Spaceborne Observations of the Polar Regions during IPY The IPY provides an international framework...

Spaceborne Observations of the Polar Regions during IPY

• The IPY provides an international framework for

understanding high-latitude climate change and predicting world wide impacts.

• Spaceborne technology offers unique capabilities for obtaining essential data for predictive models.

• IPY era spaceborne instrumentation represents a technological leap beyond the capabilities of the IGY

Global Inter-agency IPY Polar Snapshot Year

(GIIPSY) GIIPSY aims to facilitate:

• Use of current and soon to be launched earth observing satellites to develop broad spectral, medium and high resolution snapshots of the polar regions.

• Use of the snapshots as gauges for assessing the impacts

of past and future high latitude environmental changes.

• Establishment of technical and programmatic infrastructure for sustaining international observations beyond IPY.

GIIPSYScience Goals

• Understand the polar ice sheets sufficiently to predict their contribution to global sea level rise• Understand sea ice sufficiently to predict its response to and influence on global climate change and biological processes Measure how much water is stored as seasonal snow and its variability. Understand glaciers and ice caps in the context of hydrologic and biologic systems and their contributions to global sea level rise. Understand the interactions between the changing polar atmosphere and the changes in sea ice, glacial ice, snow extent, and surface melting. Understand the spatial distribution of permafrost, its interactions with other systems or processes, and predict its response to climate change. Improve understanding, observing and modeling capabilities of lake and river ice and its influence on energy, water and biochemical cycling, and aquatic ecosystems.

Aircraft and in-situSounders and GPR

SystemsDMSP

IceSat

ADM-Aeolus

Accomplishing the IPY SnapshotMETOP

GOCE

GRACE

SPOT-4

HRVIR / VGT

SMOS

f

PALSAR PRISM / AVNIR-2

Aqua & Terra

H

ERS-2

ALOS

RADARSAT

Envisat

ASAR MERIS / A-ATSR

MODIS / ASTERAMSR-E ASCAT AVHRRSSMI

IPY science goals can be realized through collaboration on the end-to-end system of:• Sensors and Spacecraft• Acquisition Planning• Receiving Ground Stations• Processing Facilities• Calibration and Validation• Historical data sets

The End

to End System

Additionally, plans should include suborbital campaigns where there may be a need to tie interrupted spaceborne observations (e.g. ERS-2 to IceSAT to Envisat RA2) that bracket the IPY period.

To include Svalbardand Antarctic Stations

http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ESOC/SEMZEEW4QWD_1.html

New Technical Innovation

The IPY is a scientific endeavour. Yet it is likely that the IPY investigations will also identify new technical requirements and approaches. A recommendation to the flight agencies is to seed the most promising ideas so as to prepare for next generation observations.

GISMO/CReSIS: Build an instrument to image Greenland and Antarctica as they would appear were the ice sheets stripped away

GIIPSY Strategy

• Specify data requirements (IGOS, IPY-SCOBS)• Identify requirements satisfied through the routine

operations (eg MODIS, MERIS) • For routine observations, work with flight agencies

to assure that data are available/archived in standardized fashion

• Identify requirements that can only be satisfied by non-routine tasking, processing and distribution (eg SAR, InSAR, high resolution optical).

• Work with the flight agencies to acquire non-routine data so as to distribute the operational load.

• Following selection of projects through the national A.O.’s, identify whether any legacy data sets are absent from the acquisition plans.

GIIPSY Vision• Acquire key legacy data sets necessary to

understand the changing polar environment. Examples include:

– First, pole to coast measurement of Antarctic Ice Sheet surface velocity;

– Annual, basin-scale measurements of Arctic sea ice motion;

– First, circumpolar, fine resolution measurements of Antarctic sea ice kinematics

– High spatial resolution measurements of polar glacier elevation;

– Pan-Arctic view of lake and river ice break-up dynamics;

– Infrastructure and programs for continuing observations into the future.

