Spanish Final Notes
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Transcript of Spanish Final Notes
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Spanish Notes
GrammarSer vs Estar: To be
- Ser: Describe permanent things, origin, profession, and basic characteristics- Estar: Describe temporary things, location, feeling (may change)
Regular Present Tense Verbs
-ar -er -irO O OAs Es EsA E EAmos Emos ImosAn En En
Irregular Present Tense Verbs
- Irregular verbs in all forms:Soy SomosEresEs Son
- Irregular yo verbs: only change is made in yo form.- Ex: caer->caigo, hacer->hago, poner->pongo, salir->salgo, traer->traigo, conocer-
>conozco, dar->doy, saber-> s, ver-> veo
Stem Changing Verbs
- Memorize shoe: everything except nosotros form changes its stem.- Ex: e->ie (pensar->pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, piensan)
Estoy EstamosEstsEst Estn
Voy VamosVasVa Van
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- Ex: o->ue (almorzar-> almuerzo, almuerzas, almuerza, almorzamos, almuerzan)- Ex: e->i (server-> sirvo, sirves, sirve, servimos, sirven)- Ex: u->ue (jugar-> juego, juegas, juega, jugamos, juegan)
Question Words:
- Adnde (Where), Cul(es) (Which, what), Cunto (How much), Dnde (Where),Qu (What), Cmo (How), Cundo (When), Por qu (Why), Quin(es)(Who)
Adverbs of Frequency:
- Nunca (never), Rara vez (rarely), De vez en cuando (from time totime/occasionally), A veces (sometimes), Siempre (always)
Regular Preterite Verbs:
-ar -er -ir
aste iste iste
i iamos imos imos
aron ieron ieron
Preterite ofcar, -gar, -zar Verbs
- Only changes in preterite.- Only yo form changes- C->qu (sacar-> saqu), g->gu (jugar-> jugu), z->c (almorzar-> almorc)
Irregular Preterite:
- Ser/Ir->fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron- Harcer-> hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron- Dar-> di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron (no accent)- Ver-> vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron
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- Caer-> ca, caste, cay, camos, cayeron- Others: have irregular stems and have endings- Ex: Irregular stems (andar->anduv-, estar->estuv-, poder->pud-, poner->pus-,
querer->quis-, saber->sup-,tener->tuv-,venir->vin-) Endings (-e,-iste, -o,-imos,-ieron)
- Irregular ones that have j added and drop i in ellos/ellas/nosotros forms: decir (ex:dijimos), traj (ex: traje), conducer (ex: condujiste), producer (ex: produjeron),traducer (ex: tradujeron)
Stem-changing Verbs Preterite:
- Stems only change in l/ella/usted and ellos/ellas/ustedes forms.- Ex: e->i (pedir-> ped, pediste, pidi, pedimos, pidieron)- Ex: o->u (dormer-> dorm, dormiste, durmi, dormimos, durmieron)
Countries and Nationalities
- Countries: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama, Cuba,Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru,
Bolivia, Paraguay, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, Mexico, U.S.A., Canada, Spain,England, France, Germany, Japan, Italy, China, Korea
- Corresponding Nationalities Respectively Listed: guatemalteco, salvadoreo,hondureo, costarricense, panameo, cubano, dominicano, nicaragense,puertorriqueo, colombiano, venezolano, ecuatoriano, peruano, boliviano,paraguayo, chileno, uruguayo, argentino, mexicano, estadounidense, canadiense,espaol, ingles(esa), francs(esa), alemn(ana), japons(esa), italiano, chino,coreano
Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns:
- Adjectives: este/esta (this), estos/estas (these), ese,esa (that), esos/esas (those),aquel/aquella (that over there), aquellos/aquellas (those over there)
- Pronouns: ste/sta (this one here), stos/stas (these here), se/sa (that one there),sos/sas (those there), aqul/aqulla (that over there), aqullos/aqullas (thoseover there)
