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Spatial Data Management ın the Vıew of

Envıroment, Forest and Water Affaırs ın Turkey

Assist. Prof. Dr. Guler YALCIN

Osmaniye Korkut Ata University

Department of Geodesy and

Photogrammetry Engineering

Karacaoglan Yerleskesi, 80000,

Osmaniye/TURKEY

E_mail: guleryalcin@osmaniye.edu.tr,

drguleryalcin@gmail.com

ABSTRACT “Spatial data” is the data or information that identifies the geographic

location of features and boundaries on Earth. A “Spatial Data

Infrastructure” (SDI) is a coordinated series of agreements on technology

standards, institutional arrangements, and policies that enable the

discovery and use of geospatial information by users and for purposes.

While SDIs have economic, social, and environmental benefits, they require

inter-disciplinary, organizational, coordinated studies to preserve the

ecology and for sustainable development. In this paper general information

and a few examples in the view of environmental geographic information

system projects in Turkey are presented.

KEY WORDS GIS, environment, forest, water, sustainable management.

JEL CODES M15, Q16, Q56.

1. Introduction

“Spatial data” in another name “geographic data” is the data or information that identifies the

geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth, such as natural or constructed features,

oceans, and more. Spatial data is usually stored as coordinates and topology, and is data that can be

mapped. Spatial data is often accessed, manipulated or analyzed through Geographic Information

Systems (GIS).

A Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is a coordinated series of agreements on technology

standards, institutional arrangements, and policies that enable the discovery and use of geospatial

information by users and for purposes. While SDIs have economic, social, and environmental benefits,

they require inter-disciplinary organizational, coordinated studies to preserve the ecology and for

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sustainable development (Masser 2007). Turkey is going to develop towards a spatially enabled society

underpinned by a national geo-spatial data infrastructure.

Turkey has executed the SDI studies by selecting INSPIRE. To develop these studies more rapid

and healthy all organizations/institutions have main responsibilities of geographic information systems.

Also the legal arrangements are needed to create spatial data infrastructure and geoportal.

Within last year some bureaucratic changes have occurred in Turkey. Now there are 21 ministries in

Turkish administration with the changes on the structure of the ministries according to the Official

Gazette dated as 04.07.2011. These are: These are Ministry of Justice, Ministry of Family and Social

Policy, Ministry of EU Affairs, Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology, Ministry of Labor and Social

Security, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources,

Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Ministry of Customs

and Trade, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Development, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Ministry of

Economy, Ministry of National Education, Ministry of National Defense, Ministry of Health, Ministry of

Transport, Marine and Communication, Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Ministry of Forest

and Water Affairs (www.basbakanlik.gov.tr).

While establishing some ministries the first time, the duties and responsibilities of the others are

reorganized. In this process the duties of two ministries (abolished Ministry of Public Works and

Settlement, abolished Ministry of Environment and Forestry) are re-regulated and two new ministries

are established: Ministry of Environment and Urbanization, Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs (The

Decree numbered as 644, 2011; The Decree numbered as 645, 2011)

The duties of Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs are listed in the legislation as below:

1- To create policies for the protection, the development, the operation, the rehabilitation and the

care of the forests, combat desertification and soil erosion, afforestation and pasture

improvement

2- To develop policies for the protection of the nature, to determine the protected areas, to

provide the conservation, management, development and operation of the national parks,

natural parks, natural monuments, nature conservation areas, wetlands and biodiversity,

hunting and wildlife.

3- To create policies for the protection and sustainable usage of the water resources, to coordinate

national water management.

4- To determine the policies and strategies to follow the meteorological events and to take

necessary measures.

5- To follow the international studies in these facility fields of the ministry and to execute the

preparations with the other organizations at the national level.

6- To fulfill the tasks and services of the ministry in the concept of the legislations.

The Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs has 6 general directorates to execute these duties and

responsibilities:

1- General Directorate of Water Management

2- General Directorate of Nature Protection and Natural Parks

3- General Directorate of Combating Desertification and Soil Erosion

4- General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works

5- General Directorate of Forest

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6- General Directorate of Meteorology

Under the conditions of the developing world in order to improve the efficiency in public sector

it is asked to benefit from the information communication technologies. Thus the inter-institutional

cooperation will be developed, the duplicate investments will be prevented by using the common

infrastructures, an effective knowledge-based decision-making processes will be created, the quality

human resource and organizational capacity will be developed, citizen-focused, reliable, interoperable,

integrated and effective e-government structure will be established. This aim also stated in the

document of Information Society Strategy (2006-2010) that is prepared by State Planning Organization

Undersecretary. In this document the vision of Turkey on transformation to the Information Society is

“to be a country that is a focal point in science and technology, uses the information and technology as

an effective tool, produces much more value with the knowledge-based decision-making processes, is

successful at global competition and has a high level prosperity”. In this concept The directorship of

Geographic Information Systems which is established in 2007 continues the works under the

“Department of Geographic Information Systems” of “Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs” with last

legislation changes.

2. INSPIRE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DATA

Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 establishing an

Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community (INSPIRE) was published in the official

Journal on the 25th April 2007. The INSPIRE Directive entered into force on the 15th May 2007. In

Europe a major recent development has been the entering in force of the INSPIRE Directive in May 2007,

establishing an infrastructure for spatial information in Europe to support Community environmental

policies, and policies or activities which may have an impact on the environment. INSPIRE is based on

the infrastructures for spatial information established and operated by the 27 Member States of the

European Union. The Directive addresses 34 spatial data themes needed for environmental applications,

with key components specified through technical implementing rules. This makes INSPIRE a unique

example of a legislative “regional” approach. To ensure that the spatial data infrastructures of the

Member States are compatible and usable in a Community and transboundary context, the Directive

requires that common Implementing Rules (IR) are adopted in a number of specific areas (Metadata,

Data Specifications, Network Services, Data and Service Sharing and Monitoring and Reporting). These

IRs are adopted as Commission Decisions or Regulations, and are binding in their entirety (European

Commission, 2011).

The directive, -that determines the standards related with the production of spatial data, access

to and use of the data, the protocols, inter-institutional coordination and the spatial data policies-,

enforces all members of European Union to comply with the technical and administrative arrangements

in the directive.

In Turkey the Council of Ministers Decree named “Turkey’s National Program for the Adoption,

Implementation, Coordination and Monitoring of European Union Acquis Communautaire” which is

published on 31.12.2008 with the number 2008/14481 is started to be executed by Ministry of

Environment and Forest abolished. It means that ‘taking into consideration the studies in European

Union and Turkey the implementation of INSPIRE Directive is started to execute under responsibility of

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Ministry of Environment and Forestry. There are 34 themes in the directive. 8 of them have general

information and 14 of them have the data which are directly under the responsibility of Ministry of

Environment and Forestry. Totally 22 themes are the environmental data which are directly related with

the ministry. Therefore it can be evaluated that the 60% of the themes in INSPIRE Directive are the

environmental data.

Spatial data is needed to implement and create the environmental policies. Many public

authorities are experienced different problems on availability, quality, accessibility and sharing of the

spatial data. To solve these problems the different levels of the public authorities need some

arrangements on the usage, access, sharing and exchange of spatial data and spatial data services.

The spatial data in different platforms can be achieved by using metadata services. Some services help

to view the information and layers, to overlay the data from different layers and to analyze. With the

qualified and the standardized the prevention of waste consisting of repeated production and the

increasing the effectiveness of the use of the spatial data are the aims of the directive. Also these

produced spatial data are served on web portals of the institutions/organizations according to the legal

infrastructure. In line with these requirements and the objectives the all projects and studies targeted to

be implemented in abolished Ministry of Environment and Forestry are constructed and sustained in the

view of INSPIRE Directive.