GIIPSY Plans and Accomplishments

• ESA IPY Data A.O.• CSA RADARSAT-1 archive access• U.S. NASA and NSF funds for ALOS

processing• GIIPSY Data Requirements Document• GIIPSY meeting, 2006 Fall AGU• WMO sponsored meeting of international

flight agencies, January, 2007

GIIPSY Information• www-bprc.mps.ohio-state.edu/rsl/GIIPSY

• European IPY Launch Event (ESF-EPB)Feb. 26, 2007 - European Parliament, StrasbourgContact: M. Drinkwater ([email protected])

• GIIPSY Team Meeting EGU, Vienna, April 2007Contact: K. Farness ([email protected])

Upcoming GIIPSY Events

GIIPSY ParticipantsRobin Bell Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory

Ian Allison Australian Antarctic Division

Barry Goodison Environment Canada

Roger Barry National Snow and Ice Data Centre

Chris Rapley British Antarctic Survey

Irena Hajnsek DLR

Prasad Gogineni University of Kansas

Fumihiko Nishio Chiba University

Vicky Lytle Director CliC IPO

Jeff Key University of Wisconsin

Wen Jiahong Shanghai Normal University

John Cooper NASA GSFC

Katy Farness The Ohio State University

Costas Armenakis NRCan

Flavio Parmiggiani ISAC CNR

John Crawford Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Helen Fricker Scripps Institute of Oceanography

Mark Parsons National Snow and Ice Data Centre

Vijay K. Agarwal Space Applications Centre (ISRO)

National Snow and Ice Data CentreTed Scambos

Yonsei UniversityHong Gyoo Sohn

USA CRRELDon Perovich

The Ohio State UniversityJason Box

University College LondonDuncan Wingham

Technical University of DenmarkPreben Gudmandsen

Norsk Polar InstituteJack Kohler

NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterJay Zwally

University of BristolJonathan Bamber

NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterWaleed Abdalati

Texas A&M UniversityHong Xing Liu

Scripps Institute of OceanographyBernard Minster

Goddard Space Flight CenterRobert Bindschadler

Alaska Satellite FacilityNettie LaBelle-Hamer

University of WashingtonHarry Stern

Vexcel CorporationJohn Curlander

Jet Propulsion LaboratoryBen Holt

University of UtahRick Forster

Canadian Ice ServiceDean Flett

Canadian Space AgencyPaul Briand

GIIPSY ParticipantsSatyendra_Bhandari Space Applications Centre (ISRO)

Chris Elfering National Academies

Sheldon Drobot University of Colorado

E Dongchen Wuhan University

Chunxia Zhou Wuhan University

David Long Brigham Young University

Stein Sandven Nansen Centre (NERSC)

Charles Randell PolarView Consortium (C-CORE)

Pablo Clemente-Colon National Ice Centre

Joerg Haarpaintner NORUT

Dirk Geudtner Canadian Space Agency

Mike Demuth Natural Resources Canada

Ola Grabak European Space Agency-ESRIN

Jeff Kargel US Geological Survey

Andrew Flemming British Antarctic Survey

Guoping Li China National Space Administration

Surendra Parashar Canadian Space Agency

Rune Solberg Norwegian Computing Center

Dave Barber U. Manitoba

Rene Forsberg Danish National Space Centre

Jeanne Sauber GSFC

Helmut Rott University of Innsbruck

Ron Kwok JPL

Andrew Flemming BAS

Anne Walker Met. Canada

Dorothy Hall GSFC

Niels Reeh Danish Tech. Univ.

Mark Drinkwater ESA ESTEC (GIIPSY co-lead)

Kenneth Jezek Ohio State University (GIIPSY co-lead)

