South Korean Good Practice SDI Investigations...South Korean NSDI history It should be said that...

© 2011 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank

1818 H Street NW

Washington DC 20433

Telephone: 202-473-1000

Internet: www.worldbank.org

E-mail: [email protected]

All rights reserved

The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are entirely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily

reflect the view of infoDev, the Donors of infoDev, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World

Bank and its affiliated organizations, the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they

represent. The World Bank cannot guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors,

denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply on the part of the World Bank any

judgment of the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

Rights and Permissions

The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission

may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank

encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.

For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to infoDev

Communications & Publications Department; 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW; Mailstop F 5P-503, Washington, D.C. 20433,

USA; telephone 202-458-4070; Internet: www.infodev.org; E-mail: [email protected].

All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office of the Publisher, The

World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: [email protected].

Cover design by infoDev

Cover photo by Ihcahieh.com

To cite this publication: Kim, Eun Hyung. 2011. National Data Spatial Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea.

Washington, D.C: infoDev / World Bank. Available at http://www.infodev.org/publications

National Spatial Data Infrastructure: The Case of the Republic of Korea

iv

Table of Contents Table of Contents .............................................................................................................................................................. iv

Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................................................... v

About the Author .............................................................................................................................................................. vi

Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................................ 1

Chapter 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 8

Chapter 2. Social Context and Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................... 10

Chapter 3. The Current Korean SDI Situation ..................................................................................................... 17

Chapter 4. Korean NSDI History ........................................................................................................................... 36

Chapter 5. Best Practices in Korea .......................................................................................................................... 45

Chapter 6. Lessons Learned ..................................................................................................................................... 56

Chapter 7. A Strategic NSDI Model for the Developing Countries ................................................................. 62

Annex- A National Spatial Data Infrastructure Act ......................................................................................... 74

Annex- B Spatial Data Industry Promotin Act .................................................................................................. 85

Annex- C Current Status of Korean GIS Standards .......................................................................................... 94

Annex- D Korean SDI/GIS Organization List.................................................................................................. 97

Annex- E Selected List of the Korean National GIS Projects ......................................................................... 98

Annex- F Korean GIS Expert Investigation Results ....................................................................................... 105

Annex- G Tasks and Activities for SDI in Developing Countries (Example) ............................................. 111


v

Acknowledgments

This work would not be possible without the support of numerous people and organizations whose

contributions remain invaluable to the preparation and writing of this report. Specifically, I would like to

thank the Korea Trust Fund on ICT for Development and the The World Bank Group, especially Tim Kelly,

team task leader of the overall “SDI for Monitoring Development Outcomes” report; Marisela Montoliu

Muñoz, for her work on the original PCN; Bruce McCormack and Paul Scott, for their insightful and detailed

revisions; Samhir Vasdev, for editing and preparing this document for publication; and all reviewers whose

suggestions were deeply appreciated.


vi

About the Author

Eun-Hyung Kim is a professor at Division of Landscape Architecture & Urban Planning, College of

Engineering, Kyungwon University in Korea. Since he found GIS technology in 1985, most of his lifetime

has been devoted to GIS research on national and local GIS planning and implementation. His major

research area is on NSDI policies, GIS standards, GIS implementations in local governments and recently,

Geospatial Web and Ubiquitous City.

The Korea NGIS Project, also called the Korea NSDI, started in 1995 and is now on the third phase. The

fourth phase will begin next year. He might be the only one who went through the Korea NSDI planning and

implementation from the beginning to the present. He is also deeply involved in GIS implementation in local

governments. His most current NSDI perspective was presented by the paper, "The Prescriptive NSDI

Model(2008)".

Since 1995, he has been a member of Steering Committee for the NATIONAL GIS project to establish the

Korean NSDI and to develop its implementation plans. He is one of the five members who initiated the

NGIS project by the first-phase NGIS Implementation Plan. He has been participating in numerous

Advisory Committees in various central and local governments in Korea. Also, he is a Korean Head of

Delegate to the Technical Committee of the International Standard Organization on Geographic

Information/Geomatics (ISO/TC211).

His main papers include "A Study on a GIS ISP (Information Strategic Plan) Model for Local Governments

to Overcome the Problems in a Transition Period (2004)", "A Study on Integration Strategies for e-

Government and GIS in Korea (2005)", "Comparative Study on Advanced NSDIs for the future

NATIONAL GIS Implementation in Korea (2006)", "Study on Advanced Model for GIS Implementation in

Local Governments (2007)", and "The Prescriptive NSDI Model (2008)", which are on SDI policies from

local via national to international level.


