Space – The Final FrontierSpace – The Final Frontier

Just as light has a finite speed, so does sound. It depends Just as light has a finite speed, so does sound. It depends on temperature and altitude, but the average speed of on temperature and altitude, but the average speed of sound on earth is about 760mph (340m/s). Once humans sound on earth is about 760mph (340m/s). Once humans began to fly, our first milestone was to have a pilot fly faster began to fly, our first milestone was to have a pilot fly faster than the speed of sound – called Mach 1. Chuck Yeager than the speed of sound – called Mach 1. Chuck Yeager was born and raised in WV. In 1947, Chuck Yeager drove was born and raised in WV. In 1947, Chuck Yeager drove the first plane to break the sound barrier. In this first the first plane to break the sound barrier. In this first checkpoint, the US was ahead of rest of the world in the checkpoint, the US was ahead of rest of the world in the space race. Today, the fastest planes regularly break Mach space race. Today, the fastest planes regularly break Mach 2 (1550mph), though they have to get permission to do so 2 (1550mph), though they have to get permission to do so – it creates a sonic boom!– it creates a sonic boom!

Breaking the sound barrierBreaking the sound barrier

Just as light has a finite speed, so does sound. It depends Just as light has a finite speed, so does sound. It depends on temperature and altitude, but the average speed of on temperature and altitude, but the average speed of sound on earth is about 760mph (340m/s). Once humans sound on earth is about 760mph (340m/s). Once humans began to fly, our first milestone was to have a pilot fly faster began to fly, our first milestone was to have a pilot fly faster than the speed of sound – called Mach 1. Chuck Yeager than the speed of sound – called Mach 1. Chuck Yeager was born and raised in WV. In 1947, Chuck Yeager drove was born and raised in WV. In 1947, Chuck Yeager drove the first plane to break the sound barrier. In this first the first plane to break the sound barrier. In this first checkpoint, the US was ahead of rest of the world in the checkpoint, the US was ahead of rest of the world in the space race. Today, the fastest planes regularly break Mach space race. Today, the fastest planes regularly break Mach 2 (1550mph), though they have to get permission to do so 2 (1550mph), though they have to get permission to do so – it creates a sonic boom!– it creates a sonic boom!

Space Race BeginsSpace Race Begins Though the Americans were traveling fast, the Soviets Though the Americans were traveling fast, the Soviets

were travelling far. In August of 1957, the Soviets were travelling far. In August of 1957, the Soviets launched the first intercontinental ballistic missile launched the first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union (ICBM). On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a basketball, artificial satellite was about the size of a basketball, weighed only 183 pounds, and took about 98 minutes weighed only 183 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. One month later, to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. One month later, they launched Sputnik 2 (Sputnik means traveler), and they launched Sputnik 2 (Sputnik means traveler), and on this satellite, there was a dog named Laika. These on this satellite, there was a dog named Laika. These events marked the start of the space age and the U.S.-events marked the start of the space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.R space race. U.S.S.R space race.

Though the Americans were traveling fast, the Soviets Though the Americans were traveling fast, the Soviets were travelling far. In August of 1957, the Soviets were travelling far. In August of 1957, the Soviets launched the first intercontinental ballistic missile launched the first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union (ICBM). On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first successfully launched Sputnik I. The world's first artificial satellite was about the size of a basketball, artificial satellite was about the size of a basketball, weighed only 183 pounds, and took about 98 minutes weighed only 183 pounds, and took about 98 minutes to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. One month to orbit the Earth on its elliptical path. One month later, they launched Sputnik 2 (Sputnik means later, they launched Sputnik 2 (Sputnik means traveler), and on this satellite, there was a dog named traveler), and on this satellite, there was a dog named Laika. These events marked the start of the space Laika. These events marked the start of the space age and the U.S.-U.S.S.R space race. age and the U.S.-U.S.S.R space race.

