SPace and defence programme

DIRECTIONINSTITUTE FOR IAS EXAM.

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SPACE PROGRAMME AND DEFENCE

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Space activities in the country started during early 1960s with the scientific investigation of upper atmosphereand ionosphere over the magnetic equator that passes over Thumba near Thiruvananthapuram using smallsounding rockets Realising the immense potential of space technology for national development, Dr. VikramSarabhai, the visionary leader envisioned that this powerful technology could play a meaningful role in nationaldevelopment and solving the problems of common man. Thus, Indian Space programme born in the churchbeginning, space activities in the country, concentrated on achieving self reliance and developing capability tobuild and launch communication satellites for television broadcast, telecommunications and meteorologicalapplications; remote sensing satellites for management of natural resources. The objective of ISRO is to developspace technology and its application to various national tasks. ISRO has established two major space systems,INSAT for communication, television broadcasting and meteorological services, and Indian Remote SensingSatellites (IRS) system for resources monitoring and management. ISRO has developed two satellite launchvehicles, PSLV and GSLV, to place INSAT and IRS satellites in the required orbits Accordingly, Indian SpaceResearch Organisation (ISRO) has successfully operationalised two major satellite systems namely IndianNational Satellites (INSAT) for communication services and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites formanagement of natural resources; also, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for launching IRS type ofsatellites and Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for launching INSAT type of satellites. TheSpace Commission formulates the policies and oversees the implementation of the Indian space programme topromote the development and application of space science and technology for the socio-economic benefit ofthe country. DOS implements these programmes through, mainly Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO),Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), North Eastern-Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC) and Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL). The Antrix Corporation,established in 1992 as a government owned company, markets the space products and services.

From the beginning, space activities in the country, concentrated on achieving self reliance and developingcapability to build and launch communication satellites for television broadcast, telecommunications andmeteorological applications; remote sensing satellites for management of natural resources. Accordingly, IndianSpace Research Organisation (ISRO) has successfully operationalised two major satellite systems namelyIndian National Satellites (INSAT) for communication services and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites formanagement of natural resources; also, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) for launching IRS type ofsatellites and Geostationary Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for launching INSAT type of satellites.Indian National Satellite (INSAT) System

The INSAT series, commissioned in 1983, has today become one of the largest domestic satellites systemsin the Asia, pacific region comprising Nine satellites in service.

1. INSAT-4CR Launched on Sep 02, 20072. INSAT-4B Launched on Mar 12, 2007



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3. INSAT-4A Launched on Dec 22, 20054. INSAT-3E Launched on Sep 28, 20035. GSAT-2 Launched on May 08, 20036. INSAT-3A Launched on Apr 10, 20037. KALPANA-1 Launched on Sep 12, 20028. INSAT-3C Launched on Jan 24, 20029. INSAT-2E Launched on Apr 03, 1999

YOUTHSAT is a joint Indo-Russian stellar and atmospheric satellite mission with the participation of studentsfrom Universities at graduate, post graduate and research scholar level. With a lift-off mass of 92 kg, Youthsatis a mini satellite and the second in the Indian Mini Satellite (IMS) series. Youthsat mission intends to investigatethe relationship between solar variability and thermosphere-Ionosphere changes. The satellite carries threepayloads, of which two are Indian and one Russian. Together, they form a unique and comprehensive packageof experiments for the investigation of the composition, energetics and dynamics of earths upper atmosphere.The Indian payloads are:1.RaBIT (Radio Beacon for Ionospheric Tomography)- For mapping Total Electron Content (TEC) of theIonosphere.2. LiVHySI (Limb Viewing Hyper Spectral Imager) - To perform airglow measurements of the Earths upperatmosphere (80- 600 km) in 450-950 nm.The Russian payload SOLRAD - To study temporal and spectralparameters of solar flare X and gamma ray fluxes as well as charge particles in the earth polar cap regions.Lift-off Mass 92 kgOrbit Period 101.35 minDimension 1020 (Pitch) x 604 (Roll) x 1340 (Yaw) mm3Attitude and Orbit Control 3-axis body stabilised using Sun and Star Sensors, Miniature Magnetometer,Miniature Gyros, Micro Reaction Wheels and Magnetic TorquersPower Solar Array generating 230 W, one 10.5 AH Li-ion batteryMechanisms Paraffin Actuator based Solar Panel Hold Down and Release MechanismLaunch date April 20, 2011Launch site SHAR Centre Sriharikota IndiaLaunch vehicle PSLV- C16Orbit Circular Polar Sun SynchronousMission life 2 years

GSAT-10, Indias advanced communication satellite, is a high power satellite being inducted into the INSATsystem. Weighing 3400 kg at lift-off, GSAT-10 is configured to carry 30 communication transponders in



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normal C-band, lower extended C-band and Ku-band as well as a GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation(GAGAN) payload operating in L1 and L5 bands. GSAT-10 is the second satellite to carry GAGAN payloadafter GSAT-8, which is already providing navigation services from orbit. GSAT-10 also carries a Ku-bandbeacon to help in accurately pointing ground antennas towards the satellite.The 30 communication transponders onboard GSAT-10 will further augment the capacity in the INSAT system.The GAGAN payload provides the Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS), through which the accuracyof the positioning information obtained from the GPS satellites is improved by a network of ground basedreceivers and made available to the users in the country through geo-stationary satellites.PAYLOADS OF GSAT-10

COMMUNICATION PAYLOADS

12 Ku-band transponders each with 36 Mhz usable bandwidth employing 140 W Travelling WaveTube Amplifier (TWTA) with footprint covering Indian mainland with an Edge of Coverage EffectiveIsotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) of 51.5 dBW and Andaman & Nicobar islands with an EIRP of49.5 dBW.

12 C-band transponders each with 36 MHz usable bandwidth employing 32 W TWTA withfootprint covering Indian mainland and West Asia with an Edge of Coverage EIRO of 40 dBW

6 Lower Extended C-band transponders each with 36 MHz usable bandwidth employing 32 WTWTA with footprint covering Indian mainland and island territories with an Edge of CoverageEIRP of 38 dBW and 37 dBW respectively

NAVIGATION PAYLOAD

Two-channel GAGAN payload operating in L1 and L5 bands provides Satellite-based Navigation serviceswith accuracy and integrity required for civil aviation applications over Indian Air Space.Mission CommunicationWeight 3400 kg (Mass at Lift off)1498 kg (Dry Mass)Power Solar array providing 6474 Watts (at Equinox) and two 128 AH Lithium-Ion batteriesPropulsion 440 Newton Liquid Apogee Motors (LAM) with Mono Methyl Hydrazine (MMH) as fueland Mixed oxides of Nitrogen (MON-3) as oxidizer for orbit raising.Satbilisation 3-axis body stabilised in orbit using Earth Sensors, Sun Sensors, Momentum and ReactionWheels, Magnetic Torquers and eight 10 Newton and eight 22 Newton bipropellant thrustersAntenns East : 2.2 m dia circular deployable Dual Gridded Reflector (DGR) West : 2.2 m X 2.4 melliptical deployable DGREarth Viewing Face (top) : 0.7 m parabolic, 0.9 m parabolic and 0.8 m X 0.8 msixteen element helical antenna for GaganLaunch date September 29, 2012



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Launch site Kourou, French GuianaLaunch vehicle Ariane-5 VA-209Orbit Geostationary (83 East longitude), co-located with INSAT-4A and GSAT-12Mission life 15 Years

GSAT -8 Launch Date21.05.2011 GSAT-8, Indias advanced communication satellite, is a high powercommunication satellite being inducted in the INSAT system. Weighing about 3100 Kg at lift-off, GSAT-8 isconfigured to carry 24 high power transponders in Ku-band and a two-channel GPS Aided Geo AugmentedNavigation (GAGAN) payload operating in L1 and L5 bands. The 24 Ku band transponders will augment thecapacity in the INSAT system. The GAGAN payload provides the Satellite Based Augmentation System(SBAS), through which the accuracy of the positioning information obtained from the GPS Satellite is improvedby a network of ground based receivers and made available to the users in the country through the geostationarysatellites.GSAT-12, the latest communication satellite built by ISRO, weighs about 1410 kg at lift-off. GSAT-12 isconfigured to carry 12 Extended C-band transponders to meet the countrys growing demand for transpondersin a short turn-around-time. The 12 Extended C-band transponders of GSAT-12 will augment the capacity inthe INSAT system for various communication services like Tele-education, Telemedicine and for Village ResourceCentres (VRC).Mission CommunicationWeight1410 kg (Mass at Lift off)559 kg (Dry Mass)Power Solar array providing 1430 Watts and one 64 Ah Li-Ion batteriesPhysical Dimensions1.485 x 1.480 x 1.446 m cuboidPropulsion 440 Newton Liquid Apogee Motors (LAM) with Mono Methyl Hydrazine (MMH) as fuel andMixed oxides of Nitrogen (MON-3) as oxidizer for orbit raising.Attitude Orbit Control 3-axis body stabilised in orbit using Earth Sensors, Sun Sensors, Momentum andReaction Wheels, Magnetic Torquers and eight 10 Newton and eight 22 Newton bipropellant thrusters AntennaeOne 0.7 m diameter body mounted parabolic receive antenna and one 1.2 m diameter polarisation sensitivedeployable antennaLaunch dateJuly 15, 2011Launch site SHAR, Sriharikota, IndiaLaunch vehicle PSLV-C17Orbit Geosynchronous (83 longitude)Mission life About 8 Years



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The nanosatellite SRMSat weighing 10.9 kg is developed by the students and faculty of SRM Universityattempts to address the problem of Global warming and pollution levels in the atmosphere by monitoringCarbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapour (H2O). The satellite uses a grating Spectrometer, which will observeabsorption spectrum over a range of 900nm -1700nm infrared range.The nanosatellite Jugnu weighing 3 kg is designed and developed by Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpurunder the guidance of ISRO. The satellite is intended:1. To prove the indigenously developed camera system for imaging the Earth in the near infrared region and

test image processing algorithms.2. Evaluate GPS receiver for its use in satellite navigation.3. Test indigenously developed MEMS based Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) in space.

