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    SovietForeignPolicyinthe1920s

    USSRwasunpopularwiththeWestafter

    leavingWW1inearly1918withtheTreatyof

    BrestLitovsk. AlongwithGermany,USSRwas

    excludedby

    their

    former

    countries.

    They

    werenotinvitedtotheParisPeace

    Conference,andwhenCivilWarbrokeoutin

    theUSSR,BritainandFranceweretwo

    nationswhichsenttroopstosupportthe

    Whites. Becauseofthis,therewasaperiod

    whereGermanyandRussialookedlikethey

    mightworktogetherasLeninsaid,

    Germanywantsrevengeandwewant

    revolution.

    Relationsbecameincreasinglystrainedduring

    the1920sbetweentheWestandUSSR. Lenin

    sawthenewLeagueofNationsasabandof

    robbers. Althoughby1927theLeaguehad

    involvedUSSRinsomedecisions,theydidnot

    becomeamemberstateuntil1934.

    BritaininparticulardistrustedtheCommunist

    east. In1924,thefirstLabourgovernment

    underRamsay

    MacDonald

    recognised

    the

    USSRasadiplomaticnation;bytheendofthe

    year,afakeletter(TheZinovievLetter)

    claimingtolinktheBritishLabourPartytothe

    RussiaCommunistPartywaspublishedinthe

    DailyMail;thefakeletterwasanorderfor

    CommuniststoincitetheBritishArmyto

    mutinysothatRussiacouldinvade. Thiswas

    enoughtotoppletheLabourGovernment

    frompower. AfurtherRedScarein1927

    ledtoBritainabandoningdiplomaticrelations

    withtheUSSRuntil1930.

    Examplesinthe1920s:

    1919 Formation

    of

    Comintern.

    This

    was

    officially

    theThirdCommunistInternational. Itwasa

    groupofinternationalcommunistswhichaimedto

    encourageandinciterevolutionsinothercountries.

    ItwasfrustratingfortheWestthatofficiallyRussia

    wasjustamemberoftheComintern,andtherefore

    couldnotcontrolthegroup. Butinrealitythey

    wereinchargeandtoldthememberswhattodo.

    1922 Treatyof

    Rapallo.

    This

    was

    atreaty

    between

    SovietUnionandGermany. Theydroppedany

    economicandterritorialclaimsagainsteachother.

    USSRalsoallowedGermanytotraintroopsandtest

    equipmentinRussia. ThisdidnotbreaktheTreaty

    ofVersailles,butalsogaveRussiaaccesstoGerman

    technology.

    1927 RussiansupportforCommunist

    RevolutioninChina. StalinannouncedtoaParty

    Congressthat

    China

    was

    the

    second

    home

    of

    worldrevolutionandinvestedresourcesand

    agentsinencouragingtheChineseCommunist

    Party. UnfortunatelyinApril1927therightwing

    opponentscapturedShanghaiandmassacredhuge

    numbersofCommunists. Trotskyandtheleftwing

    oftheRussianCommunistPartyblamedStalin

    (whichwasironicsinceStalinfavouredSocialismin

    OneCountryanditwasTrotskywhowanted

    PerpetualRevolution...). Thiswasoneofthe

    reasonsthattheleftwingwasexpelledinthe

    powerstruggle.

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    SovietForeignPolicyinthe1930s

    Inthe1930s,Stalinfoundhimselfworried

    aboutHitler,

    who

    had

    proclaimed

    in

    MeinKampfthatSlavicpeopleswere

    untermenschen(subhuman)andthat

    Lebensraum(livingspace)couldonlybetakenattheexpenseoftheSovietUnion. However,

    healsohadreasontoworryaboutJapan,

    whichhadeyesonimperialexpansiononthe

    continent. HavingcapturedManchuriafrom

    China,theynowposedathreattotheRussian

    borders. In193132,Stalinsignednon

    aggressionpacts

    with

    Afghanistan,

    Finland,

    Lithuania,Latvia,Estonia,PolandandFrance.

