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Transcript of SPANISH AND BRASILIAN WORKSHOP ON RENEWABLE ENERGY R+D ON BIOENERGY IN SPAIN M. Ballesteros Head of...
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SPANISH AND BRASILIAN WORKSHOP ON RENEWABLE ENERGY
R+D ON BIOENERGY IN SPAIN
M. BallesterosHead of Biofuels Unit
CIEMAT
Rio de Janeiro 30 SEPTEMBER – 1 OCTOBER 2013
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10% OF WORLD PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION (45 EJ)
BIOMASS CONSUMPTION (2007)
Fuente: Best et al. 2008
– 80% traditional solid biomass for heating and cooking
– 20% commercial biomass : 80% heat, 1% power, 2% liquid biofuels
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BIOENERGY SYSTEMS
Traditional Biomass
• over-exploitation of natural resources, • low economic valorization of biomass, • low efficienct technologies
Modern biomass
• commercial• efficient technologies• environmentally sustainable
production and use
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BIOMASS AS ENERGY RESOURCE
Abundant energy resource
• It can be stored• It can be transformed into energy by different technologies (mechanical,
thermochemical, biological)• It provides solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels to use for heating, power and
transport purposes
• It can not be found free.
• It requires a long chain of activities: planting, growing, harvesting and pretreatment (storage and drying) before it can be transformed into an energy carrier.
• Biofuels have an associated cost that has to be considered.
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… not only depends on more efficient conversion technologies (combustion, co-firing, gasification, second generation liquid biofuels)
but
A broad range of research topics should be considered such as biomass availability and logistics.
Technological development to support the use of biomass…
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• More than 100 Organizations working on Bioenergy
- Excellent research teams in universities and specialized centers
- Strong National Research Institutes: CIEMAT, CENER,,CSIC, INIA…
• High participation in the European Research Framework Programmes
• High Spanish participation in the European Research Alliance in Bioenergy
Members: CIEMAT and CENER
Associated to CIEMAT: Unizar, IREC, Imdea-Energy and Tecnalia
• Dynamic industry with technological leadership
Abengoa Bioenergy, REPSOL, Acciona, …
Spain is very active in R+D on Bioenergy
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R&D Programme of Biomass Unit
Objective: To develop knowledge, technologies and applications to produce solid and liquid biofuels for heating, power and transport purposes.
1
Feedstock research
R&D activities
3
Second generation Biofuels
2
Solids Biofuels
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Madrid Center
Soria CenterFeedstock research and solid biofuels
production
Liquid Biofuels Research
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R&D Programme of Biomass Unit
Objective: To develop knowledge, technologies and applications to produce solid and liquid biofuels for heating, power and transport purposes.
1Feedstock research
R&D activities
Evaluation of avalilable resources
Energy crops
Logistics: collecting, transporting
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FEEDSTOCK RESEARCH
Objective: To improve the cost competitiveness of biomass supplies to energy systems
Evaluation of available biomass resources taking into account the geographical specificity of biomass supply and consumption. The aim is to assess the level of supplies compatible with sustainable production
Development, production and management of energy crops, taking into account issues related to planting, used of chemicals for fertilizing, irrigation, weed control or soil quality
Studies on biomass harvesting, storage and transportation technologies to reduce the cost of biomass delivery to energy plant.
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Brassica carinata
Sorgo híbrido
Cardo
Panicum virgatum
Paulownia
Chopos
Olmo de Siberia
Agropiros
Caña común
Cereales para bioetanol
Triticale y otras gramíneas anuales
HerbáceosLeñosos
Robinia
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Sinapis alba
Cultivos Oleaginosos para Biodiesel
Colza (Brassica napus)
Jatropha curcas Camelina sp.
Crambe
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R&D Programme of Biomass Unit
1Feedstock research
R&D activities
Available resources
Energy crops
Logistics
2Solid biofuels for heating and power
High quality solid biofuels from energy cropsDrying MillingCompaction
Combustion of biomass with high ash content Sinterization
Emissions
Characterization
Objective: To develop knowledge, technologies and applications to produce solid and liquid biofuels for heating, power and transport purposes.
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BIOMASS CHARACTERIZATION LABORATORY (BCL) is a scientific reference laboratory for energy and physico-chemical characterization of biomass and solid biofuels.