INSAT4CR spacecraft is configured with exclusive Ku band employing the I-2K Bus with a mass of 2130Kg. It was injected into the orbit by GSLV-F04 rocket with enhanced Russian Cryogenic engine and co-located at 74o East longitude along with INSAT3C / Kalpana1 /GSAT 3(EDUSAT). INSAT-4CR carries 12 high-power Ku-band transponders designed to provide Direct-to-home (DTH) television services, Video Picture Transmission (VPT) and Digital Satellite News Gathering(DSNGMissionCommunicationWeight 2,130 kg (Mass at Lift off)Onboard power3000 WCommunication Payload 12 Ku-band transponders employing 140 W Travelling Wave Tube Amplifiers(TWTA)Ku-band BeaconLaunch date September 2, 2007Launch site SHAR, Sriharikota, IndiaLaunch vehicle GSLV-F04Orbit Geosynchronous (74 E)Mission life 12 Years

INSAT4B Spacecraft is the second in the INSAT 4 series of spacecrafts and is configured with exclusivecommunication payloads to provide services in Ku and C frequency bands. This is co-located with INSAT3A at 93.5 o E longitude.Mission CommunicationWeight 3025 Kg (at Lift off)Onboard Power 5859 W



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Stabilization It uses 3 earth sensors, 2 digital sun sensors, 8 coarse analog sun sensors, 3 solar panel sunsensors and one sensor processing electronics. The wheels and wheel drive electronics were imported withindigenous wheel interface modul to interface the wheel drive electronics & AOCE.Propulsion The propulsion system is employing 16 thrusters, 4 each located on east, west and AY sides and2 each on north and south sides. There is one 440 N liquid apogee motor (using Mono Methyl Hydrazine(MMH) as fuel and oxides of Nitrogen ( MON3 as oxidizer) and three presurant tanks mounted on the LAMdeck.Payload12 Ku band high power transponders covering Indian main land using 140W radiatively cooledTWTAs.12 C band high power transponders with extended coverage, covering southeast and northwestregion apart from Indian main land using 63 W TWTAsLaunch date March 12, 2007Launch SiteFrench GuyanaLaunch Vehicle Ariane5Orbit Geostationary (93.5o E Longitude)Mission Life 12 Years

Indian Remote Sensing Satellites System (IRS)

The Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite system is one of the largest constellations of remote sensing satellitesin operation in the world today. The IRS programme commissioned with launch of IRS-1A in 1988 andpresently includes Nine satellites that continue to provide imageries in variety of spatial resolutions from betterthan a metre ranging upto 500 metres.1. CARTOSAT-2B Launched on July 12, 2010 by PSLV-C152. OCEANSAT-2 Launched on Sept 23, 2009 by PSLV-C143. RISAT-2 Launched on Apr 20, 2009 by PSLV-C124. CARTOSAT-2A Launched on Apr 28, 2008 by PSLV-C95. IMS-1 Launched on Apr 28, 2008 by PSLV- C96. CARTOSAT - 2 Launched on Jan 10, 2007 by PSLV-C77. CARTOSAT-1Launched on May 05, 2005 by PSLV-C68. RESOURCESAT-1Launched on Oct 17, 2003 by PSLV-C59. TES Launched on Oct 22, 2001 by PSLV-C3



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SARAL The Satellite with ARGOS and ALTIKA (SARAL) is a joint Indo-French satellite mission foroceanographic studies. SARAL will perform altimetric measurements designed to study ocean circulation andsea surface elevation. The payloads of SARAL are:Ka band Altimeter, ALTIKA- built by the French National Space Agency CNES. The payload is intendedfor oceanographic applications, operates at 35.75 Giga Hertz.ARGOS Data Collection System- built by the French National Space Agency CNES. ARGOS contributesto the development and operational implementation of the global ARGOS Data Collection System. It willcollect a variety of data from ocean buoys to transmit the same to the ARGOS Ground Segment for subsequentprocessing and distribution.Solid State C-band Transponder (SCBT) is from ISRO and intended for ground RADAR calibration. It isa continuation of such support provided by C-Band Transponders flown in the earlier IRS-P3 and IRS-P5missions.The payloads of SARAL are accommodated in the Indian Mini Satellite-2 bus, which is built by ISRO.

SARAL Applications

SARAL data products will be useful for operational as well as research user communities in many fields likeMarine meteorology and sea state forecasting, Operational oceanography,Seasonal forecasting, Climatemonitoring,Ocean, earth system and climate research ,Continental ice studies, Protection of biodiversity,Management and protection of marine ecosystem, Environmental monitoring Improvement of maritime securityLift-off Mas 407 kgOrbit 781 km polar Sun synchronousSensors 4 PI sun sensors, magnetometer, star sensors and miniaturised gyro based Inertial Reference UnitOrbit Inclination 98.538oLocal Time of Equator18:00 hours crossingPower Solar Array generating 906 W and 46.8 Ampere-hour Lithium-ion batteryOnboard data storage 32 GbAttitude and Orbit Contro 3-axis stabilisation with reaction wheels, Hydrazine Control System basedthrustersMission Life 5 yearsLaunch date Feb 25, 2013Launch site SDSC SHAR Centre, Sriharikota, IndiaLaunch vehicle PSLV - C20



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RISAT

Radar Satellite-1 (RISAT-1) is a state of the art Microwave Remote Sensing Satellite carrying a SyntheticAperture Radar (SAR) Payload operating in C-band (5.35 GHz), which enables imaging of the surface featuresduring both day and night under all weather conditions.Application

Active Microwave Remote Sensing provides cloud penetration and day-night imaging capability. These uniquecharacteristics of C-band (5.35GHz) Synthetic Aperture Radar enable applications in agriculture, particularlypaddy monitoring in kharif season and management of natural disasters like flood and cyclone.Lift-off Mass 1858 kgOrbit Circular Polar Sun SynchronousOrbit Altitude 536 kmOrbit Inclination 97.552oOrbit Period 95.49 minNumber of Orbits per day 14Local Time 6:00 am / 6:00 pmof Equator Crossing

Power Solar Array generating 2200 W and one 70 AH Ni-H2 batteryRepetivity 25 daysAttitude and Orbit Control 3-axis body stabilised using Reaction Wheels, Magnetic Torquers andHydrazine ThrustersNominal Mission Life 5 yearsLaunch date April 26, 2012Launch site SDSC SHAR Centre, Sriharikota, IndiaLaunch vehicle PSLV- C19

Megha-Tropiques is an Indo-French Joint Satellite Mission for studying the water cycle and energy exchangesin the tropics. The main objective of this mission is to understand the life cycle of convective systems thatinfluence the tropical weather and climate and their role in associated energy and moisture budget of theatmosphere in tropical regions.Megha-Tropiques will provide scientific data on the contribution of the water cycle to the tropical atmosphere,with information on condensed water in clouds, water vapour in the atmosphere, precipitation, and evaporation.With its circular orbit inclined 20 deg to the equator, the Megha-Tropiques is a unique satellite for climateresearch that should also aid scientists seeking to refine prediction models.Megha-Tropiques carries the following four payloads:



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Microwave Analysis and Detection of Rain and Atmospheric Structures (MADRAS), an

Imaging Radiometer developed jointly by CNES and ISRO

Sounder for Probing Vertical Profiles of Humidity (SAPHIR), from CNES

Scanner for Radiation Budget (ScaRaB), from CNES

Radio Occultation Sensor for Vertical Profiling of Temperature and Humidity (ROSA),

procured from Italy

Lift-off Mass 1000 kgOrbit 867 km with an inclination of 20 deg to the equatorThermal Passive system with IRS heritagePower 1325 W (at End of Life) Two 24 AH NiCd batteriesTTC S-bandAttitude and Orbit Control 3-axis stabilised with 4 Reaction Wheels, Gyros and Star sensors, Hydrazinebased RCSSolid State Recorder 16 GbLaunch date October 12, 2011

RESOURCESAT-2 is a follow on mission to RESOURCESAT-1 and the eighteenth Remote Sensing satellitebuilt by ISRO. RESOURCESAT-2 is intended to continue the remote sensing data services to global usersprovided by RESOURCESAT-1, and to provide data with enhanced multispectral and spatial coverage aswell.Important changes in RESOURCESAT-2 compared to RESOURCESAT-1 are: Enhancement of LISS-4multispectral swath from 23 km to 70 km and improved Radiometric accuracy from 7 bits to 10 bits for LISS-3 and LISS-4 and 10 bits to 12 bits for AWIFS. Besides, suitable changes, including miniaturisation in payloadelectronics, have been made in RESOURCESAT-2.RESOURCESAT-2 also carries an additional payload known as AIS (Automatic Identification System) fromCOMDEV, Canada as an experimental payload for ship surveillance in VHF band to derive position, speedand other information about ships.RESOURCESAT-2 carries two Solid State Recorders with a capacity of 200 Giga Bytes each to store theimages taken by its cameras which can be read out later to ground stations.Mission Remote SensingOrbit Circular Polar Sun Synchronous



