Jens Utzmann, Axel Wagner, 28.02.2019

Space-Based Solutions for SSA

Outline

A System For Which Purpose? From Mission Objectives to Full System Architecture Space-based SSA as important element in an overall SSA architecture Space-based Space Surveillance Space-based Space Reconnaissance Airbus’ SSA Heritage

28.2.2019 Space-Based Solutions for SSA

The dimensions of „Security in Space“

Regulate & Comply Prevent & Survive

Shape & live the rules: Laws and regulations

Military doctrines and

codes of conduct

IADC UN COPOUS

Monitor the space environment: Space Situational Awareness

Space Surveillance & Tracking

Collision Avoidance

Space Traffic Management

Space Situation Intelligence Space Reconnaissance

Prevent new debris: Remove spacecraft after end of operation (Post-Mission-Disposal)

Capture and remove existing debris: Active

Debris Removal (ADR)

Survive: Resilience against debris impacts Survive : Resilience against attacks incl. Cyber

Operations in Space

Monitor & Act

SSA/SST/STM 28.2.2019 Space-Based Solutions for SSA

A System For Which Purpose? From Mission Objectives to Full System Essential:

• What capabilities and services are needed? • Which data are required for that? • Own independent sources? External? Service? • Goals Requirements System Design Civil examples: • Detection & Cataloguing of Space Objects • Collision Alerts & Avoidance Planning • Re-entry forecasts • Detection of fragmentation events Military/dual-use examples (requiring Data Policy): • Imagery/reconnaissance • Characterisation & analysis of space objects

(capabilities & status of own & foreign sats) • Satellite manoeuvre detection

28.2.2019 Space-Based Solutions for SSA

System Architecture

Sensors • Ground-based surveillance radar • Space-based telescopes • Ground-based telescopes • Tracking radars, • Active laser tracking • Passive RF sensors • etc. Data centers • Scheduling and tasking of sensors • Generation of product and services

Networking of elements Which elements are needed to achieve the goals? Where? Which concept of operations? What are the driving requirements?

28.2.2019 Space-Based Solutions for SSA

SSA/SST Expertise at Airbus Gained in over 15 years of activities • ESA SSA Programme, GSP and GSTP • National (Germany, France) • EC/H2020/EDA Topics: • SBSS (Space-based Space Surveillance) • SBSR (Space-based Space Reconnaissance) • SSA/SST System Architecture Design • SSA/SST as a Service • SST Sensor Design (Optical, IR, Radar) • Optical In-Situ Breadboard Hardware • CONOPS & Observation Strategies • SST Algorithm Development • System Performance Simulation • Orbit Determination • Image Processing • Data policy solutions for handling sensitive data

28.2.2019 Space-Based Solutions for SSA

Space-based Sensors as part of an overall architecture

28.2.2019 Space-Based Solutions for SSA

Benefits of Space-Based Sensors

Unique observation strategies from space High availability & persistence Independent of weather, day/night No geographical and geopolitical restrictions Scalable solutions • Demonstrators • Hosted-payloads • Fully-fledged systems • Constellations

28.2.2019 Space-Based Solutions for SSA

Space-Based Space Surveillance & Reconnaissance Surveillance & Reconnaissance: Different missions Space-based Space Surveillance & Tracking • Detection and orbit determination of objects • Object catalogue generation and maintenance • Non-resolved characterisation (light curves,

maneuvre detection, etc.) • Example: US SBSS Space-based Space Reconnaissance • Resolved imaging of targets due to proximity • Enables analysis regarding the capabilities of an

object, identification of the type, components, etc. • Neighborhood watch • Example: GSSAP (US, 4 satellites)

28.2.2019 Space-Based Solutions for SSA

GSSAP (US)

Airbus Capabilities for SST Overview (1/2) Airbus can provide end-to-end solutions for SST (infrastructure and services, s.-b. & g.-b.) over their entire life cycle Airbus supports the implementation of Space-Based Space Surveillance and Reconnaissance and has been successful as prime in the related activities in Europe ESA Space-Based Space Surveillance: Mission & instrument design for an operational and a demonstrator mission (ESA GSP „Assessment Study for Space-Based Space Surveillance Demonstration Mission, Phase A“, 2012-2014) ESA SBSS Breadboard System: Airbus has built a breadboard system encompassing the E2E chain from SBSS scene generation to image acquisition to on-board data reduction and on-ground astrometry and photometry (ESA GSTP Optical In-Situ Monitor, 2016-2018)