Possessive Adjective and Pronouns
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- Adjectives(short form): m(s)-my, tu(s)-your, su(s)-his/her/your, nuestro(a/os/as)-our,su(s)-their/your
- Adjectives(long form) and Pronouns: mo/ma/mos/mas (mine),tuyo/tuya/tuyos/tuyas (yours), suyo/suya/suyos/suyas (his, hers, yours formal),nuestro/nuestra/nuestros/nuestras (ours), suyo/suya/suyos/suyas (theirs, yours formal)
Reflexive Verbs:
- Take special pronoun called reflexive pronoun.- Present (bring se to the front, make it as direct object, conjugate the rest regularly
or irregularly)
- Me, te, se, nos, se- Preterite: (bring se to the front, make it as direct object, conjugate the rest in
preterite form regularly or irregularly)
Imperfect Verbs
- Regular conjugation-ar -er -iraba a aabas as asaba a abamos amos amosaban an an
- Irregular conjugation:- Ex: ser (era, eras, era, ramos, eran), ir (iba, ibas, iba, bamos, iban), ver (vea
, veas, vea, veamos, vean)
- Imperfect and the past: imperfect (repeated actions, interrupted action, time &dates, describing a scene/person/emotional states/desires), preterite (finished action,interrupting action)
Progressive Tense:
- Present progressive: present tense of estar + -ando, -iendo/-yendo- Ex: estoy hablando, estoy comiendo, estoy leyendo (stem ofer or ir ends in vowel,
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then iendo becomes yendo)
- Some ir stem-changing verbs have a stem vowel change (ex: pedir->pidiendo,dormer->durmiendo)
- Past progressive: imperfect tense of estar + -ando, -iendo/-yendo- Ex: estaba escribiendo
Direct Object Pronouns:
- They are the objects that verbs act on- Me, te, lo/la, nos, los/las- Placed before conjugated verbs or follow at the end of infinitives or ndo forms.- Ex: Lo llamamos -> Vamos a llamarlo, Lo estamos llamando -> Estamos llamndolo
Indirect Object Pronouns:
- The receiving objects of action- Me, te, le, nos, les- Placed before conjugated verb or follow at the end of infinitives and ndo forms.- Ex: dio la cuenta a Laura -> le dio la cuenta -> darle la cuenta -> dndole la cuenta
DOP + IOP
- Indirect object always comes before direct object when placed at the same area.- Ex: Te los compramos, Me los vas a comprar, Vas a comprrmelos, Ests
comprndomelos
- When both begin with l-> the first l becomes s- Ex: Le la ped -> Se la ped
Vowels:
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Vocab (Highlighted-mentioned in review)
Word Definition Word Definition
Nouns
La aerolinea Airline El agente de viajes Travel agent
El asiento Seat La aduana Customs
El auxiliary de vuelo Flight attendant El boleto Ticket
El equipaje Luggage La identificacin Identification
El letrero Sign La llegada Arrival
La maleta Suitcase El mostrador Counter
El pasajero Passenger El pasaporte Passport
El pasillo Aisle El piloto Pilot
La salida Departure La seguridad Security
La ventanilla Window El viaje Trip
El vuelo flight El atn Tuna
El batido Milk shake El cereal Cereal
La crema Cream La fresa Strawberry
Las galletas Cookies Las habichuelascoloradas
Red beans
El helado Ice cream Los huevos Eggs
El jamn Ham El jugo Juice
La leche Milk La mantequilla Butter
Cacahuate Peanut El meln Melon
El pltano verde Plantain El pollo asado Roast chicken
Los tostones Fried plantains Las uvas grapesEl yogur Yogurt La especialidad de
la casaSpecialty of thehouse
El sabor Taste El artista Artist
Las bellas artes Fine arts El escultor Sculptor
La escultura Sculpture La exposicin Exhibit
La galera Gallery La obra Work of art
El pintor Painter La pintura Painting
El retrato Portrait El talent Talent
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El articulo Article El autor Author
La crtica Criticism La edicin Edition
El editor Editor El escritor Writer
El fotgrafo Photographer El periodismo Journalism