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Lift-off Mass 1206 kgOrbit Period 101.35 minNumber of Orbits per day 14Local Time of Equator crossing 10:30 am

Repetivity 24 daysAttitude and Orbit Control 3-axis body stabilised using Reaction Wheels,Magnetic Torquers and HydrazineThrustersPowerSolar Array generating 1250 W at End Of Life, two 24 AH Ni-Cd batteriesLaunch date April 20, 2011Launch site SHAR Centre Sriharikota IndiaLaunch vehicle PSLV- C16Mission life 5 years

CARTOSAT - 2B is the seventeenth satellite in the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite series (IRS). CARTOSAT-2B carries a Panchromatic camera (PAN) similar to those of its predecessors - CARTOSAT-2 and 2A. It iscapable of imaging a swath (geographical strip) of 9.6 km with a resolution of better than 1 1.metre. The scenespecific spot imagery sent by CARTOSAT-2Bs PAN will be useful for cartographic and a host of otherapplications. The highly agile CARTOSAT-2B is steerable up to 26o along as well as across track to obtainstereoscopic imagery and achieve a four to five day revisit capability.Mission Remote SensingWeight 694 kg (Mass at lift off)Onboard Orbit 930 WattsStabilization3 axis body stabilised based on inputs from star sensors and gyrosusing Reaction wheels,Magnetic Torquers and Hydrazine ThrustersPayloads Panchromatic CameraLaunch date July 12, 2010Launch siteSHAR Centre Sriharikota IndiaLaunch vehiclePSLV- C15Orbit 630 kms, Polar Sun SynchronousInclination 97.71

OCEANSAT -2 satellite mainframe systems derive their heritage from previous IRS missions and launched byPSLV-C14 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota on Sept. 23, 2009. It carries three payloads:* Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM)



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* Ku-band Pencil Beam scatterometer (SCAT) developed by ISRO* Radio Occultation Sounder for Atmosphere (ROSA) developed by the Italian Space ency. Oceansat-2is envisaged to provide continuity of operational services of Oceansat-1(IRS-P4) with enhanced applicationpotential

Launch date Sept 23, 2009Launch site SHAR, SriharikotaLaunch vehicle PSLV - C14Orbit Polar Sun SynchronousAltitude 720 kmInclination 98.28Period 99.31 minutesLocal time of Eq. crossing 12 noon 10 minutesRepetitivity cycle 2 daysPayloads OCM, SCAT and ROSAMass at lift off 960 kgPower 15 Sq.m Solar panels generating 1360W, Two 24 Ah Ni-Cd BattriesMission Life 5 years

RISAT-2 is a Radar Imaging Satellite with all weather capability to take images of the earth. This Satellite willenhance ISROs capability for Disaster Management applications.Altitude 550 kmInclination 41 degOrbit Period 90 minutesMass 300 kg

CARTOSAT 2A is the thirteenth satellite in the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite series (IRS). It is a sophisticatedand rugged remote sensing satellite that can provide scene specific spot imagery. This satellite carries aPanchromatic Camera (PAN). The spatial resolution of this camera is better than 1m and swath of 9.6 km.Imageries from this satellite are used for cartographic applications like mapping, urban and ruralinfrastructuredevelopment and management, as well as application in Land Information (LIS) and GeographicalInformation System (GIS).MissionRemote SensingWeight690 Kg (Mass at lift off)Onboard Power 900 Watts



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Stabilization3 axis body stabilised using high torque reaction wheels, magnetic torquers and hydrogenthrustersPayloadsPanchromatic CameraLaunch date28 April 2008Launch siteSHAR Centre Sriharikota IndiaLaunch vehiclePSLV- C9Orbit635 kms, Polar Sun SynchronousInclination97.94 degMission life5 years

5. IMS-1, previously referred to as TWSat (Third World Satellite), is a low-cost microsatellite i m a g i n gmission of ISRO (Indian Space Research Organization).OrbitPolar Sun SynchronousAltitude635 kmMission Life2 yearsPhysical Dimensions0.604x0.980x1.129 mMass83 kgPowerTwo deployable sun pointing solar panels generating 220 W power, 105 Ah Lithiumion batteryTelemetry, Tracking and CommandS-bandAtlitude and Orbit Control System Star Sensor,Miniature Sun Sensors, Magnetometers Gyros, MiniatureMicro Reaction Wheels, Magnetic Torquers, single 1 N Hydrazine ThrusterData Handling S-bandData Storage 16 Gb Solid State RecorderLaunch Vehicles Today, Indian space programme has become self-reliant with the operationalisation of twosatellite launch vehicles, Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), mainly for launching IRS class of satellites inpolar orbits and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for launching communication satellites intogeo-synchronous transfer orbit. GSLV can carry 2- 2.5 tonne satellite in to 36,000 Kilometer range for geostationery transfer orbit and India was the sixth country in the world to have this capability. So far ;

* PSLV has sixteen consecutively successful flights out of seventeen launches

* GSLV has four successful flights of seven launches

The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle,usually known by its abbreviation PSLV is the first operational launchvehicle of ISRO. PSLV is capable of launching 1600 kg satellites in 620 km sun-synchronous polar orbit and1050 kg satellite in geo-synchronous transfer orbit. In the standard configuration, it measures 44.4 m tall, with



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a lift off weight of 295 tonnes. PSLV has four stages using solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately. Thefirst stage is one of the largest solid propellant boosters in the world and carries 139 tonnes of propellant. Acluster of six strap-ons attached to the first stage motor, four of which are ignited on the ground and two areair-litThe reliability rate of PSLV has been superb. There had been 16 continuously successful flights of PSLV, tillJuly 2010. With its variant configurations, PSLV has proved its multi-payload, multi-mission capability in asingle launch and its geosynchronous launch capability. In the recent Chandrayaan-mission, another variant ofPSLV with an extended version of strap-on motors, PSOM-XL, the payload haul was enhanced to 1750 kgin 620 km SSPO. PSLV has rightfully earned the status of workhorse launch vehicle of ISRO.

PSLV MILESTONE

PSLV-C20 launched SARAL and six commercial payloads on February 25, 2013 (Successful)PSLV-C21 launched SPOT 6 and PROITERES on September 09, 2012 (Successful)PSLV-C19 launched RISAT-1 on April 26, 2012 (Successful)PSLV-C18 launched Megha-Tropiques, SRMSat, VesselSat-1 and Jugnu on October 12, 2011

(Successful)PSLV-C17 launched GSAT - 12 on July 15, 2011 (Successful)PSLV-C16 launched RESOURCESAT - 2, YOUTHSAT and X-SAT on April 20, 2011 (Successful)PSLV-C15 launched CARTOSAT-2B, ALSAT-2A, NLS 6.1 & 6.2 and STUDSAT on July 12, 2010

(Successful)PSLV-C14 launched Oceansat - 2 and Six Nanosatellites on September 23, 2009 (Successful)PSLV-C12 launched RISAT-2 and ANUSAT on April 20, 2009 (Successfully)PSLV-C11 launched CHANDRAYAAN-I, on October 22, 2008 (Successful)PSLV-C9 launched CARTOSAT-2A, IMS-1 and Eight nano-satellites on April 28, 2008 (Successful)PSLV-C10 launched TECSAR on January 23, 2008 (Successful)PSLV-C8 launched AGILE on April 23, 2007 (Successful)PSLV-C7 launched CARTOSAT-2, SRE-1, LAPAN-TUBSAT and PEHUENSAT-1 on January 10,

2007 (Successful)PSLV-C6 launched CARTOSAT-1 and HAMSAT on May 5, 2005 (Successful)PSLV-C5 launched RESOURCESAT-1(IRS-P6) on October 17, 2003 (Successful)PSLV-C4 launched KALPANA-1(METSAT) on September 12, 2002 (Successful)PSLV-C3 launched TES on October 22, 2001 (Successful)



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PSLV-C2 launched OCEANSAT(IRS-P4), KITSAT-3 and DLR-TUBSAT on May 26, 1999 (Success)ful)

PSLV-C1 launched IRS-1D on September 29, 1997 (Successful)PSLV-D3 launched IRS-P3 on March 21, 1996 (Successful)PSLV-D2 launched IRS-P2 on October 15, 1994 (Successful)PSLV-D1 launched IRS-1E on September 20, 1993 (Unsuccessful)The GSLV-III or Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III , is a launch vehicle currentlyunder development by the Indian Space Research Organization. GSLV Mk III is conceived and designed tomake ISRO fully self reliant in launching heavier communication satellites of INSAT-4 class, which weigh 4500to 5000 kg. It would also enhance the capability of the country to be a competitive player in the multimilliondollar commercial launch market. The vehicle envisages multi-mission launch capability for GTO, LEO, Polarand intermediate circular orbits.GSLV-Mk III is designed to be a three stage vehicle, with 42.4 m tall with a lift off weight of 630 tonnes. Firststage comprises two identical S200 Large Solid Booster (LSB) with 200 tonne solid propellant, that arestrapped on to the second stage, the L110 re-startable liquid stage. The third stage is the C25 LOX/LH2 cryostage. The large payload fairing measures 5 m in diameter and can accommodate a payload volume of 100 cum. The development work on Mk III is progressing as per schedule for a launch in 2012.Satellite Applications

Space has become the mainstay of national infrastructure providing vital services. INSAT with more than 210transponders, is providing tele-communications, television broadcasting, weather forecasting and societalapplication services such as tele-medicine and tele-education IRS System with Nine satellites in operationis providing data for a variety of application programmes such as Groundwater Prospects Mapping, CropAcreage and Production Estimation, Potential Fishing Zone Forecast, Biodiversity Characterisation etc., Inorder to reach space-based services directly to the rural population, nearly 500 Village Resource Centres(VRCs) have been set up in association with NGOs, Institutes and Government Agencies.