28.2.2019 Space-Based Solutions for SSA

Space-Based Space Surveillance

Optical In-Situ Monitor Breadboard

Airbus Proprietary and Confidential Information

Airbus Capabilities for SST Overview (2/2)

Ground-based SST sensors • Airbus Robotic Telescope: Own E2E SST capability;

ground-based test-bed to prepare a space-based system (observation scenarios, data processing development)

• LeoLabs: Airbus investment; joint experiments Airbus SST Data Processing • Orbit Determination, Object Catalogue & Services • Ground- and space-based sensor data (radar & optical) • Incl. Sapphire measurements (Skynet 5A campaign)

SSA System Architecture Design: Space-based sensors as element in an overall European SSA architecture; sensor network, data centre and processing infrastructure, data policy solutions (ESA „CO-II: SSA Architectural Design“, 2012-2014)

28.2.2019 Space-Based Solutions for SSA

Airbus Robotic Telescope

Airbus SST Data Processing

Partners in Industry and Academia

Airbus maintains partnerships with all relevant SST experts in Europe and internationally

28.2.2019 Space-Based Solutions for SSA

Example: Sub- & Super-GEO Imaging & Reconnaissance Optical imaging of GEO objects ≤ 5 cm resolution @ 50 km • Neighborhoodwatch • Object identification, capabilities, components, etc. Additional sensors (optional): • SST telescope for detection of objects ≥ 1 mm @ 50 km • LIDAR for range measurements Typical drift-Orbit near GEO for minimum Δv demand: • Functional: GEO – 40 km (or closer) • Stand-by: GEO – 200 km (increased drift rate for revisit) Satellite class: Different solutions depending on needs: • Micro-sat Smallsat Telecom-type– type • Electrical or chemical propulsion No need for specific technology developments • Time to launch ~ 7 years

28.2.2019 Space-Based Solutions for SSA

5 cm / pixel

20 cm / pixel

100 cm / pixel

Example for SST as a Service: ESA SST Data Acquisition Activity kicked-off January 2019 Delivery of SST Data to ESA for validation/test of their Data Center Real-time or near-real-time data from optical telescopes, radars and satellite laser ranging stations. SST sensor network comprises LeoLabs‘ radars, a network of telescopes (incl. Airbus Robotic Telescope) and SLR stations Service-Level-Agreements

28.2.2019 Space-Based Solutions for SSA

Airbus Proprietary and Confidential Information

Example: Airbus Robotic Telescope

Airbus’ own end-to-end capability for SST • deployed in 2018 • performing automated optical observations • space objects from LEO to GEO Building block of Airbus’ SSA roadmap: • ground-based test-bed as a key enabler in the

development of a future space-based optical system, allowing to test observation strategies and the end-to-end processing pipeline

• provides the data for Airbus SSA R&D activities (image processing, data analytics, tracklet correlation, orbit determination, uncertainty realism, SSA products & services)

• fosters cooperation within the SSA/SST community • participating sensor in measurement campaigns

and activities (national, ESA, NATO, …)

ART, 26.6.2018 (J. Utzmann, O. Rodriguez, M. Dimitrova)

28.2.2019 Space-Based Solutions for SSA

Conclusion

Space-based SSA as important element in an overall SSA architecture Space-based Space Surveillance, Tracking & Reconnaissance Scalable solutions Airbus can provide end-to-end solutions for SSA over the entire life cycle

28.2.2019 Space-Based Solutions for SSA

Thank you Dr. Jens Utzmann Project Manager Security in Space Future Programmes - Mil & Security Space Systems Airbus Defence and Space

T +49 (0)7545 8 4446 M+49 (0) 173 4258085 E Jens.Utzmann@airbus.com

Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 88039 Friedrichshafen, Germany