Soybeans Presented by: Samantha Privratsky Food, Culture and Agriculture Spring 2010.

Soybeans

Presented by: Samantha PrivratskyFood, Culture and Agriculture Spring 2010

Soybeans: Today’s Topics

• The Plant- Origin- Chemical Composition- Morphology- Maturity-Growth Types

• History- Movement from Origin- U.S. and World Production- GMO soybeans- Processing

• Cultivation/Pest Control- Growing season- Nitrogen fixture- Main Pests and pesticides

• Soy Products- Cattle feed, oils, plastics, paints,

inks, pesticides

• Health Benefits- Lowers cholesterol- Complete protein- Reduce breast cancer

• Health Risks- Allergies- Toxic pesticides/chemicals- Raw soybeans toxicity- Reduce sperm count- Increase risk cancer

The Plant: Key points

• Scientific name: Glycine max

• Member of the legume family

• 40% protein, 20% fat, 35% carbohydrates

• Originated from China

The Plant: OriginFamily Facts

• Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]• Wild relative: Glycine soja

– Most likely the ancestor of Glycine max

• Other relatives in China, Korea, Russia, Japan, Taiwan, and Australia

• Member of the Legume Family– Alfalfa– Peas– Dry beans

The Plant: OriginSoybean has had many names:

Soya Bean

Soja Bean

Chinese Pea

Manchurian bean

Japan pea

Japan bean

Japan fodder plant

The Plant: Chemical Composition

• 40% protein; 20% fat; 35 % carbohydrates; 5% ash

• Complete protein: contain all essential amino acids

• 1 cup of green, raw soybeans includes:376 calories; 19g fat; 38mg sodium(2%DV); 11 g fiber; 33g protein; 50% DV Calcium; 50% DV Iron

Copyright ©2010 School Nutrition Foundation. All Rights Reserved. www.schoolnutrition.org

The Plant: Chemical Composition

Protein Digestibility– Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS) is a scoring system created to analyze the quality of a protein.

Protein Quality Scale: Amino Acid Content

The Plant: Origins

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The Plant: Origins

CHINA

JAPAN

KOREA

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MONGOLIA

Manchuria

To be more specific, soybeans came from Manchuria, a region of China.

The Plant: OriginMedicinal values in 450 A.D.

• Heart• Liver• Kidneys• Stomach• Bowels• Lungs

• Yellow & Green Seed– Increased lung power– Improved complexion

• Black Seed– Used in foods– Fed to horses before a

long journey

Soybeans were believed to be good for the organs listed.Different seed colors were claimed to have different benefits to human health.

The Plant: Physical Characteristics

AnnualUpright architecture

Height varies from 7.9 in. – 6.6 ft.Trifoliate leavesFlowers from auxiliary budsSeeds in pods (2 to 3 seeds/pod)

The Plant: Maturity: Key Points

• Soybeans are photosensitive (i.e. requires a certain day length for flower initiation)

• Current cultivars are divided into 13 maturity groups (MG III and MG IV are grown in Ohio)

• Temperature, physiological age, and day length interact to affect soybeans.

The Plant Maturity: Photosensitivity

• Soybeans are photosensitive– Begin to produce flowers when a critical

dark period is reached (day length)

• Day length varies with latitude• Soybeans were divided into types or

groups according to their photosensitivity

Maturity: Maturity Groups

• 1818: W.J. Morse was first to divide soybeans into photosensitive groups (3 groups)– Late, medium and medium late, and very early

• 1925: Morse expanded his grouping to 5• 1949: Morse expanded his grouping to 9

– MG 0 to MG VIII

• Soybeans are now divided into 13 groups– MG 000 to MG X

Maturity Groups

MG Areas Grown

EARLY 00 Northern Minnesota, Canada

MATURING 0 Northern Michigan

I Central Michigan

II Southern Michigan

III Central Ohio

IV Southern Ohio, Northern Kentucky

V Southern Kentucky, Northern Tennessee

VI Southern Tennessee, Northern Georgia

LATE VII Central Georgia

MATURING VIII Southern Georgia, Florida

The Plant:Factors Affecting Maturity- interactions

• Soybeans are affected by – Temperature– Physiological age– Day length

The PlantGrowth Types: Key Points

• Indeterminate

• Determinate

Growth Types

• Indeterminate– flowers and set pods while continuing to

grow vegetatively

• Determinate– adds much less vegetative mass after

flowering begins

Growth Types

• Indeterminate – Typically grown north of the 37th north

parallel (about Lexington, KY)– MG 00 through IV are in this area

• Determinate– Typically grown south of the 37th parallel– These types require more light for flowering– Originally in south because of their ability to

produce adequate forage

The Plant: Summary

• Annual, upright, trifoliate leaves, seeds in pods

• Maturity Groups based on photosensitivity– 13 groups currently

• Two growth types: – Indeterminate– Determinate






inks, pesticides



• Soybean Future

HistorySoybean Movement from Origin:Key Points

• Used in China before recorded history• Brought to U.S. before U.S. a country• More knowledge about soybean

agronomics and processing increased their production

• key events helped develop the soybean industry– war, technology, weather, government

program

Soybean History: Movement from Origin

1

Before Recorded History

A lot of time passes

1712 1740

Exported from China to Manchuria

Nothing happened

Introduced to Europe by botanist Englebert Kaempfer

Missionaries in China sent soybeans to France (attempts to Cultivate failed)

1765 1776 1804 1812

Samuel Bowman introduces soybean to North America (Savannah, Georgia)

Declaration of Independence

Pennsylvania recommends that farmers grow soybeans

War of 1812

Chad Lee, Grain Crop Extension History

History: Movement from Origin 2

1829 1854 1873 1898

Soybean grown in Mass. (“luxury crop for soy sauce”)

Two soybean cultivars given to U.S. Commissioner of Patents

“Mammoth yellow”: earliest cultivar grown in U.S.