1. INSAT Applications

The telephone circuit devices through INSAT connect remote inaccessible areas to major cities in India. Thelaunch of INSAT-4A during December 2005, INSAT-4B in and INSAT- 4CR in 2007 have ushered in DirectTo Home (DTH) television services in the country. Television reaches 85 percent of Indias population viaINSAT. Over 200 AIR stations are linked via INSAT network. In the recent years, Very Small ApertureTerminals (VSAT) have revolutionised our telecommunications sector. INSAT supports over 20,000 VSATsfor e-commerce and e-governance. National Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange use VSATtechnology across the country for instantaneous transactions. Today exclusive channels are provided for



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interactive training and Developmental communication including distance learning. India has an exclusivemeteorological satellite Kalpana - 1. The imaging instruments (VHRR) & (CCD) collect meteorological dataand provide timely warnings on impending cyclones. The data relay transponder in the INSAT system is usedfor collect real time hydro meteorological data for river monitoring flow forces. The launch of EDUSAT onSeptember 20, 2004 heralded new era in the field of distance education and today, about 35,000 class roomsare in the EDUSAT network providing services at primary, secondary and university levels. The satellite basedtelemedicine network has expanded its network connecting 375 hospitals (305 remote and rural hospitalsincluding those in Jammu & Kashmir, North Eastern region and Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 13 mobile unitsand 57 super specialty hospitals in major cities)

2. IRS Applications

Imagery taken by Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellite System has found application in diverse fields rangingfrom agriculture to urban planning. Crop health monitoring, crop yield estimation and drought assessment arethe significant areas of application in the agriculture and the allied fields. Soil mapping at different scales withrelative ease has become a reality. IRS data has also been used for Ground Water potential zone mapping andmineral targeting tasks. The ocean applications of IRS data include potential fishing zone identification andcoastal zone mapping. Forest cover mapping, biodiversity characterisation and monitoring of forest fire is nowcarried out using IRS imagery. IRS spacecraft provide timely inputs to Flood and earthquake damage assessmentthereby providing the necessary supportive strength to disaster management. Even in the field of Archaeologicalsurvey, the utility of IRS imagery has been well established. The judicious combination of information derivedfrom space based imagery with the ground based socio economic data is leading to a holistic approach forresource monitoring and its management.

3. Village Resource Centre (VRC)

Combining the services offered by INSAT and IRS satellites, a new concept namely Village Resource Centre(VRC) to provide information on natural resources, land and water resources management, tele-medicine,tele-education, adult education, vocational training, health and family welfare programmes has been established.Nearly 500 such VRCs have been established in the country.

Future Programme

* Forthcoming Satellites

* Forthcoming Launches

* Future Launch Vehicle



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* Reusable Launch Vehicle

* Human Space Flights

* Space Science Missions

* Satellite Navigation (Gagan)

1. Forthcoming Satellites

ASTROSATASTROSAT is a first dedicated Indian Astronomy satellite mission, which will enable multi-wavelength observations of the celestial bodies and cosmic sources in X-ray and UV spectral bandssimultaneously. The scientific payloads cover the Visible (3500-6000 ), UV (1300-3000 ), soft and hardX-ray regimes (0.5-8 keV; 3-80 keV). The uniqueness of ASTROSAT lies in its wide spectral coverageextending over visible, UV, soft and hard X-ray regions.GSAT-6 / INSAT-4E The primary goal of GSAT-6/INSAT-4E, which is a Multimedia broadcast satellite, isto cater to the consumer requirements of providing entertainment and information services to vehicles throughDigital Multimedia consoles and to the Multimedia mobile Phones. The satellite carries a 5 spot beam BSS and5 spot beam MSS. It will be positioned at 83 East longitude with a mission life of 12 years, and planned to belaunched on-board GSLV.GSAT-7 / INSAT-4FGSAT-7/INSAT-4F is a multi-band satellite carrying payloadsin UHF, S-band, C-band and Ku-band. It is planned to be launched onboard GSLV and positioned at 74East. The satellite weighs 2330 kg with a payload power of 2000W and mission life of 9 years.GSAT-8 / INSAT-4G GSAT-8/INSAT-4G is a Ku-band satellite carrying 18 Ku band transponders. It willalso carry a GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) payload with a mission life of 12 years andpositioned at 55 E longitude. This I-3K satellite with a lift-off mass of 3150 kg and a payload power of5300W will be launched on board ARIANE-5.GSAT-12 GSAT-12 is being realised as replacement INSAT-3B. The satellite will carry 12 Extended C-bandtransponders and will be positioned at 83 East longitude with a mission life of 7 years. The bus system is basedon I-1K platform with ASIC based BMU and 64 Ah Li-ion batteries. The satellite weighs 1375 kg with apayload power of 550W and launch is planned onboard PSLV during 2011.GSAT-9 GSAT-9 will carry 6 C band and 24 Ku band transponders with India coverage beam. The satelliteis planned to be launched during 2011-12 with a mission life of 12 years and positioned at 48 East longitude.This I-2K satellite has a liftoff mass of 2330 kg and payload power of 2300W.2. Forthcoming Launches

PSLV-C16 Preparation for the next flight Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV-C16) carryingRESOURCESAT-2 is in advanced stage of realisation. The PSLV-C16 is expected be launched in the beginningof 2011.



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3. Future Launch Vehicle

GSLV-Mk IIIGSLV-Mk III is envisaged to launch four tonne satellite into geosynchronous transfer

orbit. GSLV-Mk III is a three-stage vehicle with a 110 tonne core liquid propellant stage (L-110) and a strap-on stage with two solid propellant motors, each with 200 tonne propellant (S-200). The upper stage will becryogenic with a propellant loading of 25 tonne (C-25). GSLV Mk-III will have a lift-off weight of about 629tonne and will be 42.4 m tall. The payload fairing will have a diameter of 5 metre and a payload volume of 100cubic metre. GSLV Mk III is planned to be launched during 2011-12.

4. Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD)

As a first step towards realizing a Two Stage To Orbit (TSTO) fully re-usable launch vehicle, a series oftechnology demonstration missions have been conceived. For this purpose a Winged Reusable Launch Vehicletechnology Demonstrator (RLV-TD) has been configured. The RLV-TD will act as a flying test bed to evaluatevarious technologies viz., hypersonic flight, autonomous landing, powered cruise flight and hypersonic flightusing air breathing propulsion. First in the series of demonstration trials is the hypersonic flight experiment(HEX).5. Human Space Flight Mission Programme

Proposal for a management plan for Human Spaceflight Programme (HSP) was prepared and pre-projectactivities were approved. The program envisages development of a fully autonomous orbital vehicle carryingtwo or three crew members to about 300 km low earth orbit and their safe return. It is planned to realise theprogramme in 2015-16 time frame.

6. Space Science Missions

(a) Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE-II)The main objective of SRE II is to realize a fullyrecoverable capsule and provide a platform to conduct microgravity experiments on Micro-biology, Agriculture,Powder Metallurgy, etc. SRE-2 is proposed to be launched onboard PSLV-C19.(b) Chandrayaan-2Chandrayaan-2 mission is planned to have an orbiter/lander/rover configuration. The missionis expected to be realised by 2012 - 13. The science goals of the mission is to further improve our understandingof origin and evolution of the Moon using instruments onboard Orbiter and in-situ analysis of lunar samples andstudies of lunar regolith properties (remote & direct analysis) using Robots/Rovers.(c) Aditya-1The First Indian space based Solar Coronagraph to study solar Corona in visible and near IRbands. Launch of the Aditya mission is planned during the next high solar activity period 2012. The mainobjectives is to study the Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) and consequently the crucial physical parameters forspace weather such as the coronal magnetic field structures, evolution of the coronal magnetic field etc. This



