Spatial Ability, Visual Representations, and Earth Science Achievement
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Spatial Ability, Visual Representations, and Earth Science Achievement
Nicole D. LaDue D. Zach HambrickNorthern Illinois Michigan State University University
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Visuals in the Geosciences
2. http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/images/syncline.gif3. http://www.platetectonics.com/book/images/Subduction2.gif4.. http://www.nvcc.edu/home/cbentley/shenandoah/app_orogeny.jpg
1. Earth Science References Tables, NYSED
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Spatial Thinking & Geoscience
Spatial Thinking is “the process of problem solving via the coordinated use of space, representation, and reasoning” (NRC, 2006)
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Spatial Thinking is “the process of problem solving via the coordinated use of space, representation, and reasoning” (NRC, 2006)
Spatial Thinking & Geoscience
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Spatial Thinking is “the process of problem solving via the coordinated use of space, representation, and reasoning” (NRC, 2006)
Spatial Thinking & Geoscience
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Spatial Thinking vs Spatial Ability
(Lohman, 1993; McGrew, 2009)
Uttal et al., 2012; Hegarty & Waller, 2005
Ability •An aspect of “g”•Domain-general•Apprehending, encoding, and mentally manipulating three-dimensional forms
Thinking / Skills•Domain-specific•Problem – solving with space, representation, and reasoning
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Spatial Ability and STEM Education
Shea et al., 2001; Wai et al., 2009
Spatial Ability STEM Careers
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Research Question #1 E
art
h S
cien
ce A
chie
vem
en
t
Spatial Ability
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Research Question #2
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Earth Science Achievement
165,000 students annually
9th Graders
Publicly available June 2007 Earth Science Regents Exam, NYSED
SAMPLE QUESTION WITH VISUAL
New York State Earth Science Regents Exam
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Three Types of Items
TEXT
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Three Types of Items
NOVEL VISUALS
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Three Types of Items
TRAINED VISUALS
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Three Types of Items
TRAINED VISUALS
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PopulationPublic High Schools
1 rural / 1 suburban
74% white
144 Students (75 male)
9th Grade (m=14.6 years)
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Spatial Ability & Sex
Spatial Ability
MALES
FEMALES
Linn & Petersen, 1985; Hamilton, 1998; Sorby & Baartmans, 2000
Sex Differences
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Spatial Ability
MALES
FEMALESMALES
FEMALES
Linn & Petersen, 1985; Halpern et al., 2007
Spatial Ability & Sex
Sex Differences
Males
FEMALES
Reading Comprehension
MALES
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NYSEarth
Science Regents Exam
TEXT-ONLY QUESTIONS (T)
NOVEL VISUAL QUESTIONS (V)
TRAINED VISUALQUESTIONS (RT)
Study Variables
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Categorizing Test Items8 Categories
Text Only
Text w/ ESRT
Stem Graphic
Stem Graphic w/ESRT
Answer Graphic
Answer Graphic w/ ESRT
Stem + Answer Graphic
Stem + Answer Graphic w/ ESRT
3 Categories
Text Only
ESRT - TRAINED VISUALS
Graphic – NOVEL VISUALS
Two-way Effects Model with Absolute Agreement ICC = .844
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NYSEarth
Science Regents Exam
TEXT-ONLY QUESTIONS (T)
NOVEL VISUAL QUESTIONS (V)
SPATIAL ABILITY
READING COMPREHENSION
SEX TRAINED VISUALQUESTIONS (RT)
Study Variables
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NYSEarth
Science Regents Exam
TEXT-ONLY QUESTIONS (T)
NOVEL VISUAL QUESTIONS (V)
SPATIAL ABILITY
READING COMPREHENSION
SEX TRAINED VISUALQUESTIONS (RT)
Study Variables
MOTIVATION
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
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NYSEarth
Science Regents Exam
TEXT-ONLY QUESTIONS (T)
NOVEL VISUAL QUESTIONS (V)
SPATIAL ABILITY
READING COMPREHENSION
SEX TRAINED VISUALQUESTIONS (RT)
Study Variables
MOTIVATION
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
NYS 8th Grade English Language Arts Exam
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NYSEarth
Science Regents Exam
TEXT-ONLY QUESTIONS (T)
NOVEL VISUAL QUESTIONS (V)
SPATIAL ABILITY