It is equipped with facilities to perform the following analysis:
Proximate analysis (moisture, ash and volatile compounds content)
Ultimate analysis (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and clorum)
Inorganic compounds content
Higher Heat Value and Lower Heat values
Thermogavimetric analysis
Particle size distribution
Pile density
Pellet durability
CHARACTERIZATION
Objective: To know biomass chemical and physical characteristics in order to choose the best energetic conversion process
BCL belongs to the Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 which is working on the standardisation of solid biofuels derived from pure biomass.
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Hammermill with particle size classification
(200-700 kg/h)Rotary air dryer (200-400 kg/h)
HIGH-QUALITY SOLID BIOFUELS FROM HIGH ASH CONTENT BIOMASS
Pelleting plant (300-500 kg/h)
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Slagging on the grate of a combustion system
1. 1-Metil naftaleno2. 2-Metil naftaleno3. Dimetil naftaleno4. Acenaftileno5. Acenafteno6. Fluoreno7. Fenantreno8. Antraceno9. Fluoranteno10. Pireno11. Benzo(a)antraceno**12. Criseno13. Benzo(b)fluoranteno*14. Benzo(k)fluoranteno15. Benzo(a)pireno**16. Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene*17. Dibenzo(ah)antraceno18. Naftaleno19. Benzo(ghi)perileno
Gases
Cenizas
Polinuclear Aromaric Hydrocarbons formed in biomass combustion
Objective:
To study the release of ash forming compounds from biomass fuels in both fixed and fluidised bed combustion systems to determine data concerning the melting behaviour and emissions.
ASH-RELATED PROBLEMS IN COMBUSTION OF BIOMASS
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17 kW Boiler
100 kW Boiler
500 kW Boiler
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R&D Programme of Biomass Unit
1Feedstock research
R&D activities
Avalilable resources
Energy crops
Logistics
2Solid biofuels for heating and power
PretreatmentDrying MillingCompaction
Ash-related problemsIn biomass combustion
Sinterization Emissions
Characterization
3Liquid Biofuels
Pretreatment
Enzymatic hydrolysis
Fermentation
Objective: To develop knowledge, technologies and applications to produce solid and liquid biofuels for heating, power and transport purposes.
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LIQUID BIOFUELS UNIT
OBJECTIVE
To develop processes and technologies for converting lignocellulosic materials into ethanol and other high value products in an efficient and cost-effective manner to facilitate the adoption of these processes by industry
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Power generation
PROCESS CHART
• Cellulose (glucose)• Hemicellulose (C5 & C6 sugars)
• LigninCellulosic biomass
Pretreatment
Biological steps:Celullase production,
Hydrolysis, fermentation
Ethanol recovery
Residue processing
Process effluents
Fuel: Ethanol
SolidLiquid
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Power generation
PROCESS CHART
• Cellulose (glucose)• Hemicellulose (C5 & C6 sugars)
• LigninCellulosic biomass
Pretreatment
Biological steps:Celullase production,
Hydrolysis, fermentation
Ethanol recovery
Residue processing
Process effluents
Fuel: Ethanol
SolidLiquid
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TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES FOR BIOCHEMICAL ROUTE
• To reduce the cost of the pretreatment while maintaining efficiency
• To limit the consumption of chemicals, energy and water and the
production of wastes
• To minimize sugar degradation and inhibitors formation (moderate
conditions)
1. FEEDSTOCK PRETREATMENT
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Biomass deconstruction technologies
Pretreatment Temperature(ºC)
Time(min)
Chemical Concentration
Stirred & pressure reactor
170-230 2-50 None/ Dilute acid
1-2% H2SO4
Steam Explosion 160-230 2-90 None
Extrusion 30-70 2-10 Alkaline 5-10% on dw raw material
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Steam explosion pretreatment plants of 2 and 10 litres
2 L laboratory prototype for LHW pretreatment
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EXTRUSION PRETREATMENT
Twin-screw extruder (10 kg/h capacity)
Different screws in twin-screw extruderCS- Conveying screw
MS- Mixing screw
RS- Reverse screwCS
RSMS
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TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES FOR BIOCHEMICAL ROUTE
2. NEW AND/OR IMPROVED ENZYMES
• To reduce the costs of enzyme production by improving cellulase production and enzymatic cocktail efficiency
• To find the way for reducing enzyme loading without loss of performance
• To develop enzymes with improved thermo-stability and less susceptibility to sugars inhibition
• Develop yeast strains resistant to toxic compounds, high solids concentration and rising ethanol concentration
3. FERMENTATION
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Joint Unit of Biotechnological Processes for Energy Production
• To incorporate molecular biology tools to improve the efficiency and economics of biochemical conversion processes of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels: enzyme and fermenting microorganisms development
• To produce biofuels from microalgae.