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will provide completely new information on the velocity fields and their variability in the inner corona having animportant bearing on the unsolved problem of heating of the corona would be obtained.(d) YouthSat is a participatory scientific mission with payloads from both Russia and India. It would be carryingthree scientific payloads one from Russia and two from India. It is a micro satellite carrying scientific payloadswith participation from universities at graduate, postgraduate and research scholar level and would participatefrom testing of the payloads in laboratory to the utilisation of the data from payloads. Participation of youngscientists will inculcate interest in space related activities and provide opportunities for realisation of futurescientific payloads at the university level. YOUTHSAT is scheduled to be launched as auxiliary satellite alongwith Indian remote sensing satellite during beginning of 2011 with an orbital altitude of 630 km at aninclination of 97.9.7. Satellite Navigation GAGANThe Ministry of Civil Aviation has decided to implement an indigenousSatellite-Based Regional GPS Augmentation System also known as Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS)as part of the Satellite-Based Communications, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS)/Air Traffic Management(ATM) plan for civil aviation. The Indian SBAS system has been given an acronym GAGAN - GPS AidedGEO Augmented Navigation. A national plan for satellite navigation including implementation of TechnologyDemonstration System (TDS) over the Indian air space as a proof of concept has been prepared jointly byAirports Authority of India (AAI) and ISRO. TDS was successfully completed during 2007 by installing eightIndian Reference Stations (INRESs) at eight Indian airports and linked to the Master Control Center (MCC)located near Bangalore. The first GAGAN navigation payload has been fabricated and it was proposed to beflown on GSAT-4 during Apr 2010. However, GSAT-4 was not placed in orbit as GSLV-D3 could notcomplete the mission. Two more GAGAN payloads will be subsequently flown, one each on two geostationarysatellites, GSAT-8 and GSAT-10.SATELLITE AND ORBITS

For the past four decades, ISRO has launched more than 50 satellites for various scientific and technologicalapplications like mobile communications, Direct-to-Home services, meteorological observations, telemedicine,tele-education, disaster warning, radio networking, search and rescue operations, remote sensing and scientificstudies of the space.ISRO has established two major space systems, the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) series forcommunication, television broadcasting and meteorological services which is Geo-Stationary Satellites, andIndian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS) system for resources monitoring and management which is EarthObservation Satellites. ISRO has launched many Experimental Satellites which are generally smallcomparing to INSAT or IRS and Space Missions to explore the space.* (SROSS ) Stretched Rohini satellite series* (APPLE) Ariane Passenger Pay Load Experiment* (RTP) Rohini Techonology Pay Load



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Geo Stationary Satellite

The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system which are placed in Geo-stationary orbits is one of the largestdomestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific region. Established in 1983 with commissioning ofINSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in Indias communications sector and sustained the same later. INSATspace segment consists of 24 satellites out of which 9 are in service (INSAT-2E, INSAT-3A, INSAT-4B,INSAT-3C, INSAT-3E, KALPANA-1, GSAT-2, INSAT-4A and INSAT-4CR)Earth observation Satellite

Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite system was commissioned with the launch of IRS-1A, in 1988. Withnine satellites in operation, IRS is the largest civilian remote sensing satellite constellation in the world providingimageries in a variety of spatial resolutions, spectral bands and swaths. The data is used for several applicationscovering agriculture, water resources, urban development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, droughtand flood forecasting, ocean resources and disaster management.Space Mission

Indian space programme encompasses research in areas like astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earthsciences, atmospheric sciences and theoretical physics. Balloons, sounding rockets, space platforms and ground-based facilities support these research efforts. A series of sounding rockets are available for atmosphericexperiments. Several scientific instruments have been flown on satellites especially to direct celestial X-ray andgamma-ray bursts.Experiment/Small Satellite

ISRO has launched many small satellites mainly for the experimental purposes. This experiment include RemoteSensing, Atmospheric Studies, Payload Development, Orbit Controls, recovery technology etc.GROUND FACILITY

India has established a strong infrastructure for executing its space programme. They include facilities for thedevelopment of satellites and launch vehicles and their testing; launch infrastructure for sounding rockets andsatellite launch vehicles; telemetry, tracking and command network; data reception and processing systems forremote sensing. A number of academic and research institutions as well as industries participate in the IndianSpace Programme. Several Indian industries have the expertise to undertake sophisticated jobs required forspace systems. SDSC SHAR has the necessary infrastructure for launching satellite into low earth orbit, polarorbit and geostationary transfer orbit. The launch complexes provide complete support for vehicle assembly,fuelling, checkout and launch operations. Apart form these, it has facilities for launching sounding rocketsmeant for studying the earths atmosphere.

First Launch Pad The individual stages of PSLV or GSLV, their subsystems and the spacecraft are preparedand checked out in separate facilities before they are sent to launch pad for integration A-76-meter tall mobileservice tower (MST) facilitates the vertical integration of the vehicle. The foldable working platforms of MST



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provide access to the vehicle at various elevations. A massive launch pedestal, made up of steel plates, acts asthe base on which the vehicle is integrated. The spacecraft is integrated to the vehicle in a clean room, set upinside the MST. However, in the case of GSLV, the spacecraft is interfaced with the payload adopter and thenencapsulated in the heat shield in the preparation facility itself. The encapsulated assembly is moved to thelaunch pad for integrating with the 3rd stage of GSLV. The umbilical tower houses the feed lines for liquidpropellants and high-pressure gases, checkout cables, and chilled air duct for supplying cool air to the satelliteand equipment bay. Second Launch Pad In order to provide redundant facilities for launching the operationalPSLVs and GSLVs and also to have quick turn around time for launch, an additional launch pad with associatedfacilities was constructed. It was designed to accommodate, both the present PSLVs and GSLVs, and also thefuture launch vehicle configurations such as GSLV-MkIII. As per the integrate, transfer and launch (ITL)concept, based on which the new launch pad and the associated facilities are designed, the entire vehicle isassembled and checked-out on a mobile pedestal in the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) and then moved invertical position to the launch pad on a roll track.Other facilities include, Solid Stage Assembly Building (SSAB)connected to the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) by a rail track, Technical Complex-2 (TC2), SpacecraftPreparation Facility, Range Instrumentation facilities comprising tracking, telemetry and tele-command systemsTracking facility

ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC) provides mission support to low-earth orbitsatellites as well as launch vehicle missions. ISTRAC has its headquarters and a multi-mission SpacecraftControl Centre at Bangalore. It has a network of ground stations at Bangalore, Lucknow, Sriharikota, PortBlair and Thiruvananthapuram in India besides stations at Mauritius, Bearslake (Russia), Brunei and Biak(Indonesia).ISTRAC activities are organised into network operations, network augmentation, mission operation andspacecraft health monitoring, communications and computers and control centre facilities and developmentprojects. Programme planning and reliability groups support ISTRAC activities.The Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN), commissioned during the year 2008, at Byalalu village near Bangaloreforms the Ground segment for providing deep space support for Indias prestigious and first Lunar mission, theChandrayaan-1.The technical facilities in IDSN include a 32 metre Deep Space Antenna, an 18 metre AntennaTerminal, an 11 metre Antenna Terminal, Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC) and a Technical Servicescomplex.The IDSN is the first of its kind project in the country that provides ISRO the capability to handle deep spacemissions of India and also provides cross support to other deep space missions of external space agenciesbecause of its inter-operable features and state-of-the-art capabilities.



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NEW DEVELOPMENTS

2012 was a memorable year for the Indian Space programme with two successful launches of Polar SatelliteLaunch Vehicle (PSLV) from Sriharikota, of which one orbited Indias Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT-1) andthe other a French Remote Sensing Satellite SPOT-6 and the Japanese satellite PROITERES.The successfullaunch of SPOT-6 and PROITERES had the added significance since PSLV-C21 mission that launched themwas the 100th Indian space mission. Besides, it was the twenty first successive successful launch of PSLV. TheHonourable Prime Minister of India witnessed this historic launch live from Satish Dhawan Space CentreSHAR, Sriharikota.An advanced Indian Communication Satellite GSAT-10, which is the heaviest Indian satellite to be built byISRO, was launched from French Guyana using the European Launch vehicle ARIANE-V. RISAT-1, GSAT-10 as well as the two foreign satellites launched by PSLV are functioning well. RISAT-1 and GSAT-10 havesignificantly enhanced our national capabilities for various space applications. RISAT-1, launched on April 26, 2012, is state-of-the-art remote sensing satellite to provide data to Indianuser community. It is the first microwave Radar Imaging Satellite built by ISRO. RISAT-1, using an activeradar sensor system, namely, a C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar imager, is an important microwave complementto its optical IRS series of earth observation missions. RISAT-1 can image the Earths surface day and night aswell as in adverse weather conditions. The1858 kg RISAT-1 is the heaviest satellite launched by PSLV so far. Indias advanced communication satellite, GSAT-10, carrying a total of 30 communications transponders inC, Extended C and Ku-bands as well as a two-channel GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN)payload operating in L1 and L5 bands, was launched by European Ariane-V launch vehicle on September 29,2012. The satellite was later placed in the intended geostationary orbital slot of 83 degree E longitude. Thetransponders are in the process of augmenting thecapacity of the INSAT system while the GAGAN payload is intended to provide the Satellite Based AugmentationSystem through which the accuracy of the positioning information obtained from the GPS Satellites is improved. ISRO currently has a constellation of 9 communication satellites, 1 Meteorological satellite, 10 Earth observationsatellites and 1 scientific satellite.Launch Vehicle Programme

Activities for the realisation of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark II with indigenous cryogenicengine and stage for launching communication and meteorological satellites of two ton class into GeosynchronousTransfer Orbit and GSLV-Mark III capable of launching four ton satellites are progressing well. SARAL, an oceanographic satellite built jointly by ISRO and the French space agency CNES was successfullylaunched on February 25, 2013 by PSLV-C20. The Honourable President of India was present at SatishDhawan Space Centre to witness the launch. SARAL carries a Ka-band altimeter and ARGOS data collectionsystem payload.