SpacecraftSpacecraft In 1958, the USSR began construction on the first In 1958, the USSR began construction on the first

space craft called Vostok. The Americans created space craft called Vostok. The Americans created the National Aeronautics and Space the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to begin to compete. By 1961, Administration to begin to compete. By 1961, President John F. Kennedy decided to “bring it”: President John F. Kennedy decided to “bring it”: he made a speech in which he pledged the US he made a speech in which he pledged the US would put a man on the moon by the end of the would put a man on the moon by the end of the decade. Meanwhile, Yuri Alekseyevich Gargarin, a decade. Meanwhile, Yuri Alekseyevich Gargarin, a Soviet, was the first to orbit Earth in Vostok 1. Soviet, was the first to orbit Earth in Vostok 1. Three weeks later, American Alan Shepherd was Three weeks later, American Alan Shepherd was the first American in space. This jockeying in the the first American in space. This jockeying in the race continued throughout the 60’s.race continued throughout the 60’s.

In 1958, the USSR began construction on the first In 1958, the USSR began construction on the first space craft called Vostok. The Americans created space craft called Vostok. The Americans created the National Aeronautics and Space the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to begin to compete. By 1961, Administration to begin to compete. By 1961, President John F. Kennedy decided to “bring it”: President John F. Kennedy decided to “bring it”: he made a speech in which he pledged the US he made a speech in which he pledged the US would put a man on the moon by the end of the would put a man on the moon by the end of the decade. Meanwhile, Yuri Alekseyevich Gargarin, a decade. Meanwhile, Yuri Alekseyevich Gargarin, a Soviet, was the first to orbit Earth in Vostok 1. Soviet, was the first to orbit Earth in Vostok 1. Three weeks later, American Alan Shepherd was Three weeks later, American Alan Shepherd was the first American in space. This jockeying in the the first American in space. This jockeying in the race continued throughout the 60’s.race continued throughout the 60’s.

Mariner ProjectMariner Project The Mariner Project was a series of US space probes The Mariner Project was a series of US space probes

build to provide information on the inner planets – build to provide information on the inner planets – Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Mariner 2 launched in 1962. Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Mariner 2 launched in 1962. Many embarrassing disasters on the launch pad at Cape Many embarrassing disasters on the launch pad at Cape Canaveral. Due to the bad press, the final phase of the Canaveral. Due to the bad press, the final phase of the Mariner Project was renamed Voyager and its mission Mariner Project was renamed Voyager and its mission changed. Voyager 1 launched from Kennedy Space changed. Voyager 1 launched from Kennedy Space Center September 1977. In 1980 it approached Saturn. Center September 1977. In 1980 it approached Saturn. Voyager 2 also launched from Cape Canaveral in 1977. Voyager 2 also launched from Cape Canaveral in 1977. The purpose of the Voyagers was to study the outer solar The purpose of the Voyagers was to study the outer solar system and, eventually, interstellar space.system and, eventually, interstellar space.

The Mariner Project was a series of US space probes The Mariner Project was a series of US space probes build to provide information on the inner planets – build to provide information on the inner planets – Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Mariner 2 launched in 1962. Mercury, Venus, and Mars. Mariner 2 launched in 1962. Many embarrassing disasters on the launch pad at Cape Many embarrassing disasters on the launch pad at Cape Canaveral. Due to the bad press, the final phase of the Canaveral. Due to the bad press, the final phase of the Mariner Project was renamed Voyager and its mission Mariner Project was renamed Voyager and its mission changed. Voyager 1 launched from Kennedy Space changed. Voyager 1 launched from Kennedy Space Center September 1977. In 1980 it approached Saturn. Center September 1977. In 1980 it approached Saturn. Voyager 2 also launched from Cape Canaveral in 1977. Voyager 2 also launched from Cape Canaveral in 1977. The purpose of the Voyagers was to study the outer solar The purpose of the Voyagers was to study the outer solar system and, eventually, interstellar space.system and, eventually, interstellar space.