Advanced conversion path based on biological and chemical process
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Joint Biotechnological Processes Unit
Research Activities
• Isolation and characterization of new microorganisms and their enzymatic complex to transform lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels.
• Production of biofuels and other added- value products from microalgae
• Genetic manipulation (modification or introduction of new steps) of metabolic routes in hydrolytic and/or fermentative microorganisms and microalgae to increase production of target metabolites
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Cellulose hydrolysis
Cellulases
HexosesFermentationPentose Fermentation
SHF SSF SSCF CBP
SHF: Separate Hydrolysis and fermentation; SSF: Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, SSFC: Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation CBP: Consolidated bioprocessing
TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES FOR BIOCHEMICAL ROUTE
4. PROCESS INTEGRATION
Level of integration
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The Second generation Biofuel Centre is a Process Development Units (PDUs) to produce 2nd generation biofuels on a pilot scale level as an intermediate step towards the industrial scale-up of these technologies and as a biorefinery test platform..
Sugar PlatformBiochemical processes
WasteLignin
BIOMASSBioFuelsBioProductsBioPolymersBioMaterials
Synthesis gas platformThermochemical processes
GasificationSynthesis gas
preparation
Raw MaterialSugars
Cogeneration (CHP)Energy and heat
Second Generation Biofuel Center (CB2G); collaboration CENER-CIEMAT
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Pretreatment Unit: Capacity: 500 Kg Biomass/h In operation from 2008
Chipper & Chopper
Drying Unit
Milling Units
Torrefaction reactor
Pelletizing unit
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ABFB Gasifier & Thermal Oxidizer and Flue gases treatment
Thermochemical Unit: Capacity: 2 MWt-500 Kg Biomass/h In operation from 2012
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Biochemical Process Unit: Capacity: Up to 1,500 kg biomass / weekIn operation from 2013
The unit offers:
Biomass feedstock flexibility.Flexible scaling-up: pilot- semi industrial.High solid content processes development.Different conditions and process configurations.Different target products: biofuels and bio-products
Main equipment includes:
Vacuum Belt Filter Detoxification and Dilution TanksEnzymatic Hydrolysis (2 x 3 m3)Bioreactors (1, 3 and 6 m3)
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Biochemical Process Unit: Pilot PlantIn operation from 2013
Continuous horizontal reactor: 5Kg/h up to 14.5bar & 200ºC Bioreactor fully monitored.
Pretreatment
Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Fermentation
Stirred tank reactor to develop high consistency EH
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PROJECTS COLLABORATION 7FP
BRASIL-UBL (CIEMAT)
Biofuels Assessment on Technical Opportunities and Research Needs for Latin America
Specific International Cooperation Actions;
Integration of Biology and Engineering into an Economical and Energy-Efficient 2G Bioethanol Biorefinery
EU-Brazil Collaborative project
PROETHANOL2G
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BioTop Partners• WIP – Renewable Energies, Alemania (WIP)
• Technical University of Denmark (DTU)
• University of Graz, Austria (UNI GRAZ)
• BTG Biomass Technology Group, Holanda (BTG)
• Argentine Renewable Energies Chamber (ABC)
• Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Chile (UCV)
• Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM)
• Fundación Bariloche, Argentina (FB)
• FUSP/CENBIO, Brasil
• CIEMAT, España
To identify technical opportunities and research needs for Latin America in order to maximize synergies in the biofuels sectors of Latin America and Europe.
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Proethanol 2G: EU-Brazil Collaborative project
EU: FP7-ENERGY-2009-BRAZIL (Contract No 251151)/ BRAZIL: Edital nº 006/2009 - CNPq/MCT
PROETHANOL2G focus on:
The effective integration and development of advanced technologies through the combined use of Biology and Engineering for the production of second generation (2G) bioethanol, from the most representatives European (wheat straw) and Brazilian (sugarcane bagasse and straw) feedstocks.
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COLLABORATION will continue in Horizon 2020
Workprogramme for 2015
Partnering with Brazil on advanced biofuels
In the framework of the EU-Brazil S&T Cooperation Agreement, the European Commission and the Brasilean Ministry of Science and Technology are working together to benefit from the complementarities in research and innovation, in
order to foster the development of advanced biofuels and accelerate their commercialisation both in Brazil and in Europe.