Ian Joughin Univ. Washington

Leif Toudal Pedersen Danish Technical University

Robert Thomas E.G.&G

Jinro Ukita Chiba University, Japan

Frank Paul University of Zurich

Soren Andersen Danish Meteorological Institute

Valery Vuglinsky St. Petersburg State University

Jerry Brown International Permafrost Association

Claude Duguay University of Waterloo, Canada

Victor Zlotnicki JPL

Roger DeAbreu Canadian Ice Service

GIIPSY Participants

JPLEric Rignot

NOAAPablo Clemente-Colon

USGSEd Josberg

NSFMartin Jeffries

KoreaJ. Kim

U. New HampshireMark Fahnestock

ESAEinar_Arne Herland

ESAHenri Laur

Canadian Ice ServiceDouglas Bancroft

U. ManitobaDave Barber

Canadian Ice ServiceDean Flett

NOAAStan Wilson

Observation Requirements: Ice Sheets Geophysical Variable Intermediate

ProductObservation Interval

Spatial Scale Instrument Type Wavelength Special requirement

Potential System

Temperature IR Radiances Seasonal Entire Ice Sheet

Thermal IR Imager Thermal IR 1 K MODIS

A-ATSR

Ice sheet maps,

Coastline, grounding line

Shear margins

Moderate resolution images

Seasonal Entire Ice Sheet

Visible Imager Visible bands 200 m MODIS

MERIS

Ice Mass Change Gravity Anomaly and Gradients


Potential Field Sensor N/A GRACE

GOCE

Surface Temperature; Surface melt;

Accumulation rate

Passive Microwave Radiances

Daily Entire Ice Sheet

Scanning Microwave radiometers

L-Ka band AMSR-E

SSMI

SMOS

Surface Albedo

Snow grain size

Visible and IR Reflectance


Visible/Thermal IR Imager Visible & SWIR bands

Cloud masking MODIS

MERIS

Surface Elevation and Topography

Signal Travel Time Seasonal Entire Ice Sheet

Laser and Radar Altimeters; InSAR

Microwave to optical

10 cm accuracy on elevation change

ICESat

Envisat RA-2

CryoSat

TanDEM X

Coastline, grounding line, Crevasses

High Resolution Imagery

5 year repeat Entire Ice Sheet

SAR

Optical Imager

L, C, X Minimize acquisition duration,

<25 m

Radarsat-2

ALOS

ICEsat

Envisat ASAR

TerraSAR-X

Landsat

ASTER

RISAT

Surface Velocity

Accumulation rate

Complex SAR image pair

5 year repeat Entire Ice Sheet

InSAR C, (L, X?) Minimize acquisition; maximize coherence

Radarsat-2

TerraSAR-X

TandDEM-X

RISAT

Surface Velocity Complex SAR image pair

Seasonal Fast Glaciers InSAR C, (L,X?) Maximize coherence

Radarsat-2

TerraSAR-X

Envisat ASAR

TanDEM-X

ALOS PALSAR

RISAT

Observation Requirements: Sea IceGeophysical Variable

Intermediate Product

Observation Interval


Potential System

Ice Extent

Concentration

Ice Type/Age

Melt Onset

Microwave Radiance

Radar backscatter

Dailly Arctic ocean and marginal seas; Southern Ocean

Microwave Radiometer

L-Ka band AMSR-E

SSMI

QuikScat

ASCAT

SMOS

Oceansat-2 (Scatt)

Surface Temperature

IR Radiance Daily “” IR Imager` IR MODIS

AVHRR

A-ATSR

Ice Motion

Surface Albedo

High and Moderate Resolution Images

Daily “” SAR and Optical Images

L, C, X band

Optical

MODIS

AVHRR

RADARSAT-2

Envisat ASAR

ALOS

TerraSAR-X

RISAT

Leads and ridge distribution;

Melt pond coverage

High Resolution Imagery

Daily “” SAR amd Optical L, C, X band SPOT

LandSAT

ASTER

Envisat

TerraSAR-X

Radarsat-2

ALOS

RISAT

Snow Cover Thickness

Microwave Radiance

Daily “” Microwave Radiometer

C-Ka Band 25 km` AMSR-E

SSM/I

Sea ice biology Visible imagery

Dailry “” Ocean color imager Optical Oceansat-2 OCM

MODIS

Ice thickness from freeboard

Signal travel Time

Daily “” Laser and Radar Altimeters

ICESat

Cryosat

Observation Requirements: High Latitude Seasonal Snow Cover

Geophysical Variable




Potential System

Snow Extent

Snow Thickness

SWE

Microwave and optical radiance

Daily Arctic Wide Microwave Radiometer,

Visible & IR Imager

MODIS

AMSR-E

SSMI

SMOS

Surface Temperature

IR Radiance Daily Arctic Wide IR Radiometer Thermal IR MODIS

A-ATSR

Snow Thickness Range Seasonal Arctic Wide Laser Altimeter Visible ICESat

Surface Albedo Optical reflectance

Seasonal Arctic Wide Visible imager Visible and IR Cloud masking

MERIS

A-ATSR

MODIS

SPOT VGT

Observational Requirements: Glaciers and Ice CapsGeophysical Variable




Potential System

Temperature IR Radiances Seasonal Canadian Arctic; Alaska; Svalbard; Iceland; Eurasian Arctic