1

Executive summary

This report seeks to understand how to help developing countries advance their SDI efforts based on the case study of South Korea. With remarkable economic growth, South Korea stands in a unique position in the world, transforming from a largely aid-dependent nation to a developed country in a relatively short period of time. Strategic efforts with advanced IT technologies have contributed considerably to its rapid economic development, largely due to South Korea‟s notable NSDI effort. To investigate and analyze the country‟s achievements as a good practice SDI, the current Korean SDI, this report reviews its situation and its history. Through the analysis, a strategic NSDI model is proposed that can help developing countries implement SDI efficiently.

The current Korean SDI situation The current Korean SDI situation can be identified by 12 issues: GIS applications, policy issues, legislation, organizational issues, funding, data sets, standards, software and network services, access issues, international issues, evaluation, and education/research. These issues fit neatly into six primary components of SDI (data, standards, access and metadata, policy, technology, and partnerships) as follows: 1) Data sets can be mapped to the data component; 2) Standards issues to the standard component; 3) Access issues to the access and metadata component; 4) Policy, legislation, and organizational issues to the policy component; 5) Software and network services issues to the technology component; and 6) Funding, international issues, evaluation, and education/research issues to the partnerships component. These components are interrelated through mutual interactions. With regards to the important issue of funding, a large amount of the Korean budget had been invested throughout the three phases of the

country‟s NGIS (1995-2000, 2001-2005, and 2005-2010). By 2008, a total of 1,2 trillion won ($1,1 billion) had been invested from public funding from national budgets – 2,787 billion won ($2,6 million) in the first phase, 4,550 billion won ($4,3 billion) in the second phase, and 4,438 billion won ($4,2 billion) in the third phase. On both the national and local levels, the plurality of NGIS expenditures was invested in creating and managing geospatial data and applications. It can be said that Korean SDI has been driven by a top-down approach rather than by a bottom-up approach because the central government has played a larger role to run the Korean SDI. Recently in Korea, however, a paradigmatic shift in GIS technology from geographic information systems to geo-spatial information resulted in new legislation, a change of policy from top-down approach to a more bottom-up approach, a harmonization of both of these approaches, and organizational arrangements for future direction. According to the 4th NGIS Plan (MLTM, 2010), a new concept of “Neogeography” will move the current NSDI direction toward a “new deal” data governance policy with private partnerships. Under the vision of Green – focusing on intelligence, integration, interoperability, governance, and easy access to spatial information – the “everywhere”, “everybody,” and “new deal” policy will begin to guide the country‟s NGIS.

South Korean NSDI history It should be said that Korean SDI history cannot be separated from the NGIS project since both evolved together. In other words, from simple digitization of information to knowledge, Korean SDI developed and changed rapidly through the implementation of various NGIS projects. This transformation can be illustrated by examining the three phrases of NGIS:


2

Table 1: The three phases of Korea's NGIS NGIS Phase 1 (1995-2000) NGIS Phase 2 (2001-2005) NGIS Phase 3 (2005-2010)

Go

al

Digitization of spatial data to

establish GIS infrastructure in

order to promote to national

competitiveness and

productivity

Construction of a wider GIS

digital landscape

Emphasis on the

infrastructure of the

implementation of Korean

Ubiquitous Land

Da

ta

Creation of digital topographic

and cadastral maps

Digital thematic map, parcel-

address map, administrative

boundary map, road map,

current land use map, national

land zoning map, and urban

planning map

Fundamental data including

administrative district,

transportation, marine and

water resources, etc

National /marine base map

National geodetic control

point, national imagery DB

Ap

plic

atio

n

GIS application for

underground facility

GIS application for

underground facility , land use,

environment, agriculture,

marine

Linkage and integration of

individual GIS application

systems

3D spatial information, UPIS,

KOPSS, BIM etc.

Sta

nd

ard

Developments of several

standards including∙ standard

for national base map,

underground facility map

Developments of standards for

exchange of spatial data

Developments of several

standards including∙ standard

for framework, data,

construction, distribution and

application for NGIS

Re-establishment of

framework data standard

Developments of advanced

several standards

Modification and

supplementation of existing

standards

Tec

hn

olo

gy

Mapping technology, DB Tool,

GIS S/W technology

3D GIS, high-resolution RS

technology

Intelligent land information

based on GIS technology

and developed new software

for the future information-

oriented society.

