Soy Protein and Serum Cholesterol Reduction · 10 LDL Cholesterol Control Portfolio Statin Wk 0 Wk...
Transcript of Soy Protein and Serum Cholesterol Reduction · 10 LDL Cholesterol Control Portfolio Statin Wk 0 Wk...
Soy Protein and Serum Cholesterol Reduction
David J.A. Jenkins
Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto;
Clinical Nutrition & Risk Factor Modification CenterSt. Michael’s Hospital
Ontario, Canada
ColleaguesArash Mirrahimi, Korbua Srichaikul, Claire E. Berryman, Li Wang,Amanda Carleton, Shahad Abdulnour, John L. Sievenpiper, Cyril W. C. Kendall,and Penny M. Kris‐Etherton
J. Nutr. 140: 2302S–2311S, 2010Sonia Blanco Mejia, Siying S Li, Effie Viguiliouk, Laura Chiavaroli, John L Sievenpiper, Penny Kris‐Etherton, Mark Messina.
Unpublished
Conflict of Interest
C = Consultancies; H = Honorarium; SAB = Scientific Advisory Boards; G = Grants
• Barilla, Italy – A general food company. Producer of pasta and baked goods. G
• Solae, St. Louis – The major US producer of soy protein isolate. C,G• Unilever, Vlaardigen,Netherlands – Major margarine producers
including Becel and Take Control (plant sterol enriched margarine). G, GP
• Haine Celestial, CA – One of the largest Health Food companies in the US. G
• Loblaws Supermarkets – Canada’s largest supermarket chain.G, SAB
Sanitarium Company, Sydney, Australia – Australia’s largest health food manufacturing company and soy food producer. G, SAB
Epicure – C, H
Conflict of Interest
Herbalife International, Century City, CA – A nutraceutical company with an emphasis on sourcing plant derived components for weight loss. SAB
Nutritional Fundamentals for Health, Montreal, QE – A new nutraceutical company exploring and aiming to market food derived components for health. SAB
Pacific Health Laboratories INC, Matawan, NJ – a nutrition technology company with functional food and nutraceutical products researched and commercialized for sports performance weight loss and type 2 diabetics which can be marketed without prior approval of the FDA. SAB, Stock
Metagenics/MetaProteomics, Gig Harbor WA – a company assessing natural products from hops which will positively impact individuals with specific genetic susceptibilities for chronic disease. SAB
C = Consultancies; H = Honorarium; SAB = Scientific Advisory Boards; G = Grants
Conflict of Interest
Bayer Consumer Care, Springfield NJ – Marketing of nutritional supplements/nutraceuticals. SAB
Oldways Preservation Trust, Boston, MA – A not for profit organization promoting traditionally “healthy” ways of eating (eg. Mediterranean Diet, etc.) H
Almond Board of California, Modesto, CA – A branch of the USDA (therefore “not for Profit”) to promote the use of almonds. C,H,G
The California Strawberry Commission, Watsonville, CA – Another USDA not for profit group to explore possible health benefits and to promote the use of strawberries. SAB
Orafti, Tienen, Belgium Development of prebiotics for modification of colonic microflora. SAB, G
C = Consultancies; H = Honorarium; SAB = Scientific Advisory Boards; G = Grants
Conflict of Interest
Unilever ‐ Canada – Guidelines for the management of hyperlipidemia. G,C,H
Agriculture and Agrifoods Canada (AAFC) – SAB Canadian Agriculyure Policy Institute (CAPI) – SAB White wave‐ Dean Foods, Colorado – SAB, C, H Orafti, Tienen, Belgium Development of prebiotics for modification of colonic microflora. SAB, G
Wife and is a Director of Glycemic Index Laboratories, Toronto, CA –Financial relationship of a spouse
Kellogg’s, Canada – C, H, SAB Quaker Oats, Canada‐C, H, SAB The Coco Cola sugar Advisory Board . C, H,SAB Griffin Hospital, New Haven‐ For the development of the Nuval System. C, H, SAB
C = Consultancies; H = Honorarium; SAB = Scientific Advisory Boards; G = Grants
Conflict of Interest
• Abbott Laboratories, Algorithms for Diabetes Management. C, H, SAB
• The Canola & Flax Councils of Canada. C, H,SAB
• Pulse Canada ‐ SAB
• Saskatchewan Pulse Growers – SAB
• Canadian Institute of Health Research (CIHR) – G
• Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI) –G
• Ontario Research Fund (ORF) – G
• Advanced Foods and material Network (AFMNet) – G
• International Tree Nut Council Nutrition Research and Education Foundation and the Peanut Institute – G, H
• Alpro Soy Foundation – H
• Vegan for last 10year (Vegetarian since 12y, B12deficient?)C = Consultancies; H = Honorarium; SAB = Scientific Advisory Boards; G = Grants
Soy History
1. Anderson et al NEJM 19951.5‐2.0g soy protein/d=↓ LDL‐C 12.5%