El periodista Journalist La tira cmica Comic strip
El titular Headline El anuncio Commercial
La cmara Camera El canal Channel
El noticiero News program El programa Program
El reportaje Report El reporter reporter
El televidente viewer La causa Cause
El detalle Detail El hecho Fact
El hroe Hero La hroe Hero
La herona Heroine El ladrn thief
Las noticias News El rescate Rescue
El robo robbery El juguete Toy
La marioneta Marionette La mueca Doll
El mueco depeluche
Stuffed animal La Amistad Friendship,acquaintance
El beb baby El bisabuelo Great-grandfather
El compaero Classmate,companion
El cuado Brother-in-law
Los gemelos Twins El hermanastro Stepbrother
La madrastra Stepmother El novio Boyfriend
El padrastro Stepfather El pariente relative
El sobrino nephew El abuelo Grandfather
Los padres Parents El suegro Father-in-law
El esposo Husband El nieto Grandson
El bisnieto Great-grandson El to Uncle
El primo Cousin El hijastro Stepson
Padrino Godfather Yerno Son-in-law
Nuera Daughter-in-law La risa laugh
Los dems The rest of the
people
La mayoria Majority
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Todo el mundo Everyone Los adornos Decorations
El aniversario Anniversary La boda Wedding
La fiesta Party Los globos Balloons
La invitacin Invitacion La reunion Reunion
La sorpresa Surprise Las velas Candles
El abrazo Hug El amor Love
El beso Kiss La felicidad Happiness
La historia Story La mentira Lie
La tristeza Sadness El aceite Oil
La carne de res Beef Las cebollas Onions
Las cerezas Cherries Los cubiertos Silverware
Los frijoles Beans La hernia Flour
El mantel Tablecloth Las manzanas apples
El pan Bread Las papas Potatoes
La pasta Pasta Las peras Pears
El pescado Fish La pimienta Pepper
La sal Salt Las salchichas Hot dogs, sausages
La servilleta Napkin El taco Taco
La taquera Taco restaurant Los tomates Tomatoes
La torta Sandwich Las verduras Vegetables
Las zanahorias carrots La cuenta Bill
El actor Actor La actriz Actress
El cantante Singer El comediante Comedian
Las aventuras Adventures La ciencia ficcin Science fictionLa comedia Comedy La escena scene
El estreno New release El horror Horror
El musical Musical La obra de teatro Theatricalproduction
La serie Series La telenovela Soap opera
El tema Theme, subject El papel role
Verbs
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Gustar To like Bailar To dance
Cantar To sing Comer To eat
Escribir To write Escuchar To listen
Patina To skate Estar To be
Ser To be Tener To have
Caminar To walk Contester To answer
Correr To run Descansar To rest
Estudiar To study Hablar To talk
Ir To go Tomar To take, eat, drink
Vivir To live Dar To give
Hacer To make, to do Ver To see
Abordar To board Desear To desire
Andar To walk Conducir To drive
Producir To produce Traducir translate
Decir To say, tell Poner To put
Saber To know Traer To bring
Venir To come Creer To believe
Leer To read Or To hear
Conocer To know Rescatar To rescue
Robar To steal Construir To construct
Dibujar To draw Exclamar To exclaim
Ocurrir To occur Sorprender To surprise
Cenar To eat dinner Llenar To fill
Ofrecer To offer
Stem Changing Verb
Almorzar(o->ue) To eat lunch Cerrar(e->ie) To close
Contar(o->ue) To count, tell Costar(o->ue) To cost
Dormir(o->ue,u) To sleep Encontrar(o->ue) To find, meet
Entender(e->ie) To understand Pensar(e->ie) To think, plan
Perder(e->ie) To lose Poder(o->ue) To be able
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Preferir(e->ie,i) To prefer Querer(e->ie) To want
Volver(o->ue) To return Comenzar(i->ie) To start
Jugar(u->ue) To play Empezar(e->ie) To begin
Competir(e->i,i) To compete Mostrar(p->ue) To show
Recomendar(e->ie) To recommend Repetir(e->i,i) To repeat
Server(e->i,i) To serve Morir(o->ue,u) To die
Pedir(e->i,i) To ask for Despedirse(e->i,i) To say goodbye to