Hu

ma

n r

eso

urc

e

IT labor markets promotion

project

Offline GIS education

Online and offline GIS

education

Development of educational

program and educational

textbook

Online and offline GIS

education

Update of educational


textbook


3

Cle

arin

g

ho

use

Pilot project for national spatial

clearing house

Project for national spatial

clearing house 70m datasets in

139 categories available

Advancement project for

management of national

spatial clearing house

Re

sea

rch

Research for NGIS Research for NGIS in mid- and

long-term policy project

Research for NGIS in

changing environments

Lessons learned from NSDI Lessons learned by the Korean NSDI align with the 6 components of SDI discussed earlier (data, policy, standard, access and metadata, technology,

and partnerships), and with the additional metric of GIS applications:

Table 2: Lessons learned from Korea's NSDI

SDI

component Lessons learned Recommendation

Da

ta

In South Korea, an over-emphasis on

data accuracy has retarded the

development of SDI. Harmonizing a

concept of data quality in users‘

perspective with suppliers‘ perspective

is important for data production,

usages and various applications

Harmonization of cost with quality is

important.

The strategies for data updating must

be considered during initial data-

building to prevent duplicated

investment for revision and data

updating.

Efforts to bridge gaps between

assessing formal institutional data quality

and informal real usage for business

For example, using digital ortho-photo,

satellite image or new surveying

technology can be preferable to using

traditional surveying methods.

For rapid return on investment, the

selection of maps at proper scale and

decision on data building method will

need to be reviewed.

Tools such as UFID for efficient and real-

time updating will be useful.


4

Sta

nd

ard

s

In the South Korean SDI, two kinds of

level as de jure standards have

developed: KS and TTA standards. To

Developing the standards while

obtaining consensus, will inevitably

take considerable time.

As a result, several NGIS projects have

been implemented without related

standards.

A delay of NGIS standardization results

in issues of data interoperability and

project inefficiency.

Strategic standardization based on

consensus among GIS communities for

SDI, more effectively and easily.

Tools such as the USGS geospatial

bluebook, the standards guidance

resource, are useful at the

implementation and conceptual levels.

Tec

hn

olo

gy

In spite of the development of GIS

technologies for the 3 NGIS phases, the

adoption of advanced foreign

technologies is significant in Korea.

With the help of ubiquitous

technologies, Korea competitively

develops specific technologies.

Due to a lack of best practicse in the

use of technologies from the get-go,

educational programs for GIS

technologists and experts are crucial.

Wider strategical use of open-source

technologies is recommended.

Strategic and rapid development of

selected technologies for developing

countries‘ SDI is recommended.

Po

licy

More administrative experts and fewer

GIS experts as decision makers may

have resulted in some trial and errors at

the beginning of NGIS phase in South

Korea.

Conflicts between the GIS and

surveying communities could present

problems, and the latter‘s influence has

been more substantial than the former

group‘s. Accuracy has prevailed over

fitness for use. It has retarded GIS

applications to bloom. ???

Tools such as a NGIS Master Plan in

every phase of NGIS in Korea

presented a vision, tasks, project and

budgets, with the SDI Master Plan first.

Legislation for the NSDI at a national

and local level is required for SDI. In due

time, legislation for SDI must be

introduced with a a clear definition of

roles defining who does what.

More participation and determination

of GIS experts in policy-making process

is needed.

Strategic and sustainable Master Plans

for SDI First, according to Master Plan,

implementation Plan is also needed.<--

??

As with the Korean case, evaluation

following implementation is also

needed.


5

Ac

ce

ss &

Me

tad

ata

Online or off line distribution networks

are essential for successful SDI.

NGIS ―One Stop Portal‖ for access

service and linkage of e-government

portal with NGIS portal are useful.

Standards for metadata and data

catalogue are required to distribute and

share data via the NGIS One Stop

Portal.

To spure adoption of the VGI concept,

poor knowledge of data availability

should be overcome and access to

spatial data .

Ap

plic

atio

n

Many GIS applications are developed

and used for efficient resource

management throughout the 15-year,

3-phase NGIS in South Korea.

The recent trend of users making their

own GIS applications using Open

APIhas significant implications for

developing countries. For example,

Open API services are available in

Seoul and Daegu at the local level.

Considering the limits of resources in

developing countries, for efficient

budget allocation, priorities among

various GIS applications would be

included in the master plan. To provide

interoperability of GIS applications, a

geo-Web platform is useful.

Rapid return on investment of GIS

applications must also be considered.

Pa

rtn

ers

hip

s

Strong government leadership and

organisational partnership are

important.

The delayed establishment of NGIS

standards during the 2nd phase was

due to a lack of organizational

partnerships.