USDA began organized introductions to U.S.

1903 1907 1937 1941

Ford Motor Company Started

20 cultivars collected in U.S.

10,000 introductions with 2,500 different types

Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor

Chad Lee, Grain Crop Extension History

3History: Movement from Origin

Three advances in the knowledge of soybean.

• 1905: Commercial inoculant available in U.S. – Germany: discovered that legumes fix atmospheric

nitrogen (N) when roots are nodulated by Rhizobia bacteria. (Massachusetts Experiment Station supported these findings).

• 1917: properly heated soybean meal was superior to unheated meal

• 1920: understanding of “photoperiod sensitivity” of soybean to day length– Soybeans need a certain period of day length to

trigger flower production. Flower production is necessary for feed production.

3

As early as 1923, agricultural scientists were predicting big things for soybeans in the USA. The following is taken from: Piper and Morse. 1923. The Soybean.

THE SOYBEAN

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

There is a wide and growing belief that the soybean1 (Fig.1) is destined to become one of the leading farm crops of the United States…

THE SOYBEAN

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

There is a wide and growing belief that the soybean1 (Fig.1) is destined to become one of the leading farm crops of the United States…

Soybean History

History:Key Events to Developing the Soybean Industry

1. World War II2. Machine Power3. Dust Bowl4. New Deal5. Biotechnology

1. World War II

• Germany promoted soybean production in Rumania and Bulgaria and guaranteed prices.

– 375,000 bushels in 1934– 5.5 million bushels in 1941

• The United States increased production for wartime products such as fats, oils, and oilseed meal.

– 78 million bushels in 1940– 192 million bushels in 1945

2. Machine Power• Tractors replaced the horse• Soybeans replaced oats and corn

grown for feed- 85 % of the world’s soybean crop processed into meal and vegetable oil for use in animal feed.

5. Dust Bowl

• Droughts of 1934 and 1936• Soybeans were more drought tolerant

than corn• Farmers switched some acres to

soybeans to off-set their risk

6. New Deal

• Great Depression: low corn prices• Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to

help corn prices by controlling the number of acres grown

• No acreage controls placed on soybeans

• Farmers who had reached their limit on corn switched to soybeans

Soybean History: Overall Concepts

• Soybean (Glycine max) originated in China.• Improvements in agronomics and processing

generated more production.• Wars, weather, machinery and government

rapidly increased soybean acres.• U.S. is the leader in soybean production,

with Brazil, Argentina, and China following.• Most soybeans are processed into oil and

protein for food and feed.

HistorySoybean Production: Key Points• United States leads the world in

soybean production.• Brazil, Argentina, and China follow the

U.S. in world production.• Controlled by six Merchants of Grain:

Cargill, Continental(owned by Cargill), Louis Dreyfus, Bunge, Mitsui Cook, and Andre & Company- Control storage- Control transportation- Control prices- Genetically Modified Soybean Crops

HistoryWorld Soybean Production (2007)

USproduced 2,585 million bushels

Brazilproduced 2,241 million bushels

Argentinaproduced 1,727 million bushels

Chinaproduced 525 million bushels

Indiaproduced 342 million bushels

Paraguayproduced 257 million bushels

Othersproduced 301 million bushels Copyright 2007 North Carolina Soybean Producers Association, Inc.

HistorySoybean Bushels Produced in 2000(Total: 2.76 Billion Bushels)

Ohio6%

Kentucky1%

Indiana8%

Illinois16%

Iowa17%

Michigan3%

Other49%

Source: National Agricultural Statistics Service






inks, pesticides



• Soybean Future

Soybean Pests and Pesticides

Pests

• Bacterial diseases• Fungal diseases• Nematodes, parasitic• Viral diseases

Pesticides

• Calcium hypochlorite (326) Uses: Algaecide, Water Treatment

• Magnesium phosphide (2085) Uses: Fumigant, Rodenticide

• Spinetoram (XDE-175-J) (5946) Uses: Insecticide

Harmful effects of Pesticides

• Acute Pesticide Poisoning Associated with Pyraclostrobin Fungicide --- Iowa, 2007

- 27 cases of illness after workers sprayed with air pesticides

- All workers Hispanic, from Texas

Genetically Engineered

Soybeans (GMO)• Monsanto GM soybean seed patent

•- Herbicide-resistant soybean plants•Three new genes genetically engineered into soybean from:

- bacterium- cauliflower virus- petunia

•Drastic increase in U.S. G.M. Soybeans from 1996-1998

- 1996 GMO soybeans: 0.5 million hectares-- 1998 GMO soybeans: 18 million hectares

• Results in increase pesticide usage

Soybean Processing

• 1917: Processing Industry began in Illinois• Oil yield occurs by solvent extraction

– Seeds are cleaned, cracked, and dehulled– Use of unsafe chemicals to extract oil– Remaining portion is rolled into flakes

• Flakes are toasted and used in soy meal and soy meal products

• Protein portion of flakes can be extracted and used in other products

Industrial Processing

• Food safety risks:- Processing involves mixing non-edible oils with

edible oils(chloroethylene, hexene) - Creates saturated fats: link to heart disease

- Consumers denied right to know what toxic chemicals may be in soy products

http://www.soyfoods.org/top/photos

Soybean Products






inks, pesticides



Soybeans Presented by: Samantha Privratsky Food, Culture and Agriculture Spring 2010.

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Transcript of Soybeans Presented by: Samantha Privratsky Food, Culture and Agriculture Spring 2010.