Sentarse(e->ie) To sit down Divertirse(e->ie,i) To enjoy onself
Rerse(e->i,i) To laugh Sonrerse(e->i,i) To smile
Sentirse(e->ie,i) To feel Casarse(con) To get married (to)
Enamorarse (de) To fall in love (with) Llevarse bien To get along well
-car, -gar, -zar verbs
Comenzar To start Explicar To explain
Almorzar To eat lunch Buscar To look for
Empezar To begin Jugar To play
Llegar To arrive Pagar To pay
Practicar To practice Sacar To take
Tocar To touch, to play
Reflexive Verbs
Caerse To fall down Esconderse To hide
Pelearse To flight Despedirse(e->i,i) To say goodbye to
Reunirse To get together Sentarse(e->ie) To sit down
Aburrirse To get bored Asustarse de To be scared of
Cansarse To get tired Darse cuenta de To realize
Disculparse To apologize Divertirse(e->ie,i) To enjoy onself
Enojarse con To get angry with Portarse bien/mal To behavewell/badly
Preocuparse por To be worried about Rerse(e->i,i) To laugh
Sentirse(e->ie,i) To feel Sonrerse(e->i,i) To smile
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Verbs like gustar
Encantar To delight Faltar To lack
Fascinar To fascinate Importer To be important to
Interesar To interest Molestar To bother
Adjectives
Alegre Happy Alto(a) Tall
Bajo(a) Short(height) Castao(a) Brown haired
Cmico(a) Funny Corto(a) Short(length)
Delgado(a) Thin Guapo(a) Good-looking
Largo(a) Long Moreno(a) Dark(hair&skin)
Nervioso(a) Nervous Rubio(a) Blond
Serio(a) Serious Tranquilo(a) Calm
Triste Sad Encantado(a) Delighted
Antiguo(a) Old Enorme Enormous
Formal Formal Lujoso Luxurious
Modern(a) Modern Raro(a) Rare
Tradicional Traditional Sabroso(a) Tasty
Internacional International Local local
Cuidado Careful Envidia Envious
xito Successful Vergenza ashamed
Animado(a) Lively, animated Divertido Entertaining, fun
Sociable Sociable Timdo(a) shyPobre Poor Rico(a) rich
Impaciente Impatient Obediente Obedient
Comn Common Diario(a) daily
Bastante Enough Demasiado(a) Too much
Lleno(a) Full Mojado(a) Wet
Seco(a) Dry Vaco Empty
Romntico Romantic
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Phrases/Preposition/ Conjunction/and etc
Buenas tardes Good afternoon Cmo ests? How are you?
Cmo te llamas? Whats your name? El gusto es mio Pleasure is mine
Les present a.. Id like to introduceyou to
Me llamo My name is
Se llama His/her name is Adnde Where
Cmo How Cul(es) Which, what
Cundo When Cunto How much
Cuntos aos tiene..? How old is..? Dnde Where
Por qu Why qu WhatQuin(es) who Acampar en las
montaasTo camp in themountains
Bajar un ro encanoa
To go down a riverby canoe
Cantar en el coro To sing in the chorus
Disfrutar con losamigos
To enjoy time withfriends
Estudiar las artesmarciales
To study martial arts
Jugar al ajedrez To play chess Tomar un curso denatacin
To take a swimmingclass
Estar de acuerdo To be in agreement Hubo/Habia There was, were
Estar bien informado To be well informed De repente Suddenly
De versa? Really? No me digas! Dont tell me!
T crees? Do you think so? Ya lo s! I already know!
A veces Sometimes Cuando era nio When I was young..
Dentro de Inside Fuera de Outside
Anoche Last night Anteayer Day beforeyesterday
El ao pasado Last year Ayer Yesterday
Al contrario On the contrary As fue que And so it was that
Aunque Even though Casi Almost
De maravilla Marvelous En seguida At once
Mientras While Para empezar To begin with
Por fin Finally Siguiente Next, following
Primero First Segundo Second
Tercero Third Cuarto Fourth
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Quinto Fifth Sexto Sixth
Sptimo Seventh Octavo Eighth
Noveno ninth Dcimo Tenth
Romper la piata To break the pinata Qu desea(n)? What would youlike?
Dejar la propina To leave the tip Dar una vuelta To take a walk
Qu me (nos)recomienda?
What would yourecommend?
Salud! Cheers!
Se le(s) ofreces algoms?
May I offer youanything more?