Space Probes (Satellites) Space Probes (Satellites) There were several other programs designed to There were several other programs designed to

study our space neighborhood. Viking 1 and 2 study our space neighborhood. Viking 1 and 2 (launched in 1976) were the first successful (launched in 1976) were the first successful landings on Mars. Voyager 2 has seen Neptune landings on Mars. Voyager 2 has seen Neptune and Uranus up close. Both Voyagers have and Uranus up close. Both Voyagers have passed Pluto and are in the heliopause. passed Pluto and are in the heliopause. Galileo(1989) was the 1Galileo(1989) was the 1stst probe to orbit Jupiter. probe to orbit Jupiter. Other famous probes are the Cassini (to Saturn Other famous probes are the Cassini (to Saturn in 1997), Magellan (US) and Vanera 9 (USSR) in 1997), Magellan (US) and Vanera 9 (USSR) (to Venus in 1989 and 1975), Spirit and (to Venus in 1989 and 1975), Spirit and Opportunity (rovers on Mars, 2003). NEAR – the Opportunity (rovers on Mars, 2003). NEAR – the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous landed on the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous landed on the asteroid Eros in 2001, and the ESA landed asteroid Eros in 2001, and the ESA landed Philae on a comet in 2014. Philae on a comet in 2014.

There were several other programs designed to There were several other programs designed to study our space neighborhood. Viking 1 and 2 study our space neighborhood. Viking 1 and 2 (launched in 1976) were the first successful (launched in 1976) were the first successful landings on Mars. Voyager 2 has seen Neptune landings on Mars. Voyager 2 has seen Neptune and Uranus up close. Both Voyagers have and Uranus up close. Both Voyagers have passed Pluto and are in the heliopause. passed Pluto and are in the heliopause. Galileo(1989) was the 1Galileo(1989) was the 1stst probe to orbit Jupiter. probe to orbit Jupiter. Other famous probes are the Cassini (to Saturn Other famous probes are the Cassini (to Saturn in 1997), Magellan (US) and Vanera 9 (USSR) in 1997), Magellan (US) and Vanera 9 (USSR) (to Venus in 1989 and 1975), Spirit and (to Venus in 1989 and 1975), Spirit and Opportunity (rovers on Mars, 2003). NEAR – the Opportunity (rovers on Mars, 2003). NEAR – the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous landed on the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous landed on the asteroid Eros in 2001, and the ESA landed asteroid Eros in 2001, and the ESA landed Philae on a comet in 2014. Philae on a comet in 2014.

Shepherd Yeager Gergarin

ICBM Sputnik Laika

Vostok Mariner Voyager

Cassini Magellan Galileo

Vanera Spirit Opportunity

Near Philae Heliopause

Mach 2 Sonic Boom Mach 1

Manned Space ProgramManned Space Program

Mercury ProgramMercury Program

Mercury ProgramMercury Program

The Mercury Program (1960 – 1962) was the first The Mercury Program (1960 – 1962) was the first program to put an astronaut (American) into program to put an astronaut (American) into space. Meanwhile, the cosmonaut Valery space. Meanwhile, the cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky became the first person to sustain a Bykovsky became the first person to sustain a long-duration spaceflight – five days – aboard long-duration spaceflight – five days – aboard Vostok 5. While he was still in space, Soviet Vostok 5. While he was still in space, Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova became the cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space on the last Vostok mission first woman in space on the last Vostok mission (6).(6).

The Mercury Program (1960 – 1962) was the first The Mercury Program (1960 – 1962) was the first program to put an astronaut (American) into program to put an astronaut (American) into space. Meanwhile, the cosmonaut Valery space. Meanwhile, the cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky became the first person to sustain a Bykovsky became the first person to sustain a long-duration spaceflight – five days – aboard long-duration spaceflight – five days – aboard Vostok 5. While he was still in space, Soviet Vostok 5. While he was still in space, Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova became the cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space on the last Vostok mission first woman in space on the last Vostok mission (6).(6).