Abolished Ministry of Environment and Forestry has realized the information systems on

European Environment Information and Observation Network (EIONET), Environment Information

System (EIS), Water Database, Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE) Project, Air

Quality Monitoring System, Storage of Hazardous Chemicals, Special Waste Information System, Natura

2000 and Noah’s Ark. Also to provide the integration of these projects and to create exchange of the

environmental data at national level Turkish Environmental Information Exchange Network (TEIEN)

Project is started with the aims of strengthening capacity of the environmental legislation and

inspection, establishing national policy, planning, environmental management, natural resource

management in December 2008. Finally to create Environmental Acquis (INSPIRE) is targeted with

regular data exchange (Civi et al. 2009a).

3. GIS (GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS) APPLICATIONS OF “THE MINISTRY OF FOREST

AND WATER AFFAIRS”

The projects which are started by abolish Ministry of Environment and Forestry are now executed under

the responsibility of Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs and its general directorates.

These are:

Web-based Geographic Information Systems Application

Geoportal

CORINE (Coordination of Information on the Environment) Project

Noah’s Ark-National Biodiversity Database

Portal on Automation of Plan Restoration and Planning

Creation of Erosion Risk Maps with Sediment Models

GIS Application on Open/Closed Areas for Hunting

Monitoring the Climate Change with GIS

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3.1 Web-based Geographic Information Systems Application

Web-based Geographic Information Systems Application is executed by the Information Technologies

(IT) Department of the ministry and it is named as “Geodata” (Figure1).

This department is constituted from the IT Departments of General Directorate of State Hydraulic

Works, General Directorate of Forest and General Directorate of Meteorology. It provides the platform

for the geographic/spatial layers which are under the responsibility of all the institutions to be managed

by the authorities and to serve to the users via internet. Its infrastructure performs to share and

management of the spatial data among the institutions. Currently it works on satellite data and urban

maps of Google Maps and Microsoft Bings, also is compatible with the satellite data set of the ministry.

Totally there are 15 GIS servers in the ministry.

Figure1: A web view of Geodata.

The spatial data is replicated in specific time intervals. Each sub-organization arranges and

serves its own data to GIS Server. The living data such as Administrative Boundary, Transportation in the

ministry database are transferred to their own database.

On the web application there are 9 main layers: administrative boundary, transportation, water, forest,

reforestation, watershed protection, meteorology, environmental monitoring stations and protected

areas (http://geodata.cob.gov.tr/geodata/index.aspx). On the other hand it is known that more than

250 layers are published and served.

3.2 Geoportal

This application serves the spatial data and geo-metadata in different physical environments in

abolished Ministry of Environment and Forestry in the concept of INSPIRE and ISO standards. These

different physical environments can be listed as the general directorates:

General Directorate of Environment Management

General Directorate of Environmental Impact Assessment and Planning

General Directorate of Reforestation and Erosion Control

General Directorate of Forest-Village Relations

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General Directorate of Nature Conservation and National Parks

Department of Research and Development

Special Environmental Protection Agency

The system has all functions that a geoportal should have according to INSPIRE Directive. The

spatial metadata (geometadata) can be published, researched, queried, viewed, and analyzed by using

user requirements. Also the users can be authorized to access the portal resource. The authorized users

can updated, delete, edit the geometadata, manage the system, access the map service server. The

geoportal has many components such as security manager, user registration, geocatalog, metadata

registration, metadata management, metadata research, data download, and map viewer. Figure2

shows a web page of Map Viewer of Geoportal.

Figure2: Map viewer of Geoportal.

The Geoportal Application is presented and introduced to all spatial data users and publishers in Ankara

on 22.03.2011.

The system is built on two different database. One of them is “Ministry Database” that the sub-

organizations of the ministry work. The other one is “INSPIRE Database” that has the European Union

INSPIRE Database standards, layers and themes. It stores limited information because of the common

usage (http://gis.cevreorman.gov.tr/cob2011/?page_id=440&lang=tr).