Thermal IR Imager

Thermal IR 1 K MODIS

Surface maps, Glacier margins,

Calving snout

Moderate resolution images

Seasonal “” Visible Imager Visible bands 200 m MODIS

LandSAT

ASTER

Surface Temperature; Surface melt;

Accumulation rate

Passive Microwave Radiances

Daily “” Scanning Microwave radiometers

L-Ka band Larger ice caps only

AMSR-E

SSMI

SMOS

Surface Topograpy Signal travel time

Seasonal “” Laser and Radar Altimeters; InSAR

Microwave to optcal

10 cm accuracy

ICESat

CryoSAT

TanDEM X

Crevasses; velocity from feature retracking

Complex SAR image pairs

5 year repeat “” SAR

Multispectral imager

L, C, X, optical Minimize acquisition period,

<25 m

Radarsat-2

ALOS

Envisat

TerraSAR-X

SPOT

ASTER

RISAT

Surface Velocity Complex SAR image pairs

Seasonal “” InSAR C, (L,X?) Maximize coherence

Radarsat-2

TerraSAR-X

Envisat

ALOS

RiSAT

Observation Requirements: Ice and Atmosphere





Potential System

Surface melt

Clouds

Microwave and Optical Radiance

Daily Both Polar Regions

Microwave Radiometer

L-Ka Band AMSR-E

SSMI

SMOS

AVHRR

MODIS

TOVS

AIRS

Precipitation/

Acccumulation

Microwave IR and optiocal Radiance

Microwave backscatter

Daily “” Microwave and optical Radiometer

Scatterometer

L-Ka band

Visible

AMSR-E

AVHRR

NSCAT

AMSU-A

AMSU-b

Snow Fall Amount

Optical Imager

Daily “” Optical Imager Visible MODIS

Albedo Visible and IR Radiance

Daily “” Optical and IR Imager

Visible MODIS

A-ATSR

Wind profiles Optical backscatter


Doppler LIDAR Visible ADM-Aeolus

Tropospheric Wind

Cloud tracking

Optical radiances


Optical Imager MODIS

Anticipated Requirements on Future SystemsSome Examples




Spatial Scale

Possible Instrument Type

Possible Wavelength

Special requirement

Potential System

Ice Sheet Thickness and basal conditions

Signal travel time

5 years Ice Sheet Radar P-band 20 m accuracy

GISMO

Glacier Thickness

Signal travel time

5 years Arctic Glaciers

Radar P-band 20 m accuracy

GISMO

Sea ice snow cover thickness

Signal travel time

Weekly Ice covered waters

Radar Ultrawide band 5 cm accuracy

TBD

Englacial Layers Signal travel time

5 Years Glaciers and Ice Sheets

Radar Ultrawide band Few meters TBD

Permafrost type and extent

TBD Seasonal Arctic Wide TBD TBD TBD TBD

Ice Motion SAR SLC Annual to 5 year

Polar wide SAR C (L,X) 8 day repeat or shorter, 200 m baselines or less, L/R look

TBD




Spatial Scale

Possible Instrument Type

Possible Wavelength

Special requirement

Potential System

Lake Ice Thickness

6-10 GHz Brightness Temp

Seasonal Large Lakes Radiometer 6-10 GHz AMSR

Ice Sheet internal temperature

Microwave radiance

Annual Ice sheet wide

Radiometer as sounder

L-band 10 m accuracy SMOS

Anticipated New Applications of Existing Systems

Spaceborne Observations of the Polar Regions during IPY The IPY provides an international framework...

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