Europeans in Europeans in the Americasthe Americas

Spanish divided empire into 2 central divisionsNew SpainMexico & Central

America

Peruwestern coast of South

America

Cortes conquers the Aztecs – 1521Superior weapons

muskets and cannonsHelp from other native American

groupsDidn’t like Aztec ruleMalinche – translator

Smallpox much smaller Native American population to fight

Pizarro conquers the Incas– 1532 (Peru)Battle of Cajamarca187 Spaniards vs 80,000 Inca

Soldiers!!Incas unprepared for battleSpanish had Superior weapons and

Horses Inca Atahualpa taken captive

Goal = Make Spain profitableSugar Cane Introduced to West Indies

Refined into sugar, molasses & rumBUT Required plantations—large estates

run by an owner, or owner's overseerEncomiendas created – a system giving the

Spanish the right to demand labor or tribute (payment) from Native Americans

NOTE: System was meant to be fair labor, but led to brutal slavery—starvation & cruel treatment to those who resisted

Bartolomeo de la CasasOutspoken Spanish

PriestSpoke out against cruel

treatment of native Americans

1542 – Encomienda system abolishedAfrican labor promoted

by many to replace Native American labor

FRANCE- Cartier: sailed up the St Lawrence River,

Established -“Mount Royal” Mont Real = Montreal.

Became NEW FRANCE

Area was very large, but sparsely populatedFrance was interested in TRADE.

NOT interested in establishing colonies.Did NOT build town or establish families

$$$$$$

ENGLISH 1607 – King James approves a charter by

English investors to found a colony in North America. – JamestownAfter a disastrous beginning of searching for

gold, farmer discovered their own type of gold – tobacco

1620 - Puritans – fled Anglican Church persecution in EnglandBrought families to build a model community

The Netherlands – the DutchEstablish New Amsterdam (modern-day

NYC)Henry Hudson –

Englishman in service of Netherlands looking for route to Asia

Established trade with Iroquois IndiansExpanded the fur trade - again, like the

French, lots of profit, but limited colonists

Europeans countries colonized the Caribbean Island (taking over some land from Spain)French – Haiti, Guadalupe, MartiniqueEnglish – Barbados and JamaicaDutch – Antilles and Aruba

Each Build huge Cotton and Sugar plantationsDemand HUGE amounts of labor

The English, getting permission from the Duke of York, drive out the Dutch and claim “New York”Dutch surrender without a shot.

Expanding English colonies clash with French lands holdingsFrench and Indian War (1750s) English win and control most of

North America

Creoles

Mestizos\ Mulattos

Native Americans/

Africans

Peninsulares – people born in Spain and filled the highest government positions.

Creoles – American born decedents of Spanish settlers. Creoles owned most of the Plantations, ranches, and mines.

Mestizos – Mixed European and Native American descent.Mulattos – Mixed European and African decent

Exit Card:Exit Card:The Spanish encomienda system was how land was distributed in the New World. Native Americans were enslaved and forced to work on Spanish plantations and mines.

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