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ASTRONOMICAL TOOLS

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telescope•device that makes distant objects appear to be closer

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Reflecting telescope - uses an arrangement of mirrors to form an image.

Refracting telescope - uses lenses to form an image.

Cat dioptrictelescope - uses mirrors combined with lenses to form an image

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Refracting Telescope

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Reflecting telescopeReflecting telescope11stst Built by Isaac Newton Built by Isaac Newton

Refracting TelescopeRefracting Telescope

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Radio telescopes are directional radio antennas used for radio astronomy. The dishes are sometimes constructed of a conductive wire mesh whose openings are smaller than the wavelength being observed.

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SPACE TELESCOPES are placed above the atmosphere that can receive much sharper images. These can receive infra-red, ultra-violet and X-ray energy that cannot be received on Earth because of the atmosphere.

Einstein Observatory (HEAO-2) was the first fully imaging X-ray telescope put into space

FERMI GAMMA-RAY SPACE TELESCOPE (FGST[1]), formerly called the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST), is a space observatory being used to perform gamma-ray astronomy observations from low EARTH ORBIT

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• reflecting telescope

• diameter of mirror = 2.4 m

• space based

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• HST was launched in 1990 from the Space Shuttle and orbits approximately 600 km above the Earth's surface.

• Costing over $1.5 billion, it is the most expensive scientific instrument ever built.

• A later repair mission with the Space Shuttle put a correcting lens on HST to improve its "eyesight" and it now produces stunning images of unrivaled quality.

Hubble Space Telescope orbiting the Earth

Astronauts have repaired and upgraded the Hubble Space Telescope on several occasions.

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Pictures from the Hubble Space Telescope

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• launched in 2003

• infrared images

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OpticalOptical (visible light)(visible light) radioradio x-rayx-ray

collect & focus electromagnetic

radiation

refracting

convex lenses

reflecting

mirror

radio waves

radio telescope

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OBSERVATORY OBSERVATORY • bldg that contains 1 or more telescopes.

• It is built high up on mountain tops where it is above most of the pollution, dust and waste vapour in the atmosphere.

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Most large observatories are built on top of mountains.

Mauna Kea Observatory

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Mauna Kea Observatory sits near the 14,000 ft. summit of an extinct volcano in Hawaii.

It experiences some of the driest air and best seeing in the world.

NASA Kids video-Mauna Kea Observatory

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ROCKET is a spacecraft that obtains thrust from a rocket engine. It lifts satellites, space probes and astronauts. A rocket propelled upwards by hot exhaust gases streaming from nozzles at the tail.

Saturn V Moon rocket is the tallest, heaviest and the most powerful rocket.

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SPACESHUTTLE design to lift off with the aid of massive booster rocket. But when it returns from space, it lands like an aircraft.

SPACE PROBES

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FLY-BYS are space probes lifted into space by rockets, which are computer-controlled robots packed with scientific instruments. It sent to fly by a planet or even orbit around it, sending data and images back to the earth. After they have completed their planned missions, some probes continue on into space.

LANDER is a spacecraft which descends toward and comes to rest on the surface of an astronomical body. It is first a re-entry vehicle.

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ROVER (or sometimes planetary rover) is a space exploration vehicle designed to move across the surface of a planet or other celestial body. Some rovers have been designed to transport members of a human spaceflight crew; others have been partially or fully autonomous robots.

Rovers usually arrive at the planetary surface on a lander-style spacecraft.

Date Space Craft Astronomer / Animal

Nov 3, 1957

Sputnik 2 LAIKA, a Russian dog that was the first living creature in space. Laika died in space

Aug 1960

Koralb – Sputnik 2

BELKA and STRELKA, 2 Russian dogs that were the fiert creatures to return to Earth after orbiting it for 24 hours.

April 1961

Vostok 1 YURI GAGARIN is the world’s first spaceman who was a Russian.

1962 Mercury Space Capsule

JOHN GLENN, an American who first to orbit the Earth.

1971 Apollo 14 ALAN AHEPARD played golf on the moon. 25

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Chandra X-Ray Observatory• space based (above Earth)

NASA Kids video-Chandra Observatory