Gemini ProgramGemini Program

• Gemini as a manned space program to put 2 men into Gemini as a manned space program to put 2 men into space – hence the name Gemini which means twin. The space – hence the name Gemini which means twin. The goals of the Gemini program were: 1) To subject man and goals of the Gemini program were: 1) To subject man and equipment to space flight up to two weeks in duration; 2) equipment to space flight up to two weeks in duration; 2) To rendezvous and dock with orbiting vehicles and to To rendezvous and dock with orbiting vehicles and to maneuver the docked combination by using the target maneuver the docked combination by using the target vehicle's propulsion system; 3)To perfect methods of vehicle's propulsion system; 3)To perfect methods of entering the atmosphere and landing at a preselected point entering the atmosphere and landing at a preselected point on land. Its goals were also met, with the exception of a on land. Its goals were also met, with the exception of a land landing, which was cancelled in 1964. However, the land landing, which was cancelled in 1964. However, the Soviets flew Voskhod 1 – their own 2 man vehicle – first.Soviets flew Voskhod 1 – their own 2 man vehicle – first.

• Gemini as a manned space program to put 2 men into space Gemini as a manned space program to put 2 men into space – hence the name Gemini which means twin. The goals of – hence the name Gemini which means twin. The goals of the Gemini program were: 1) To subject man and equipment the Gemini program were: 1) To subject man and equipment to space flight up to two weeks in duration; 2) To rendezvous to space flight up to two weeks in duration; 2) To rendezvous and dock with orbiting vehicles and to maneuver the docked and dock with orbiting vehicles and to maneuver the docked combination by using the target vehicle's propulsion system; combination by using the target vehicle's propulsion system; 3)To perfect methods of entering the atmosphere and 3)To perfect methods of entering the atmosphere and landing at a preselected point on land. Its goals were also landing at a preselected point on land. Its goals were also met, with the exception of a land landing, which was met, with the exception of a land landing, which was cancelled in 1964. However, the Soviets flew Voskhod 1 – cancelled in 1964. However, the Soviets flew Voskhod 1 – their own 2 man vehicle – first.their own 2 man vehicle – first.

Space WalksSpace Walks• While the first manned Gemini flights were While the first manned Gemini flights were

occurring, the Soviets were again taking the occurring, the Soviets were again taking the lead. In March of 1965, Alexi Leonov performed lead. In March of 1965, Alexi Leonov performed the first space walk – drifting in space above the first space walk – drifting in space above Siberia while tethered to Voskhod 2. In June, Siberia while tethered to Voskhod 2. In June, Edward White became the first American to do Edward White became the first American to do the same. Meanwhile, both countries are getting the same. Meanwhile, both countries are getting ready for bigger missions: 3 manned spacecraft ready for bigger missions: 3 manned spacecraft in the form of Soyuz (Soviet) and Apollo (USA).in the form of Soyuz (Soviet) and Apollo (USA).

• While the first manned Gemini flights were While the first manned Gemini flights were occurring, the Soviets were again taking the occurring, the Soviets were again taking the lead. In March of 1965, Alexi Leonov performed lead. In March of 1965, Alexi Leonov performed the first space walk – drifting in space above the first space walk – drifting in space above Siberia while tethered to Voskhod 2. In June, Siberia while tethered to Voskhod 2. In June, Edward White became the first American to do Edward White became the first American to do the same. Meanwhile, both countries are getting the same. Meanwhile, both countries are getting ready for bigger missions: 3 manned spacecraft ready for bigger missions: 3 manned spacecraft in the form of Soyuz (Soviet) and Apollo (USA).in the form of Soyuz (Soviet) and Apollo (USA).

The Apollo ProgramThe Apollo Program

Project ApolloProject Apollo was a series of human spaceflight missions was a series of human spaceflight missions undertaken by NASA, on behalf of the United States of America. undertaken by NASA, on behalf of the United States of America. The program used the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn launch The program used the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn launch vehicle, and was conducted during the years 1961 – 1975. It was vehicle, and was conducted during the years 1961 – 1975. It was devoted to the goal (in U.S. President John F. Kennedy's famous devoted to the goal (in U.S. President John F. Kennedy's famous words) of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to words) of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" within the decade of the 1960s. Apollo 8 was the first the Earth" within the decade of the 1960s. Apollo 8 was the first craft to carry humans beyond the gravity of Earth. It orbited the craft to carry humans beyond the gravity of Earth. It orbited the Moon several times before coming home. Apollo 9 tested the Moon several times before coming home. Apollo 9 tested the Lunar Lander in Moon orbit. Apollo 10 was a rehearsal without the Lunar Lander in Moon orbit. Apollo 10 was a rehearsal without the actual landing. The ultimate goal was achieved with the Apollo 11 actual landing. The ultimate goal was achieved with the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969.mission in July 1969.