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Research and development activities in semi-cryogenic propulsion engine, air breathing propulsion and re-usable launch vehicle technology are also being pursued vigorously in an effort towards reducing the cost ofaccess to space. Development of critical technologies for undertaking human spaceflight has also made furtherprogress.Satellite ProgrammeFollowing the launch of GSAT-10 and its subsequent placement in its designated geostationary orbital slotduring the year, the following satellites are being built for meeting the countrys future requirements. GSAT-14 satellite, envisaged to enhance extended C-band and Ku-band communication transponder capacity,carries 6 Extended C-band and 6 Ku-band Transponders as well as 2 Ka-Band Beacons and is planned to belaunched in the forthcoming launch of GSLV-D5 in 2013. IRNSS-1A, the first satellite of Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) constellation is plannedto be launched onboard PSLV in 2013. GSAT-7, a multi-band satellite, is planned to be launched onboard a procured launcher during 2013. INSAT-3D is a state-of-the art meteorological satellite with 6 channel Imager and 19 channel Sounderpayloads. The satellite will be located at 82 degree E longitude in geostationary orbit.The satellite is planned tobe launched onboard a procured launcher during 2013.

DEFENCE

The Department of Defence Production was set up in 1962, in the aftermath of the Chinese aggression tocreate a self-reliant and self-sufficient indigenous defence production base . In November, 1965, Departmentof Defence Supplies was created to forge linkages between the civil industries and defence production units.The two departments were merged in December, 1984 into the Department of Defence Production andSupplies. The Department of Defence Production and Supplies has been renamed as Department of DefenceProduction w.e.f. January, 2004. Since 1962, 16 new Ordnance Factories have been set up. Their capacitieshave been augmented and modernised selectively keeping in mind the emerging requirements of the ArmedForces. All the Ordnance Factories and Defence Public Sector Undertaking (DPSUs) are engaged in the taskof manufacture of equipment and stores for Defence Services. One more Ordnance Factory is being setup inNalanda, Bihar. In addition, capacities of civil sectors are also utilised for the purpose. The following DPSUsare functioning under the administrative control of the Department:-

i Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)ii Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL)iii Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML)iv Mazagon Dock Ltd (MDL)v Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL)



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vi Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers Limited (GRSE)vii Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL)viii Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (MIDHANI)

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited The Hindustan Aeronautics Limited was established in October 1964 bymerging Hindustan Aircraft Limited and Aeronautics India Limited. It is engaged in the design, development,manufacture, repair and overhaul of aircraft, helicopters, engines and their accessories. The Company has 12divisions located in six states. Its registered office is at Bangalore. HAL has evolved into a large AeronauticsComplex and has built up comprehensive skills in Design, Manufacature and overhaul of Fighters, Trainers,Helicopters, Transport Aircraft, Engines, Avionics and System Equipment. Its product tract record consists of11 types of Aircraft from in- house R&D and 13 type by licence production inclusive of 8 types of AeroEngines and over 900 items of Aircraft System Equipment (Avionics, Mechanical, Electrical). The Companyhas the requisite core competence base with demonstrated potential to become a global player. The Companyhas exports to more than 20 countries, having demonstrated its quality and price competitiveness. It has alsodiversified into the field of Industrial & Marine Gas Turbine business and Real-time software business.

Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) The Bharat Electronics Limited, established in 1954 with its corporateoffice at Bangalore , has nine units in the country. It is engaged in the design, development and manufacture ofsophisticated state-or-the-art electronics equipment components for the use of the defence services, para-military organisations and other governmental users such as All India Radio, Doordarshan, Department ofTelecommunications, Police Wireless Departments, Meteorological Department etc. On line computerisationfor material management, state-of-the-art test facilities, facilities for carrying out environment and reliabilitychecks, electro-magnetic Interference/Electro-Magnetic Compatibility Testing facility, antenna testing facility,back-up support from standardisation technical information and documentation, computer aided design andmanufacture have made BEL a modern and professional electronic company.

Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML) The Bharat Earth Movers Limited was established in May 1964and commenced operations from January 1965. With the disinvestment of shares of BEML, Government ofIndia is still the major shareholder as of end March 2002, holding over 61.23&percnt; of equity shares of thecompany. BEMLs manufacturing units located at Bangalore, Kolar Gold Fields (KGF) and Mysore.

All the production units of BEML are fully equipped with necessary general purpose machines and specialpurpose machines like extra heavy duty machines, Computer Numerically Controlled boring machines (CNCmachines), CNC bevel generating system of Gleason design, flexible manufacturing system, heavy and largesize fabrication facility, welding robots, etc., to manufacture transmission and axles, Hydraulic control values,cylinders and pumps, diesel engines, railway coaches, rail buses, railway wagons, Alternating Current Electrical



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Multiple Units (ACEMUs), heavy duty all terrain multi axle trucks, earth moving machinery and Trackedmilitary vehicles like armoured recovery vehicles, self proplelled gun, tanks and other military vehicles likeheavy recovery vehicles, bridge laying tank, truck based mobile bridge system, mounted gun system on truckchassis, rocket launcher system etc.

Mazagon Dock Limited (MDL)

The Mazagon Dock Limited, which was established in 1960, is the premier defence shipyard in the country,has a capacity to build warships upto 6,000 DWT and merchant ship upto 27,000 DWT. Its product rangeincludes submarines, missile boats, destroyers, frigates and corvettes for the Indian Navy and patrol vessels forthe Coast Guard. It has diversified products for the oil exploration sector through production and installationof wellhead platforms and diving services for coating/laying sub-sea pipelines.

Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL)

The Goa Shipyard Limited was established in the year 1957. After the liberation of Goa , it became a PublicSector Undertaking under the Ministry of Defence in 1967. Goa Shipyard Limited builds a variety of modern,medium sized and special purpose ships for the Defence and Civil sectors.

Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL)

BDL was established in 1970 and made great strides in the past few decades making contribution in theremarkable achievements in Defence Production and meeting needs of the nation.

In the present globalised market, change usually involves restructuring, repositioning and securing a viablefuture. Addressing and managing change allows us to remain competitive over the long term Fear of failure,feeling of threatened and paucity of information are issues that reflect upon the basic self-confidence anddealing with these issues requires strategies and agenda for action.

In this context, BDL like any other corporate entity, is also faced with the critical task of making headway inGlobalised Defence Market successfully. While the trend of Economic Globalisation will continue to provideexpanded opportunities and challenges, it is incumbent upon BDL to develop a vision and devise strategies forbuilding on its strengths and be prepared to face the upcoming threats.

A fundamental change in business and economic practices has created a flood of knowledge into diverse andchanging needs of defence of our nation. BDL is now living in an era where timeframes for decision makinghave been reduced and rapid change in fragmenting the rules of the game.



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For understanding this nature of change requires looking beyond what is fragmenting in the present and focusupon what is coming together as new systems of operations and rules of game.

Sweeping changes are on the anvil which are to be visualised by us and should not tend to focus on limitationsset by the prevailing environment. We cannot afford to become prisoners of the present but have to take a hardlook of the future.

BDL made an enviable mark in the field of defence production and supplies till now, while gearing up for thefuture. BDL is ready and vibrating to breed new strategies to face and shape the future. BDL is confident thatit will conquer the changing paradigms with clinical swiftness and surgical precision, backed by tremendouscapabilities built in earlier

Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (MIDHANI)

The Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited (MIDHANI), was incorporated as Public Sector Undertaking in 1973 atHyderabad to achieve self-reliance in the areas of super-alloys, titanium alloys and special purpose steelrequired for strategic sectors like Aeronautics, Space, Armaments, Atomic Energy, Navy special products likemolybdenum wires and plates, titanium and stainless steel tubes, alloys for electrical and electronic applicationlike soft magnetic alloys controlled expansion alloys and resistance alloys.