2. FDA Soy Health Claim 19993. AHA Soy Advisory 2006 = ↓ LDL‐C 3‐4% (intrinsic)4. FDA proposal to revoke Soy Health Claims 2017
The Evidence
Neither the AHA or FDA based their concerns on meta analyses of RCTs
They arrived at their conclusions by stating that most individual studies (often small numbers) did not reach significance
Hence we believe meta analyses are REQUIRED
AHA Advisory Soy Studies
J. Nutr. 140: 2302S–2311S, 2010
AHA advisory ~ 4.3% LDL‐C reduction (p<.0001)
~ 3.2% LDL‐C reduction STILL (p<.0001)
Same Meta analysis approach with 46 FDA 2017 trials
Other FDA Health Claims:
• Nuts 40g ~ ↓4% LDL‐C• β-glucans oats
• 3.5g ~↓5% LDL-C
= Similar order of magnitude
BUT
Add Meat and Dairy SFA displacement valueWhen Soy foods are used
LDL‐C Change
J. Nutr. 140: 2302S–2311S, 2010
% LDL reduction
Soy substitution for Animal Protein Foods LDL‐C reduction bar graph
J. Nutr. 140: 2302S–2311S, 2010FIGURE 2 Change in LDL‐C due to dietary displacement by soy protein at the average fatty acid intake reported in the NHANES III population assessment
Soy Effect
Endogenous LDL‐C reduction =3.2% *+
Displacement LDL‐ C reduction =3.6%‐6.0%
Total LDL‐C reduction = 6.8‐9.2%
How do we use soy as a part of a combination –a Dietary Portfolio
% LDL reduction
NCEP step 2: 10 %
Portfolio Diet: viscous fiber 5 %soy & legumes proteins 5 %plant sterols 5 %almonds 5 %
TOTAL 30 % LDL reduction
= 1st generation Statin
What happens if you combine these cholesterol‐lowering components (Portfolio Diet)?
Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, et al.Curr Opin Lipidol 2000
after
Key Mechanisms of Action
1. Viscous fibers = Bile acid losses
2. Soy Protein = Cholesterol synthesis LDL receptor uptake
3. Phytosterols = Cholesterol absorption
4. Almonds + multiple mechanisms
Dietary PortfolioStudy Foods: Readily available in supermarkets.
Nuts: ~30 g/dalmonds
Viscous Fiber: ~20 g/doats, barley, psyllium, legumes, eggplant, okra
Vegetable Protein: ~80 g/d (50% soy)soy, beans, chick peas, lentils
Plant Sterols: ~2 g/d plant sterol margarine
Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW et al. Metabolism 2002
Dietary Portfolio: Changes in LDL‐C
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Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW et al. JAMA 2003
Dietary PortfolioChanges in C‐Reactive Protein
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Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW et al. JAMA 2003
Portfolio dietary pattern on cardiometabolic outcomes
Chiavaroli L et. al. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018 May ‐ Jun;61(1):43‐53
INFLAMMATIONForest plot of our randomized controlled trials on the effect plant based (no meat) low saturated fat low cholesterol diets (Dietary
Portfolio) on CRP (n=439)
JAMAJAMA
CMAJCMAJ
JAMAMetabolism
Metabolism
Chiavaroli L et. al. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2018 May ‐ Jun;61(1):43‐53
Recent Evolution of More Plant based Dietary Guidelines for the public
1. Sweden (2009) – first to incorporate environmental concerns into dietary guidelines
2. Netherlands(2015) – no more than 2 servings of meat per week
3. USA (2016) – vegetarian diet (1 of 3 healthy diets) 4. China (2016) – reduce all meat consumption by 50%5. UK(2016) – eat more beans and pulses, eat less red and
processed meat 6. Belgium (2017) – make foods derived from plants the basis
of every meal, limit your intake of animal products7. Canada ? Going in Same Direction
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Soy in Portfolio in Guidelines
Soy has been included in numerous clinical practice guidelines for CVD risk reduction 1. National Cholesterol Education Program [NCEP] Adult Treatment
Panel [ATP] III update 20042. Heart UK 3. European Atherosclerosis Society [EAS] Statin‐associated muscle
symptoms [SAMS] advisory4. Canadian Cardiovascular Society [CCS])
Summary
1. Soy lowers serum LDL‐C by intrinsic mechanisms by ~3.2% (p<.0001)
2. Soy likely lowers LDL‐C by other food displacement by an additional 3‐6%
3. Soy is likely to have an overall reduction of LDL‐C of 6%‐9%4. Soy forms part of dietary recommendations to lower LDL‐C
internationally e.g. dietary portfolio 5. Perhaps some of the resistance to soy food consumption
comes from the fact that soy protein is one of the few plant protein sources that can substitute for meat and dairy to address the international dietary guidelines requirement to eat more plant protein and less animal protein foods