Project ApolloProject Apollo was a series of human spaceflight missions was a series of human spaceflight missions undertaken by NASA, on behalf of the United States of America. undertaken by NASA, on behalf of the United States of America. The program used the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn launch The program used the Apollo spacecraft and Saturn launch vehicle, and was conducted during the years 1961 – 1975. It was vehicle, and was conducted during the years 1961 – 1975. It was devoted to the goal (in U.S. President John F. Kennedy's famous devoted to the goal (in U.S. President John F. Kennedy's famous words) of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to words) of "landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth" within the decade of the 1960s. Apollo 8 was the first the Earth" within the decade of the 1960s. Apollo 8 was the first craft to carry humans beyond the gravity of Earth. It orbited the craft to carry humans beyond the gravity of Earth. It orbited the Moon several times before coming home. Apollo 9 tested the Moon several times before coming home. Apollo 9 tested the Lunar Lander in Moon orbit. Apollo 10 was a rehearsal without the Lunar Lander in Moon orbit. Apollo 10 was a rehearsal without the actual landing. The ultimate goal was achieved with the Apollo 11 actual landing. The ultimate goal was achieved with the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969.mission in July 1969.

The US Space ShuttleThe US Space Shuttle The US space shuttle was designed to be The US space shuttle was designed to be

launched into space by rockets and then to launched into space by rockets and then to return to the Earth’s surface by gliding down return to the Earth’s surface by gliding down and landing on a runway. It was first used in and landing on a runway. It was first used in the 1980’s. It was the first reusable the 1980’s. It was the first reusable spacecraft. However, the wear and tear on spacecraft. However, the wear and tear on the crafts through the violent launch and re-the crafts through the violent launch and re-entry meant they were more expensive to entry meant they were more expensive to maintain than was first suggested. The maintain than was first suggested. The space shuttle program was shelved in 2011.space shuttle program was shelved in 2011.

The US Space ShuttleThe US Space Shuttle The US space shuttle was designed to be The US space shuttle was designed to be

launched into space by rockets and then to launched into space by rockets and then to return to the Earth’s surface by gliding down return to the Earth’s surface by gliding down and landing on a runway. It was first used in and landing on a runway. It was first used in the 1980’s. It was the first reusable the 1980’s. It was the first reusable spacecraft. However, the wear and tear on spacecraft. However, the wear and tear on the crafts through the violent launch and re-the crafts through the violent launch and re-entry meant they were more expensive to entry meant they were more expensive to maintain than was first suggested. The maintain than was first suggested. The space shuttle program was shelved in 2011.space shuttle program was shelved in 2011.

Space DisastersSpace Disasters The history of manned space travel is littered with danger The history of manned space travel is littered with danger

and disaster. From the earliest days, when Apollo 1 burned, and disaster. From the earliest days, when Apollo 1 burned, killing 3 astronauts aboard, or when Soyuz 1 crashed after killing 3 astronauts aboard, or when Soyuz 1 crashed after its parachute failed, space travel has been filled with stories its parachute failed, space travel has been filled with stories of misses and near-misses. Apollo 13, set to land on the of misses and near-misses. Apollo 13, set to land on the moon, was beleaguered with problems from pre-launch, moon, was beleaguered with problems from pre-launch, though no one was killed. Space shuttlethough no one was killed. Space shuttle Challenger Challenger was was destroyed on launch in 1986. Space shuttle destroyed on launch in 1986. Space shuttle ColumbiaColumbia was was destroyed on re-entry in 2003. Both shuttle explosions killed destroyed on re-entry in 2003. Both shuttle explosions killed all people on board. Lessons were learned from each all people on board. Lessons were learned from each disaster.disaster.