    By1934,HitlerhadsignedtheGermanPolish

    NonAgressionPactwhichessentiallyended

    theRapalloTreatybetweenRussiaand

    Germany. TheSovietUnionsoughttodefend

    herselfbysigningmutualassistancepacts

    withFranceandCzechoslovakiain1935.

    Tomake

    matters

    worse,

    Hitler

    then

    signed

    theAntiCominternPactin1936withJapan

    andlaterwithItalyin1937. Thiswasan

    agreementtofighttheComintern,or

    CommunistInternational. Asnotedabove,

    thiswasnottechnicallyjusttheSovietUnion,

    butinrealitywasatreatyofhostilityagainst

    theUSSR. Furtherhostilityarosebetween

    GermanyandUSSRintheSpanishCivilWar.

    AlthoughGermanyonlysentsquadronsof

    bombersand

    USSR

    used

    Comintern

    agents,

    so

    itwasnotadirectconflict,itwasstilla

    confrontationofFascistandCommunist.

    AfterAnschluss(1838)andtheCzechCrisis

    (1938)whenHitlerthreatened

    Czechoslovakia,onlytobeawardedthe

    SudetenlandbyBritainandFranceandthen

    allowedtotakeallofCzechoslovakia,Stalin

    feltveryinsecure. Afterall,itappearedto

    himthat

    the

    Western

    countries

    wanted

    Hitler

    toattacktheEast. Whilstnotentirelyas

    1935 MutualAssistancePactswithFranceand

    Czechoslovakia. InresponsetoGermanactions,USSR

    soughtotheralliesinEurope.

    193132 Nonaggressionpacts. Asameansofself

    defence,theSovietUnionsignedasmanynon

    aggression

    agreements

    as

    possible.

    1936 SpanishCivilWar.BothCommunistand

    Fascistcountriessupportedeachside. Russiadidnot

    directlygetinvolvedbutsentagentsanddirected

    Comintern(CommunistInternational)tosend

    brigadesof

    volunteer

    fighters.

    This

    was

    an

    instance

    ofCommunismconflictingwithrightwingpolitical

    policiesinothercountries.

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    simpleasthat,itistruethattheWestsawa

    strongGermanyunderHitlerasabuffer

    againstCommunism. Stalinhadnoteven

    beeninvitedtotheMunichConferenceto

    dealwithCzechoslovakia,despitethefactthat

    itwasgeographicallymorerelevanttothe

    SovietUnionthanBritain.

    WhenBritainandFrancesoughtatreatywith

    SovietUnion,Stalinsawthisasaneffortto

    usehimtosortoutHitlerandignoredwhathe

    sawaswesternmanipulation. Instead,Stalin

    instructedhisforeignsecretaryMolotovto

    seekanagreementwithHitler;theNazi

    SovietPact(1939)wassignedsoonafter.

    Publicallyitagreedaneconomicallianceanda

    nonaggressionrelationship. Howevermore

    importantwastheagreementthatRussia

    wouldnotdefendPolandifGermanyinvaded.

    ThisallowedGermanytobecertainthatthey

    wouldnotfaceawarontwofrontsandgave

    Stalintheconfidenceofanagreedborder. It

    alsosecretlyagreedalineinPolandthat

    Russiacouldadvanceto,andthatStalincould

    occupythe

    Balkans.

    On1stSeptember1939,HitlerinvadedPoland,

    sparkingaBritishresponseon3rd

    September.

    On17th

    September,Soviettroopsentered

    EasternPolanduptothelineagreedwith

    Germany. Followingthis,otherBalticstates

    signedagreementstoallowSoviettroopsto

    occupytheircountries. Thenon27th

    November,Stalinscrappedthenon

    aggressionpact

    with

    Finland.

    A

    day

    later

    they

    claimedthatFinnishtroopshadattacked

    Sovietpatrols,andonthe30th

    Soviettroops

    invadedFinland.

    1939 NaziSovietPact.MadebetweenGermany

    andUSSRinresponsetoGermanysobviousinterest

    inPoland. VerysurprisingtotheworldbutStalin

    sawitasthesafestroute. DontforgetthatUSSR

    andGermanyhadworkedtogetherforawhileafter

    WW1,e.g.RapalloTreaty,whereasUKandFrance

    seemedalessreliableoption.


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