3.3 Turkey Land Monitoring System (CORINE- Coordination of Information on the Environment)

Project

The main aim of this project is to produce land use maps by using satellite images. The products

should provide the criteria of Europe Environment Agency (EAA) to protect and to monitor the

environment. Thereby land cover/land use changes can be determined with the remote sensing and

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geographic information systems technologies. The project is used in many fields: to determine land

changes in the view of the environment protection in the concept of Program of Global Monitoring for

Environment and Security, to monitor the destruction of forest areas, to estimate the products, to

control the erosion, to deal with the forest fires and the desertification, to monitor the wetland changes,

to prepare watershed action plans, to prepare environmental arrangement plans and to create urban

maps. Figure3 shows the change detection from lake to the agricultural area and Figure4 shows land

cover in Aydın city.

The basic thought is to identify the environmental policies, to manage the natural resources

rationally, to collect the basic data and to create the standard database. EEA sets 5 main land cover

types as artificial areas, agricultural areas, forest and semi-natural areas, wetlands and water bodies,

and also 44 land use sub-classes. In Turkey 12 addition codes are developed. The data that are used in

these classes are shown in Table1.

Figure3: Change detection from lake to the agricultural area.

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Figure4: Land cover in Aydın city

In Turkey Land Monitoring System Project is started in 1998. CORINE2000 Project that is used

LANDSAT images in 2000 is completed in 2008. CORINE2006 Project that is used satellite images from

2000 and 2006, and based on the land cover change detection is completed in 2009 (Civi et al. 2009b).

Table1: The data that are used in classes and sub-classes.

Name Type Accurate Year Resource

Image 1990 Landsat 30m. 1990 NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

Image 2000 Landsat 30m. 2000 NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

Image 2006 SPOT, IRS 20m. 2006 ESA (European Space Agency)

Topograph. Maps Raster map 1/25000 General Command of Mapping in Turkey

Stand Maps Digital map 1/25000 General Directorate of Forest

Soil Maps Digital map 1/25000 Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs

Irrigated fields Digital map 1/25000 General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works

A portal is created to present Land Monitoring System (LMS) as a whole in CORINE Project. LMS has 5

basic headlines as spatial planning, biodiversity, soil, water and forest. Under the title “land use/land

cover” WebGIS Application serves to access land and land related data that are presented in CORINE

Statistical Query (http://corine.cevreorman.gov.tr) (http://aris.cob.gov.tr)

3.4 Noah’s Ark National Biodiversity Database Project

Turkey has an extremely important position in biological diversity due to different climatic and

topographic features. Noah’s Ark National Biodiversity Database Project aims to contribute the nature

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work not to lose the biodiversity which is one of the important natural resources. In this project

concept:

The biodiversity that is the insurance of the living natural resources is guaranteed.

National obligations arising from international processes such as United Nations Conventions on

Biological Diversity and European Union Accession Negotiations are fulfilled.

Decision support systems for emergency cases are realized with this biodiversity database.

It is only one database that has “.gov” extension and is the biggest database at national level on the

biodiversity monitored and queried. It has the functions to query on “species”, “habitats” and “areas”

publicly, but limited for its own users. The database has been serving on www.nuhungemisi.gov.tr since

18.10.2007.

All public institution, scientists and academic research units, NGOs (Non-Governmental

Organization) which collects data on Turkey’s nature, the other institutions which have the biological

data and amateur researchers may contribute to this database.

In the project;

The data can be registered with their coordinates

The data can be filtered by time intervals, families, species, habitats, geographic areas,

protected areas or drawing on map view.

Species distribution maps can be achieved.

The changes in the status of red list species can be monitored over time.

The protected areas and the changes of the protected areas can be monitored over time.

The database can be used for important administrative decisions and environmental impact

evaluation reports.

The GIS layers of the ministry are utilized as basic data in this project. Essentially there are user

(visitor) module and management module. Also map module, the interfaces module based on the

species (such as biodiversity, wetland, wild life, alien and invasive), module for approving the species,

module for mass data input, query module, protected areas module and display module (red list

module) have been (http://www.nuhungemisi.gov.tr/IlgiliDokumanlar/NuhunGemisiBrosur.pdf)

3.5 Portal on Automation of Plan Restoration and Planning

To keep up to date the region-based and basin-based plans under the authority and

responsibility in GIS environment, to provide the decision makers accurate and reliable planning bases,

to make accessing updated plans with GIS automation after approving plan changes, to form the bases

for using all planning data, to create planning portal with present plans, to develop integrated modules

for plans with GIS infrastructure and to create planning information system through the other units of

the ministry are in the concept of the project. There are environmental plans in scale 1/100.000, special

environment protection area environmental plans in scale 1/250.000, national park and natural park

long term development plans, wetland management plans, watershed protection action plans, the

improvement and the management of the wildlife development areas, special provision studies in the

project.