Efficient institutional reorganization and

regulations required to promote

powerful organization partnerships.

For example, as Chairperson of National

Spatial Data Committee, the President

provided powerful leadership, rather

than the minister of land, transport and

maritime affairs. This alleviates the

potential obstacles of weaker

leadership, inter-organizational conflict,

and a lack of cooperation between

government agencies.

A strategic NSDI model for developing

countries

This report proposes a strategic NSDI model for developing countries based on South Korean lessons highlighted above and on the opinions of Korean GIS experts. This model includes 4 strategies, including strategies for geospatial data, GI capacity building, GI portal enabling access platforms, and cost-effective management of GI with partnerships, all of which can be established

for the development of SDIs at the national level with reference to the local level. In developing countries, due to a lack of various resources such as financial and human capital, top priority must be given to a product-based model. Given varying political, economic, and cultural circumstances in developing countries, the findings of this report will have different implications for different countries. However, primary consideration might be given to the creation of geospatial data.


6

S T R A T E G I E S F O R G E O S P A T I A L

D A T A

Like NGII‟s digital topographical map at 1:1.000 scale covering almost all of the countries in the Korean SDI, high quality geospatial data such as a digital topographical map makes successful SDI implementation possible. However, the digital topographic map database is also likely to be an expensive task that takes place over a relatively long period of time. Using new technologies, strategies for geospatial data for developing countries can exploit alternative information sources such as remotely-sensed data in addition to conventional survey technology. For example, Openstreetmap, which is a wiki-style VGI (Volunteered Geographic Information) map using various mapping techniques including remote mapping and sketching over aerial imagery with GPS unit, can be a possible method to build a basic map efficiently. A great deal can be done in this way without incurring the delays that are inevitably associated with conventional database creation.

Additionally, in Korea‟s experience processing further NGIS projects, not only building geospatial data but also maintaining it for sharing and utilizing is of paramount importance. In this context, it is more important to make data interoperable for data sharing and utilization. Thus, standardization is a prerequisite to building and sharing geospatial data, information, and services efficiently. GIS standards for interoperability of geospatial data and services should be developed according to the consensus of stakeholders.

Concerning the matter of financing, the co-funding model reliant on international funds (building topological maps with central and local governments in South Korea) serves as a good reference for developing countries with insufficient budgets.

S T R A T E G I E S F O R G I C A P A C I T Y -

B U I L D I N G

Due to poor human resources, misunderstanding or lack of technological accuity in developing countries, strategies for GI capacity-building are also of high importance. SDIs are likely to be

most successful in taking advantage of local and national geographic information assets in situations where the capacity exists to exploit their potential. This is particularly important in developing countries where the implementation of SDI initiatives is often dependent on a limited number of staff with necessary geographic information management skills. It must also be recognized that there remains a great deal to be done to develop GIS capabilities, particularly at the local level. GIS capacity-building can be considered in the adoption and vitalization of the VGI concept for future SDI development.

S T R A T E G I E S F O R G I P O R T A L

E N A B L I N G A C C E S S P L A T F O R M S

Without enabling access platforms, and the appropriate metadata services which help them to find this information, it is unlikely that a SDI will be able to achieve its overarching objective of promoting greater use of geographic information. There is also a practical reason that the development of metadata services should be given a high priority in the implementation of a SDI: These services can be developed at relatively low costs and high speeds. In this respect, they can be regarded as potential “quick winners” which demonstrate tangible benefits for those involved in SDI development. The establishment of Web-based metadata services provides information to users about the data that is available to meet their needs. It is also one of the most obvious SDI success stories. In recent years, the development of spatial portals has opened up new possibilities for metadata and application services. As their name suggests, spatial portals can be seen as gateways to geographic information (GI) resources. As such they provide points of entry to SDIs and help users around the world identify and connect to many GI-rich resources. These portals also allow GI users and providers to share content and create a consensus. Also, for better citizen spatial service , integration and linkage of e-government and NSDI should be done from the beginning of the project timeline to avoid duplication of efforts. Furthermore, in the context of recent trends toward vitalization with the adoption of the VGI concept, poor knowledge of data availability


7

should be improved and access of spatial data extended.

S T R A T E G I E S F O R C O S T - E F F E C T I V E

M A N A G E M E N T O F G I W I T H

S T R O N G L E A D E R S H I P A N D

P A R T N E R S H I P S

Strong government leadership and organizational partnerships have been evaluated as a primary drive to successful NSDI, as mentioned earlier. In order to pursue a more powerful organizational partnership, more efficient institutional reorganization and regulations are required.