READING COMPREHENSION
SEX TRAINED VISUALQUESTIONS (RT)
Study Variables
MOTIVATION
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
NYS 8th Grade English Language Arts Exam
NYS 8th Grade Science Exam
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NYSEarth
Science Regents Exam
TEXT-ONLY QUESTIONS (T)
NOVEL VISUAL QUESTIONS (V)
SPATIAL ABILITY
READING COMPREHENSION
SEX TRAINED VISUALQUESTIONS (RT)
Study Variables
MOTIVATION
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
NYS 8th Grade English Language Arts Exam
NYS 8th Grade Science Exam
June 2012
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NYSEarth
Science Regents Exam
TEXT-ONLY QUESTIONS (T)
NOVEL VISUAL QUESTIONS (V)
SPATIAL ABILITY
READING COMPREHENSION
SEX TRAINED VISUALQUESTIONS (RT)
Study Variables
MOTIVATION
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
3 Spatial Tests
Questionnaire
Questionnaire
20 ES Regents Questions
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NYSEarth
Science Regents Exam
TEXT-ONLY QUESTIONS (T)
NOVEL VISUAL QUESTIONS (V)
SPATIAL ABILITY
READING COMPREHENSION
SEX TRAINED VISUALQUESTIONS (RT)
Study Variables
MOTIVATION
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
3 Spatial Tests
Questionnaire
Questionnaire
20 ES Regents Questions
Collected Fall 2011
50 minute class period
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Example Spatial Tests
Paper FoldingEkstrom et al., 1976
Mental RotationVandenberg, et al. 1978;
Object PerspectiveHegarty & Waller, 2004
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Spatial vs. Reading
Spatial Composite Score
Read
ing
Com
pre
hen
sion
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
Males
Females
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Spatial vs. Reading
Spatial Composite Score
Read
ing
Com
pre
hen
sion
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
Males
Females
Males outperformed Females on Spatial
t(142) = 4.10, p<.001 Females outperformed Males on
Reading t(142) = -2.66, p<.001
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Correlations
1. Sex 2. Reading 3. Spatial 4. Regents-All
1. Sex -
2. Reading .205* -
3. Spatial -.316** .205* -
4. Regents -.185* .562** .514** -
5. Text-Only ns .545** .405** .801**
6. Trained Visual ns .516** .392** .934**
7. Novel Visual -.226** .516** .564** .957**
N=145; * p < .05; ** p < .01 (2-tailed)
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Correlations
1. Sex 2. Reading 3. Spatial 4. Regents-All
1. Sex -
2. Reading .205* -
3. Spatial -.316** .205* -
4. Regents -.185* .562** .514** -
5. Text-Only ns .545** .405** .801**
6. Trained Visual ns .516** .392** .934**
7. Novel Visual -.226** .516** .564** .957**
N=145; * p < .05; ** p < .01 (2-tailed)
Females display higher reading
ability
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Correlations
1. Sex 2. Reading 3. Spatial 4. Regents-All
1. Sex -
2. Reading .205* -
3. Spatial -.316**
.205* -
4. Regents -.185* .562** .514** -
5. Text-Only ns .545** .405** .801**
6. Trained Visual ns .516** .392** .934**
7. Novel Visual -.226** .516** .564** .957**
N=145; * p < .05; ** p < .01 (2-tailed)
Males display higher spatial
ability
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Correlations
1. Sex 2. Reading 3. Spatial 4. Regents-All
1. Sex -
2. Reading .205* -
3. Spatial -.316** .205* -
4. Regents -.185* .562** .514** -
5. Text-Only ns .545** .405** .801**
6. Trained Visual ns .516** .392** .934**
7. Novel Visual -.226** .516** .564** .957**
N=145; * p < .05; ** p < .01 (2-tailed)
Spatial and Reading correlate
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Correlations
1. Sex 2. Reading 3. Spatial 4. Regents-All
1. Sex -
2. Reading .205* -
3. Spatial -.316** .205* -
4. Regents -.185* .562** .514**
-
5. Text-Only ns .545** .405** .801**
6. Trained Visual ns .516** .392** .934**
7. Novel Visual -.226** .516** .564** .957**
N=145; * p < .05; ** p < .01 (2-tailed)
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Correlations
1. Sex 2. Reading 3. Spatial 4. Regents-All
1. Sex -
2. Reading .205* -
3. Spatial -.316** .205* -
4. Regents -.185* .562** .514** -
5. Text-Only ns .545** .405** .801**
6. Trained Visual ns .516** .392** .934**
7. Novel Visual -.226** .516** .564** .957**
N=145; * p < .05; ** p < .01 (2-tailed)
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Correlations
1. Sex 2. Reading 3. Spatial 4. Regents-All
1. Sex -
2. Reading .205* -
3. Spatial -.316** .205* -
4. Regents -.185* .562** .514** -
5. Text-Only ns .545** .405**
.801**
6. Trained Visual ns .516** .392**
.934**
7. Novel Visual -.226** .516** .564**
.957**
N=145; * p < .05; ** p < .01 (2-tailed)