MISSILE TECHONOLOGY

The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) was formed in 1983 with the aim ofachieving self-sufficiency in missile development & production and today comprises of five core missile programsthe strategic Agni ballistic missile, the tactical Prithvi ballistic missile, the Akash and Trishul surface-to-airmissiles and the Nag anti-tank guided missile. The program has given India the capability to produce indigenousmissiles in other key areas and a few known missiles under development have been listed below. By enforcingthe Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) to stop supplies of all kinds of missile material, Westernnations are trying to prevent India from developing these strategic and tactical missiles. Undaunted by this high-level conspiracy, hats off to all the brilliant Indian scientists who have toiled so hard, in their dedicated efforts,that they managed to develop these missiles.The Prithvi (Earth) is a single stage, dual engine, liquid fuel (red fuming nitric acid as an oxidiser, with a 50/50mix of xylidiene and triethylamine as fuel), road-mobile, short-range ballistic missile which began design in1983 and was first tested in 1988. The missile has a length of 9 metres, a diameter of 1.1 metres and a weightof 4000 kg. It has a unique appearance, with four delta-shaped wings midway down the fuselage. The missilesvolatile liquid fuel launch mode must be loaded immediately prior to launch, which might prove to be adisadvantage in the field. However liquid fuel gives better accuracy and the missile crews who operate them



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undergo intense training in three general phases; missile sub-system, handling & maintenance. An advancedsimulator has been developed to train the missile crews in its operation. Liquid fuel also provides the capability,for in-flight manoeuvring; the missile is capable of being manoeuvred up to 15 in flight. Prithvi has a distinctivedesign, using a particular gyro system with a uniquely configured software. When the flight is in progress, thedrift can be monitored through the on-board computer. It has other innovations as well; the type of thrusttermination is so innovatively configured that for a multiple payload, multiple ranges can be achieved. Thestrap-down inertial guidance system has a twin microprocessor-based computer integrated with interrupt-driven, real time software. Its navigation system guides it to the target within a CEP (Circular Error Probable)equal to 01% of its range. During one test, the missile reportedly achieved a high accuracy rate, which suggeststhat guidance system may include the capability of feeding GPS inputs into its inertial navigation system.Initiallytwo variants were developed at DRDO, one for the Army and the other for the Air Force, but presently theSS-250 is only variant being produced at Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL), Hyderabad. The Army version,designated as the SS-150 had a range of 150 km and could carry up to a maximum of a 1000 kg as itspayload. The Air Force version, designated as the SS-250 had a

range of 250 km and could carry up to a maximum of a 500 kg as its payload. By using boosted liquidpropellant to generate more thrust-to-weight ratio, DRDO has increased the payload of the SS-250 to1000 kg. The Prithvi reportedly has the highest warhead-weight to overall-weight of any missile in its class.The Agni-I (Fire) is a 15-metre tall, 12-ton, single-stage, solid-fuelled, medium range ballistic missile. Themissile is smaller than its big brother - the Agni-II IRBM - in dimensions and range, but can still carry a one tonnuclear payload to most targets in Pakistan without having to be deployed at the borders. The core and triggerscan be swiftly assembled by BARC (Bhaba Atomic Research Centre) and DRDO (Defense Research &Development Organisation) - within Indias avowed no-first-use paradigm. Agni-I is also designed to belaunched from a rail-based mobile launcher; one that can move on a standard broad-gauge rail system and alsofrom a road-mobile launcher system. DRDOs Ahmednagar-based VRDE (Vehicle Research & DevelopmentEstablishment) and the Pune-based R&DE (Research & Development Engineers) played important roles invalidating the tractor-cum-transporter-cum-launcher. A mobile missile system reduces vulnerability and allowsfor greater operational flexibility, while critics feel that the cost of these mobile systems could be higher and thatthey greatly increase the time for moving from one place to another.

The Agni (Fire) is an Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile which had begun development in 1979. It becamepart of Indias Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) in 1983. The first Agni test occurredon 22 May 1989, and two more tests were conducted on 29 May 1992 and 19 February 1994. These testswere technology test-beds (TTBs) for developing vehicle structure, integration, navigation and control, flightdynamics and re-entry vehicle technology. The TTBs achieved a maximum range of 1500 km, however themain drawback was the missiles solid-liquid propulsion configuration, which seemed unsuitable for an operational



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IRBM. Thus the Agni-II was developed, which had a length of 20 metres, a diameter of 1.3 metres andweighs 16 tonnes, and is an improvement over its predecessor which had a length of 21 metres and weighed19 tonnes.The Astra missile programme is headed by the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO). Thegoal of this programme is to provide the Indian Air Force (IAF) with an indigenously-designed beyond visualrange (BVR) air-to-air missile to equip the IAFs Mirage 2000, MiG-29, Su-30MKI and the future LightCombat Aircraft (LCA). A model of the Astra was first shown to the public at Aero India in December 1998.On 25 July 2001 in Indian Parliament, then-incumbent Defence Minister Jaswant Singh said that a feasibilitystudy for the Astra has commenced, after the completion of which a project for development of the Astra isplanned to be undertaken. Development of this missile is likely to take about seven to eight years. Unconfirmedreports state that the first ground-launched ballistic tests of the Astra airframe are planned for 2003. TheMirage 2000H has been designated as the first potential platform for the Astra when the weapon enters serviceat the end of this decade.

The Astra missile uses a terminal active radar-seeker to find targets and a mid-course internal guidance systemwith updates, to track targets. The on-board ECCM capability allows it to jam radar signals from an enemysurface-to-air battery, ensuring that the missile is not tracked or shot down. This indigenous missile is intendedto have performance characteristics similar to the R-77RVV-AE (AA-12), which currently forms part of theIAFs missile armoury. The missile is 3.8 metres long and is said to be configured like a longer version of theSuper 530D, narrower in front of the wings. Astra uses a HTPB solid-fuel propellant and a 15 kg HE (high-explosive) warhead, activated by a proximity fuse. The missile has a maximum speed of Mach 4+ and amaximum altitude of 20 km. The missile can reportedly undertake 40 g turns close to sea level, when attackinga manoeuvring target. Although designed to use a locally-developed solid fuel propellant, DRDO is also lookingat rocket/ramjet propulsion to provide greater range and enhanced kinematic performance.The Nag (Cobra) is a third generation, all weather, top-attack, fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile. It isone of five missile systems developed by the Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO) underthe Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP). Design work on the missile started in 1988and the first tests were carried out in November 1990 The missile uses a tandem HEAT (High Explosive AntiTank) warhead to penetrate ERA (Explosive Reactive Armour) or composite (Chobham type) armour that isfound in the latest tanks [2]. The system is expected to supercede Indian production of the Soviet origin9K113 Konkours (NATO: AT-5 Spandrel) and Euromissile Milan M2 anti-tank missiles As originally conceived,the Nag would have been available with three different types of guidance, These included a wire guidedversion, an infra-red version and a millimetric wave (mmW) version. The cumbersome nature of a wire guidancesystem had led to plans for this being dropped [4]. Currently, guidance is based on an imaging infra-red (IIR)passive seeker that ensures a high-hit accuracy in both top- and front-attack modes. The mmW seeker, on the



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other hand, is intended to operate as an optional system that can replace the IIR passive seeker as a module.Also incorporated into the guidance system, is a CCD camera. The missile has a weight of 42 kg and canengage targets at ranges up to 6 km. The Nag is claimed to be first anti-tank missile which has a completefiberglass structure

The Trishul (Trident) is a short range, quick reaction, all weather surface-to-air missile designed to counter alow-level attack. It has been flight tested in the sea-skimming role and also against moving targets. It has arange of 9 km and is fitted with a 5.5 kg HE-fragmented warhead. Its detection of target to missile launch isaround 6 seconds. The missile can engage targets like aircraft and helicopters, flying between 300 m/s and 500m/s by using its radar command-to-line-of-sight guidance. It operates in the K-band (20 - 40 GHz), whichmakes it difficult to jam. In the K-band three-beam system, the missile is initially injected into a wide beam,which then hands it over to a medium beam, which passes over to a narrow beam, guiding it to the target. TheTrishul SAM, being test-fired from a launcher at INS Dronacharya.

RINS -Ring Laser Gyro based INS-GPS-Glonass for long range missiles and Aircraft.

Su-30M (MK-export version) is a standard Su-30 with the air-to-ground missiles which can carry twice

the armament (8 tons) compared to the baseline Su-27. The Su-30 export variant of the formidable

Su-27 Flanker, can carry the latest Russian air-to-air missiles, including the medium-range R-27

family, the short-range R-73 and the new medium-range R-77 AMRAAM-ski. The Sukhoi-30K has a

range in excess of 3,000km, which means it can easily patrol offshore installations without requiring

aerial refuelling.

DRDOs (lab and Establishment)

Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL) was envisaged in 1961 as one of the modern armamentresearch laboratories under the Department of Defence Research & DevelopmentThe laboratory became fullyoperational in 1967 and was formally inaugurated in January 1968 by the then Defence Minister. While themain laboratory is situated in Chandigarh, the firing range, spread over an area of 5000 acre, is located atRamgarh in Haryana, 22 km away from Chandigarh.ANURAG was established on May 2nd 1988 to execute specific, time-bound projects/programmes leadingto the development of custom designed computing systems and software packages for numerical analysis andother applications.To design and develop advanced computing systems, especially those based on state-of-theart concepts like parallel architectures as well as associated systems and sub-systems.ARDE Established in 1958, Armament Research & Development Establishment is on the threshold of the fifthdecade of its existence, under Defence Research & Development Organisation.