Space DisastersSpace Disasters The history of manned space travel is littered with danger The history of manned space travel is littered with danger

and disaster. From the earliest days, when Apollo 1 burned, and disaster. From the earliest days, when Apollo 1 burned, killing 3 astronauts aboard, or when Soyuz 1 crashed after killing 3 astronauts aboard, or when Soyuz 1 crashed after its parachute failed, space travel has been filled with stories its parachute failed, space travel has been filled with stories of misses and near-misses. Apollo 13, set to land on the of misses and near-misses. Apollo 13, set to land on the moon, was beleaguered with problems from pre-launch, moon, was beleaguered with problems from pre-launch, though no one was killed. Space shuttlethough no one was killed. Space shuttle Challenger Challenger was was destroyed on launch in 1986. Space shuttle destroyed on launch in 1986. Space shuttle ColumbiaColumbia was was destroyed on re-entry in 2003. Both shuttle explosions killed destroyed on re-entry in 2003. Both shuttle explosions killed all people on board. Lessons were learned from each all people on board. Lessons were learned from each disaster.disaster.

Space LabsSpace Labs

As soon as man got into space, he wanted to find a way to As soon as man got into space, he wanted to find a way to stay there. The answer? Not hotels, but orbiting labs or stay there. The answer? Not hotels, but orbiting labs or stations. The Russians put up Salyut and Almaz while the US stations. The Russians put up Salyut and Almaz while the US put up Skylab. All of these early stations eventually fell out of put up Skylab. All of these early stations eventually fell out of orbit back to Earth. In the 80’s, The Soviets put up Mir, the orbit back to Earth. In the 80’s, The Soviets put up Mir, the first station intended to host people for long periods of time. first station intended to host people for long periods of time. Mir re-entered Earth’s atmosphere in 2001. Currently orbiting Mir re-entered Earth’s atmosphere in 2001. Currently orbiting are the International Space Station and Tiangong1. Tiangong are the International Space Station and Tiangong1. Tiangong is a Chinese station. The ISS was a joint effort between 5 is a Chinese station. The ISS was a joint effort between 5 space agencies: the US, Russia, Japan, Canada, and space agencies: the US, Russia, Japan, Canada, and Europe and has been continually manned since its inception. Europe and has been continually manned since its inception.

As soon as man got into space, he wanted to find a As soon as man got into space, he wanted to find a way to stay there. The answer? Not hotels, but way to stay there. The answer? Not hotels, but orbiting labs or stations. The Russians put up Salyut orbiting labs or stations. The Russians put up Salyut and Almaz while the US put up Skylab. All of these and Almaz while the US put up Skylab. All of these early stations eventually fell out of orbit back to early stations eventually fell out of orbit back to Earth. In the 80’s, The Soviets put up Mir, the first Earth. In the 80’s, The Soviets put up Mir, the first station intended to host people for long periods of station intended to host people for long periods of time. Mir re-entered Earth’s atmosphere in 2001. time. Mir re-entered Earth’s atmosphere in 2001. Currently orbiting are the International Space Station Currently orbiting are the International Space Station and Tiangong1. Tiangong is a Chinese station. The and Tiangong1. Tiangong is a Chinese station. The ISS was a joint effort between 5 space agencies: the ISS was a joint effort between 5 space agencies: the US, Russia, Japan, Canada, and Europe and has US, Russia, Japan, Canada, and Europe and has been continually manned since its inception. been continually manned since its inception.

Mercury Vostok Bykovsky

Gemini Voskhod Leonov

White Soyuz Apollo 1

Apollo 8 Apollo 9 Apollo 10

Apollo 11 Apollo 12 Apollo 13

Challenger Columbia Soyuz 1

Apollo Salyut Almaz

Skylab Mir ISS

Tiangong Saturn Brown

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