – makes hemoglobin in the bloodIron – makes hemoglobin in the blood– Folic Acid (Folate) – helps prevent some Folic Acid (Folate) – helps prevent some

birth defectsbirth defects

VegetariansVegetarians

Types of VegetarianismTypes of Vegetarianism– ovo-vegetarianovo-vegetarian - eats eggs; no meat - eats eggs; no meat – lacto-ovo vegetarianlacto-ovo vegetarian - eats dairy and - eats dairy and

egg products; no meat egg products; no meat – lacto-vegetarianlacto-vegetarian - eats dairy products; - eats dairy products;

no eggs or meat no eggs or meat – veganvegan - eats only food from plant - eats only food from plant

sources sources

VegetariansVegetariansVegetarians often lack certain Vegetarians often lack certain vitamins and minerals from their diet vitamins and minerals from their diet that are needed to be supplemented:that are needed to be supplemented:– vitamin B12vitamin B12– vitamin Dvitamin D– calciumcalcium– proteinprotein– ironiron – zinczinc

AthletesAthletesDuring times of high-intensity training, During times of high-intensity training, adequate energy needs to be consumed adequate energy needs to be consumed to: to: – maintain body weight maintain body weight – maximize the training effectsmaximize the training effects– maintain healthmaintain health

Low-energy intakes can result in: Low-energy intakes can result in: – loss of muscle massloss of muscle mass– menstrual dysfunctionmenstrual dysfunction– loss or failure to gain bone densityloss or failure to gain bone density– increased risk of fatigue, injury, and illness. increased risk of fatigue, injury, and illness.

AthletesAthletesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates– important to maintain blood-glucose levels important to maintain blood-glucose levels

during exercise and to replace muscle during exercise and to replace muscle glycogen. glycogen.

– Recommendations for athletes range from 6 to Recommendations for athletes range from 6 to 10 g/kg body weight per day. 10 g/kg body weight per day.

– The amount required depends upon: The amount required depends upon: athlete’s total daily energy expenditure, athlete’s total daily energy expenditure,

type of sport performed, type of sport performed,

sex of the athlete, and sex of the athlete, and

environmental conditionsenvironmental conditions..

AthletesAthletes

Protein Protein – endurance athletes are 1.2 to 1.4 endurance athletes are 1.2 to 1.4

g/kg body weight per day, g/kg body weight per day, – resistance and strength-trained resistance and strength-trained

athletes may be as high as 1.6 to athletes may be as high as 1.6 to 1.7 g/kg body weight per day. 1.7 g/kg body weight per day.

– This can generally be met through This can generally be met through diet alone, without the use of diet alone, without the use of protein or amino acid supplements!protein or amino acid supplements!

AthleteAthlete

Before exercise, a meal or snack Before exercise, a meal or snack should provide: should provide: – sufficient fluid to maintain hydration, sufficient fluid to maintain hydration, – be relatively low in fat and fiber be relatively low in fat and fiber – be relatively high in carbohydrate to be relatively high in carbohydrate to

maximize maintenance of blood glucose, maximize maintenance of blood glucose, – be moderate in proteinbe moderate in protein– be composed of foods familiar and well be composed of foods familiar and well

toleratedtolerated