SPACEMATE® Presentation | KTH 27 October 2011
77
Space, Density and Urban Form KTH, 27 October 2011 META BERGHAUSER PONT
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Meta Berghauser Pont discusses the
Transcript of SPACEMATE® Presentation | KTH 27 October 2011
Space, Density and Urban Form
KTH, 27 October 2011
META BERGHAUSER PONT
75 dwellings per hectare 75 dwellings per hectare 75 dwellings per hectare
40 dwellings per hectare
50 dwellings per hectare
60 dwellings per hectare
Grachtengordel Jordaan
Density of Amsterdam
Amsterdam
1650
1400
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Densityinh/ha
Footprintm2/inh
140
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
160
(predominately) housing fabrics
parks
sports facilities
garden allotments
cemeteries
industrial and office areas
Amsterdam
1880
1400
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Densityinh/ha
Footprintm2/inh
140
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
160
(predominately) housing fabrics
parks
sports facilities
garden allotments
cemeteries
industrial and office areas
Amsterdam
1900
1400
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Densityinh/ha
Footprintm2/inh
140
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
160
(predominately) housing fabrics
parks
sports facilities
garden allotments
cemeteries
industrial and office areas
Amsterdam
1939
1400
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Densityinh/ha
Footprintm2/inh
140
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
160
(predominately) housing fabrics
parks
sports facilities
garden allotments
cemeteries
industrial and office areas
Amsterdam
1958
1400
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Densityinh/ha
Footprintm2/inh
140
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
160
(predominately) housing fabrics
parks
sports facilities
garden allotments
cemeteries
industrial and office areas
Footprintm2/inh
140
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
160
Amsterdam
1984
1400
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Densityinh/ha
(predominately) housing fabrics
parks
sports facilities
garden allotments
cemeteries
industrial and office areas
Amsterdam
2000
1400
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
Densityinh/ha
Footprintm2/inh
140
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
160
(predominately) housing fabrics
parks
sports facilities
garden allotments
cemeteries
industrial and office areas
1876: 30 m 1926: 50 m 1958: 80 m 1998: 120 m2 2 2 2
Average occupation rate (inhabitants per dwelling unit) (G.W.B.) Urban footprint (m2 of city space per inhabitant)
Raymond Unwin (1909):
“Nothing gained by overcrowding!”
Unwin: < 12 dwellings per acre
Hoenig: spaciousness of at least 1
Jane Jacobs (1961):
“American slums are not only an issue faced in the inner
cities, but also in the low-density, dull areas in the fringes”
Jacobs: > 100 dwellings per acre
coverage over 60%
Raymond Unwin (1909):
“Nothing gained by overcrowding!”
Unwin: < 12 dwellings per acre
Hoenig: spaciousness of at least 1
Urban Density and Energy Consumption
Urban Density
inhabitants per hectare
Urban Footprint
m2 per inhabitant
Measuring Density
Density Measures Year Use Norm
Density Measures Year Use Norm
Density Measures Year Use Norm
Density Measures Year Use Norm
Density Measures Year Use Norm
75 dwellings per hectare 75 dwellings per hectare 75 dwellings per hectare
FSI = 1.90 FSI = 1.90 FSI = 1.90
40 200
N
GSI = 0.25 GSI = 0.25 GSI = 0.25
40 200
N
OSR= 1.00 OSR= 1.00 OSR= 1.00
40 200
N
L = 3 L = 3 L = 3
40 200
N
1FSI 1.00
GSI 1.00
L 1.00
OSR 0.00
FSI 1.00
GSI 1.00
L 1.00
OSR 0.00
2FSI 1.00
GSI 0.50
L 2.00
OSR 0.50
3FSI 1.00
GSI 0.33
L 3.00
OSR 0.67
4FSI 1.00
GSI 0.25
L 4.00
OSR 0.75
known sought
FSI L=FSI/GSI
GSI OSR=(1-GSI)/FSI
FSI GSI=FSI/L
L OSR=1/FSI-1/L
FSI GSI=1-FSI*OSR
OSR L=1/(1/FSI-OSR)
GSI FSI=GSI*L
L OSR=(1/L)*(1/GSI-1)
GSI FSI=(1-GSI)/OSR
OSR L=(1/GSI-1)/OSR
L FSI=1/(OSR+1/L)
OSR GSI=1/(L*OSR+1)
1FSI 1.00
GSI 1.00
L 1.00
OSR 0.00
2FSI 1.00
GSI 0.50
L 2.00
OSR 0.50
3FSI 1.00
GSI 0.33
L 3.00
OSR 0.67
4FSI 1.00
GSI 0.25
L 4.00
OSR 0.75
24 3 1
2
1
3
40 200
N
1 2 3
21 3
40 200
N
1 2 3
2 13
40 200
N
1 2 3
2 13
40 200
N
1 2 3
65
150
70
180
130
220
40 200
N
1 2 3
Network density
2
1
3
40 200
N
1N = 0.012
b = 32.1
T = 0.35
2N = 0.021
b = 14.4
T = 0.28
3N = 0.023
b = 18.0
T = 0.37
23
1
Floor Space Index (FSI)FSIx=Fx/Ax where
Fx = gross floor area (m2)Ax = area of aggregation x (m2)x = aggregation (lot (l), island (i), fabric (f), or district (d))
Ground Space Index (GSI)GSIx=Bx/Ax where
Bx = footprint of (m2)Ax = area of aggregation x (m2)x = aggregation (lot (l), island (i), fabric (f), or district (d))
Network Density (N)Nx=(Σli+(Σle)/2)/Ax where
li = length of interior network (m)le = length of edge network (m)Ax = area of aggregation x (m2)
Floor Space Index (FSI)FSIx=Fx/Ax where
Fx = gross floor area (m2)Ax = area of aggregation x (m2)x = aggregation (lot (l), island (i), fabric (f), or district (d))
Ground Space Index (GSI)GSIx=Bx/Ax where
Bx = footprint of (m2)Ax = area of aggregation x (m2)x = aggregation (lot (l), island (i), fabric (f), or district (d))
Network Density (N)Nx=(Σli+(Σle)/2)/Ax where
li = length of interior network (m)le = length of edge network (m)Ax = area of aggregation x (m2)
Open Space Ratio (OSR)
Building Height (L)
Tare (T)
Urban types and Density
Performance of Density
Parking Performance
Kowloon City (Hong Kong)
DPI 10%
DPI 25%
DPI 50%
DPI 100%
FSI
GSI
Ciutat Vella (Barcelona)
Siemenstadt (Berlin)
Jordaan (Amsterdam)
Daylight Performance
B1B2B3
A1
A2
A3
‘Urbanity’
Representing Urban TypesCase Rotterdam
FSI
GSI
MXI
Density
Integration
Density
Integration
Stadionpark
Feijenoord
Stadshavens
Open Source DatabaseSpaceCalculator: http://www.permeta.nl/spacemate/index2.html
Amsterdam: http://www.gisdro.nl/FUNCTIEMIX/