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With the Automation of Plan Restoration the plans which are produced by abolished Ministry of

Environment and Forestry can be updated via internet and the necessary queries and analysis can be

realized over these data. The aim is to develop a holistic application through both GIS and MIS

(Management Information System) transferring the work processes for each unit to the software

language

The project is still going. It is expected from the project to facilitate cooperation and

interoperability by accessing the planning data in the common database, to provide the opportunity for

fast and accurate decision during the planning and revision term, to provide achieving metadata in the

international standards of ISO and INSPIRE, to create a process for increasing the productivity and

decreasing data loss in planning term, to save time-money-labor during the planning investigation term,

to increase the participation in the planning process.

3.6 Creation of Erosion Risk Maps with Sediment Models

This Project aims to determine basin, micro- and sub-basin boundaries with GIS techniques, to create

drainage network, to determine potential, real and annual average soil loss, to create erosion risk maps.

The model is generated in the quality that can be applied for all river basins. “Turkey Erosion Risk Map”

will be produced with the 26 basin models. In all river basins GIS and hydrologic analysis will be carried

out. The project will provide significant benefits to know erosion risk for soil and water sustainability and

to plan soil and water conservation measures.

3.7 GIS Application on Open/Closed Areas for Hunting

Every year in the body of the General Directorate of Nature Conservation and Natural Parks “The Map

for Open/Closed Areas for Hunting” is produced by Center Hunting Commission and province and town

hunting commission to arrange the hunting and to protect and to develop the hunting and wildlife. Also

these hard copy maps for each province will be created and served as internet based maps. Internet

based maps will be managed in GIS environment. In the scope of the project each province will carry out

its own hunting ground data entry (http://mak.ormansu.gov.tr/),

(Ministry of Forest and Water Affairs, 2011),(http://gis2.cevreorman.gov.tr/mp/),

(http://www.milliparklar.gov.tr/dkmp/Haritalar/haritalar.html).

4. CONCLUSION

SDIs have social, economic and environmental benefits for the life. Therefore the infrastructure

should be established as soon as possible. Turkey has executed the Spatial Data Infrastructure studies by

selecting INSPIRE as a guide for Turkish National Spatial Data Infrastructure. While all

institutions/organizations are working to create initial SDI studies, organizational studies on National SDI

in Turkey is executed under coordination of General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre. Then

according to the Decree (numbered as 644 that is published on Official Gazette dated as 04.07.2011),

General Directorate of Geographic Information Systems (GDGIS) is established under Ministry of

Environment and Urbanization. The main duty of this general directorate is to establish, use and develop

National Geographic Information Systems, and to make and to support the studies and processes for

this aim. Hereafter GIS and SDI studies will continue under the control and leadership of General

Directorate of Geographic Information Systems. In this paper the environmental GIS studies that are

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started at abolished Ministry of Environment and Forestry and continued at new Ministry of Forest and

Water Affairs. In future it is hoped that all GIS studies will be go on faster under the organization and

coordination of General Directorate of Geographic Information Systems.

REFERENCES

Civi, A., Akgündüz, E., Tezel, D. & Toru, E. (2009a). INSPIRE ve Türkiye Çevresel Veri Değişim Ağı (in

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25.04.2012)

Civi, A., Akgündüz, E., Kalaycı, K., İnan, Ç., Sarıca, E. & Toru, E (2009b). CORINE PROJESİ (in English:

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http://www.milliparklar.gov.tr/dkmp/Haritalar/haritalar.html, Accessed 23.03.2012. Web page of

forbidden areas for hunting.