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AnalysisOverall Performance on the Regents Earth Science Exam
Multiple Linear Regression
B SE (B)
β t p
Sex -3.60 1.40 -.15 -2.56 .011
Motivation .13 .11 .06 1.12 .264
Prior Science Knowledge
.61 .11 .39 5.83 <.001
Prior Earth Sci Knowledge
1.44 .46 .21 3.14 .002
Reading 2.96 .83 .23 3.59 <.001
Spatial 2.80 1.00 .16 2.79 .006
R2 = .66, p < .001
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Path Analysis
Regents
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Path Analysis
Text
Trained
Novel
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Results
Reading Spatial Text Trained Visual
Novel Visual
OverallRegents
Sex ✔ ✔ X X ✔ ✔Reading -- -- ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔Spatial -- -- ✔* X ✔ ✔* p < .05, all others p < .01
Significant Direct Effects for Path Analysis
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Results
Reading Spatial Text Trained Visual
Novel Visual
Overall Regents
Sex ✔ ✔ X X ✔ ✔Reading -- -- ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔Spatial -- -- ✔* X ✔ ✔
Significant Direct Effects for Path Analysis
* p < .05, all others p < .01
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ConclusionResearch Question #1:
Is spatial ability associated with earth science achievement?
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ConclusionResearch Question #1:
Is spatial ability associated with earth science achievement? YES
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ConclusionResearch Question #1:
Is spatial ability associated with earth science achievement?
Research Question #2:
Is there a relationship between visual representations, spatial ability, and earth science achievement?
YES
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ConclusionResearch Question #1:
Is spatial ability associated with earth science achievement?
Research Question #2:
Is there a relationship between visual representations, spatial ability, and earth science achievement?
YES
YES: Spatial ability is related to novel visuals, but not trained
visuals.
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Training Spatial Skills
N=67
Experts
Novices
N=67 Undergrad, Grad, Prof
Spatial AbilityKnowledge
Field Mapping TaskHambrick, Libarkin, Petcovic, Baker, Elkins, Callahan, Turner, Rench & LaDue, 2012, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
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Training Spatial Skills
Expert chemists Analytical strategiesNovice chemistry students Spatial strategies
Low spatial chemistry students Analytical Strategies
Stieff, 2007; Stieff & Raje, 2010; Stieff, Ryu, Dixon, Hegarty, 2012
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Next Steps
Strategy Studies
- Analytical vs Spatial strategies
Training Studies
- Interventions to improve spatial reasoning
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AcknowledgementsGeocognitionResearchLab
Julie Libarkin, Advisor
D. Zach Hambrick
Steve Kluge, Ret. New York Teacher
Participating Teachers, Students, and Administrators
Funding The Graduate
SchoolGraduate Student Research Grant
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Contact Me
Nicole D. LaDue, PhD
Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences
Center for Secondary Science and Mathematics Education
Northern Illinois University
DeKalb, Illinois 60115
(815)753-7935
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InstrumentsAssessment/Survey Citation
Spatial Ability:Paper-foldingMental RotationPerspective-taking
Ekstrom et al., 1976,Vandenberg, et al. 1978;Hegarty & Waller, 2004
Reading Comprehension:8th Grade ELA NYS exam NYSED, 2012
Motivation:Science Motivation Questionnaire (modified)
Glynn & Koballa, 2005
Prior Science Knowledge:8th Grade Science NYS exam20 question ES Regents Test
NYSED, 2012NYSED 2011
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Example Spatial Tests
Paper Folding Test (Ekstrom et al., 1976)
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Example Spatial Tests
Paper Folding Test (Ekstrom et al., 1976)
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Example Spatial Tests
Ekstrom et al., 1976, Vandenberg, et al. 1978; Hegarty & Waller, 2004
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Example Spatial Tests
Ekstrom et al., 1976, Vandenberg, et al. 1978; Hegarty & Waller, 2004
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Example Spatial Tests
Ekstrom et al., 1976, Vandenberg, et al. 1978; Hegarty & Waller, 2004
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Example Spatial Tests
Ekstrom et al., 1976, Vandenberg, et al. 1978; Hegarty & Waller, 2004