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CAIR Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) was established in Oct 1986. Its research focuswas initially in the areas of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Robotics, and Control systems. In November 2000, R &D groups working in the areas of Command Control Communication and Intelligence (C3I) systems,Communication and Networking, and Communication Secrecy in Electronics and Radar DevelopmentEstablishment (LRDE) were merged with CAIRWith this, CAIR has become the premier laboratory for R&Din different areas in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as applicable to Defence.CFEES This establishment presently known by the name as CFEES (Centre for Fire, Environment & ExplosiveSafety) got its name in 2003. Before that its name was CEES. The CFEES was established in the year 1992by the merger of three erstwhile establishments viz. (I) DRDO Computer Centre, Delhi, (ii) Directorate ofExplosives Safety, DRDO, HQ, and (iii) Fire Advisers Office DRDO, HQ.CVRDE Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (CVRDE) has its origin as the ChiefInspectorate of Mechanical Transport Establishment, set up at Chaklala (now situated in Pakistan) in 1929.AfterIndependence of India, this establishment was moved to Ahmednagar to form Technical DevelopmentEstablishment (TDE - Vehicles). It was later transformed into Vehicle Research & Development Establishment(VRDE), Ahmednagar.DARE Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE) initially started as a Project Laboratory - AdvancedSystems Integration and Evaluation Organisation (ASIEO), which was established in 1986 at Bangalore topursue the goal of enhancing the operational capabilities of Indian Air Force through modern technologies.Over the last decade, DARE has made rapid progress in the areas of Airborne Electronic Warfare, AirborneProcessors and Testing & Evaluation of Electronic Warfare (EW) systems. It has implemented concepts inconcurrent engineering in partnership with the Industry in order to achieve shorter design to induction timeframes and seamless transfer of technology. DARE has two major wings - the Electronic Warfare (EW) wingand the Mission Avionics Wing (MAW)DEBEL Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL) was formed in April 1982 bybringing together the Aero Bioengineering Unit (ABEU) located in ADE campus and the ElectromedicalInstrumentation Division (EMID) of LRDE located at LRDE campus.INMAS At the instance of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, a Radiation Cell wasestablished in 1956 at Defence Science Laboratory, Delhi. The initial assignment was to undertake a study onthe consequences of the use of nuclear and other weapons of mass destructionBut it was soon realised thatnuclear energy can also be harnessed for the good of the mankind. Radioisotopes could find peaceful medicalapplications. The scope of work was, therefore, enlarged and the cell upgraded to Radiation Medicine Divisionin 1959.LASTEC The Laser Science And Technology Centre had its beginning in 1950 as the Defence ScienceLaboratory (DSL)) established as a nucleus laboratory of DRDO (then known as Defence ScienceOrganisation). In the beginning, DSL operated from the National Physical Laboratory building.Later, on April9th 1960, it was shifted to Metcalfe House and inaugurated by then Raksha Mantri Dr Krishna Menon in the



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presence of Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru. DSL had seeded for as many as 15 present DRDO labs with core groupsworking in many diverse area. In 1982, the Laboratory moved to a new technical building in Metcalfe Housecomplex and was rechristened as Defence Science Centre.

INDIAN AIR FORCE

The Indian Air Force (IAF) today, having completed the Platinum Jubilee of dedicated service to the nation, isa modern, technology-intensive force distinguished by its commitment to excellence and professionalism. Keepingpace with the demands of contemporary advancements, the IAF continues to modernise in a phased mannerand today it stands as a credible air power counted amongst the fore-most professional services in the world.The primacy of Air Power will be a decisive factor in shaping the outcome of future conflicts. In line with thisdictum, the Indian Air Force (IAF) has developed into a major Component of National Power, which can beapplied quickly and decisively. The IAF has reoriented itself to a multi-role capability of platforms and equipment,along with multi-skill capability of personnel. The rapid economic growth of the country dictates the need toprotect our security interests extending from the Persian Gulf to the Straits of Malacca.Over the years the IAF has grown from a tactical force to one with transoceanic reach. The strategic reachemerges from induction of Force Multipliers like Flight Refuelling Aircraft (FRA), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV) and credible strategic lift capabilities. There is emphasis on acquiring best of technology through acquisitionsor upgradation, be it aircraft, systems, precision missiles or net centricity. The main inductions and acquisitionsby Indian Air Force are given in the following paras.

IAF has started upgrading its combat aircraft fleet since the last few years in order to enhance its operationalcapability and maintain its aircraft as modern weapon platforms, capable of meeting the present challengesposed by the security scenario in our region. Of the available fleet, MiG-21, MiG-27 and Jaguar aircraft havealready been upgraded and Mirage-2000 and MiG-29 aircraft are planned for upgradation. The Indian AirForce is considering upgrade of its medium lift helicopters comprising Mi-8, Mi-17 and Mi-17-IVs, as also theAN - 32 transport aircraft, with the aim of improving their overall capability.

The IAF today is in the process of a most comprehensive modernisation plan. Over the next few years, theforce would induct more Su-30 aircraft, the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) and the Medium Multi Role CombatAircraft (MMRCA). There are plans to augment the helicopter and transport fleets too. The IAF has initiatedthe process for acquisition of additional Mi-17 IV helicopters, heavy lift helicopters, Advanced Light Helicopterand Light Combat Helicopters. For the transport fleet, induction of Boeing Business Jets (BBJ), Flight RefuellingAircraft (FRA) and Airborne Warning and Control Systems (AWACS), Heavy Transport Aircraft (HETAC),C-130J Hercules and Medium Transport Aircraft (MTA) is also planned. Among trainer aircraft, the HawkAdvanced Jet Trainer has been inducted and the Intermediate Jet Trainer (IJT) would be acquired in the nearfuture. The IAF is also in the process of acquiring radars in various categories to meet the Air Defencerequirements, accurate and advanced weapons, Network Centric Warfare systems, etc, to meet its assignedtasks.



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Helicopters

The IAFs helicopter fleet has steadily increased in numbers over the past twenty years, blossoming from ahandfull of U.S. types in the 60s to over 500 French, Indian and Soviet built types. The pride of the force is,undoubtedly, the Mi-26 heavy lift helicopter which has been operated by No. 126 H.U. with outstanding resultsin the mountains of Northern India. The bulk of rotorcraft are Mi-17s and Mi-8s, well over one hundred ofthese types serving in Helicopter Units throughout the country, playing a vital logistic support role. Mi-8s areoperated for commando assault tasks, for ferrying supplies and personnel to remote mountain helipads andjungle clearings, carrying out SAR (Search and Research Operations) and logistic support tasks in the islandterritories, employed with the Indian permanent station in the Antarctica and so on.

The smaller Alouette III, renamed Chetak, is as ubiquitous, being employed for casevac(Casualty Evacuation),communications and liaison duties with the IAF having received over 150 examples of this versatile rotorcraft.

In 1986, however, the Government of India formally constituted the Armys Aviation Corps and most Chetakand Cheetahs operating in AOP Squadrons were transferred from the Air Force on 1st November 1986. TheAir Force continues to fly armed Chetaks in the anti-tank role as well as for CASEVAC and general duties whilethe lighter Cheetah is operated by (FAC) flights.

In May 1984, No. 125 Helicopter Unit was formed with the formidable Mi-25 gunship helicopter, used tomuch effect in Sri Lanka. The upgraded Mi 35 has followed in April 1990, with No. 104 HU being reequippedwith the type. Future requirements for armed helicopters are planned to be met by the indigenous AdvancedLight Helicopter (ALH) named DHRUV, developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.SU-30 : Twin seater twin engine multirole fighter of Russian origin which carries 130 mm GSH gun alongwith8000 kg external armament. It is capable of carrying a variety of medium-range guided air to air missiles withactive or semi-active radar or Infra red homing close range missiles. It has a max speed of 2500 km/hr (Mach2.35).Mirage-2000 : A single seater air defence and multi-role fighter of French origin powered by a single enginecan attain max speed of 2495 km/hr(Mach 2.3). It carries two 30 mm integral cannons and two matra super530D medium-range and two R-550 magic II close combat missiles on external stations.MiG-29 : Twin engine, single seater air superiority fighter aircraft of Russian origin capable of attaining max.speed of 2445 km per hour (Mach-2.3). It has a combat ceiling of 17 km. It carries a 30 mm cannonalongwith four R-60 close combat and two R-27 R medium range radar guided missiles.MiG-27 : Single engine, single seater tactical strike fighter aircraft of Russian origin having a max. speed of1700 km/hr (Mach 1.6). It carries one 23 mm six-barrel rotary integral cannon and can carry upto 4000 kg ofother armament externally.



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MiG-23 MF : Single engine, single seater swing wing air superiority fighter of Russian origin carrying one 23mm twin barrel gun and two R-23R/T medium range and two R-60 close combat missiles. It has a max speedof 2446 km/hr (Mach 2.3).MiG-21 BIS : Single engine, single seater multirole fighter/ground attack aircraft of Russian origin whichforms the back-bone of the IAF. It has a max speed of 2230 km/hr (Mach 2.1) and carries one 23mm twinbarrel cannon with four R-60 close combat missiles.Jaguar : A twin-engine, single seater deep penetration strike aircraft of Anglo-French origin which has a max.speed of 1350 km /hr (Mach 1.3). It has two 30mm guns and can carry two R-350 Magic CCMs (overwing)alongwith 4750 kg of external stores (bombs/fuel).IL-76 : A four engine heavy duty/long haul military transport aircraft of Russian origin with a max speed of 850km/hr. It has a twin 23 mm cannon in tail turret and capacity to carry 225 paratroopers or 40 tonnes freight, wheeled or tracked armoured vehicles.AN-32 : Twin engine turboprop, medium tactical transport aircraft of Russian origin with a crew of five andcapacity to carry 39 paratroopers or max load of 6.7 tonnes. It has a max cruise speed of 530 km/hr. AVRO : Twin engine turboprop, military transport and freighter of British origin having a capacity of 48paratroopers or 6 tonnes freight and max cruise speed of 452 km/hr.Dornier : Twin engine turboprop, logistic air support staff transport aircraft of German origin capable ofcarrying 19 passengers or 2057 kg freight. It has a max speed of 428 km/hr.Boeing 737-200 : Twin engine turbofan, VIP passeng

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