The South Korean SDI case reveals that strong, top-down, national NSDI leadership by the central government is important to successful SDI implementation from the start.

This same strategy is needed for SDI in developing countries, wherein SDI coordinating bodies should play a key role.Like the National Spatial Data Committee in South Korea, an interagency committee is necessary to deliberate on and coordinate matters concerning national spatial data policy and to promote the coordinated development, use, sharing and dissemination of geospatial data and services. Finally, legislation for the NSDI at the national and local levels is required embrace the importance of SDI and to encourage a technological mindset.


8

Chapter 1: Introduction

Many countries worldwide including both advanced and developing are engaged in SDI development, which involves the development of geospatial services that support public service delivery, ultimately to promote economic development, stimulate better government, and foster environmental sustainability. This development ranges from local to state/provincial, national and regional levels, to a global level. SDI is now moving to underpin an information society and enable a society to be spatially enabled, (Rabajifard, 2006a).

SDI can be seen as a framework of spatial (GIS) data, metadata, users and tools (services) that are interactively connected in order to use spatial data in an efficient and flexible way. Due to its nature (size, cost, number of inter-actors), an SDI is usually government-related. SDIs and the broader use of GIS create an improved information environment worldwide.

With the increased generation and use of GIS data necessitates, however, the need for standardizing, organizing, storing, managing and sharing them better. Increasingly aware of the material and opportunity costs of bad GIS management practices, developing countries are now approaching for advice on how to develop sound Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs) – that is, the technologies, policies, standards, and human resources necessary to acquire, process, store, distribute and improve utilization of geospatial data.

To synthesize lessons from global experience on how countries can manage GIS, technical challenge can be reviewed. But, beyond(redundant) the technical challenge of building an SDI, the most critical issues and obstacles often emerge on the institutional, organizational, and financial fronts – that is, in the definition of the roles and responsibilities for diverse actors working with and benefitting from the SDI. In terms of it, institutional governance is necessary for effective and efficient spatial data and services management within or across organizations

In this context, there is a common need for knowledge on “how to” guide on the development of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) at a national level.

Contents of this report

This report provides a reference on the development of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) at a national level for developing countries. Based on recent SDI-related activities in Korea, and history of Korean SDI with best practices in Korea, a strategic NSDI model is suggested for developing countries. The report is divided into three parts with seven chapters by concept.

Social change, economic growth, and

SDI

The first part of the report examines the social background and theoretical reviews. To understand SDI in relation to South Korean historical, economic, and social background, Chapter 2 shortly reviews South Korean recent history of social change and economic growth since the Korean War. Next, SDI theoretical framework will be described with conceptual background and directional envision for the South Korean SDI investigation in practice.

The South Korean situation

The second part of the report draws about the status quo and history of South Korean SDI, that is, the current Korean SDI Situation (Chapter 3), History of Korean SDI (Chapter 4), Best Practices in Korea (Chapter 5) and Lessons Learned (Chapter 6). The Current Korean SDI Situation (Chapter 3) reviews 12 issues, GIS applications, policy issues, legislation, organizational issues, funding, data sets, standards, software and network services, access issues, and international issues, evaluations, and education/research.


9

History of Korean SDI (Chapter 4) introduces 3 phases of the NGIS project. The results of the project are analyzed and evaluated both at a national and a local level. Based on the evaluation by GIS Experts and existing NGIS evaluation reports, Best Practices in South Korea (Chapter 5) are selected to exemplify good NSDI characteristics in central and local governments. Lessons Learned (Chapter 6) is discussed in 6 SDI components such as 1) Data; 2) Law/institution, 3) Standards; 4) Access and metadata; 5) Technology; and 6) Partnerships; and additionally in GIS application. Based on above Chapter 3, Chapter 4, and Chapter 5, Lessons Learned is identified for the developing countries. In presenting the lessons, two different aspects relating to an SDI-technical and institutional/ organizational viewpoint and two audiences including technicians/project managers and policy-makers might be considered.


countries The final part of the report addresses about a strategic SDI model for the developing countries based on previous chapters mentioned. The model provides a “how to” guidance including key factors and choices to have in mind in the development of SDIs at the national level with referencing at the local level. At the same time, SDI development is a longer-term and nonlinear process requiring a high level of coordination amongst different ministries and private entities that manage different data sets and provide necessary network services. Therefore, the key to its success may be highly context-specific. However, in the context of South Korean experience, several tasks for strategic SDI development proposed use of GIS to produce developmental outcomes for the developing countries (Chapter 7).


10

Chapter 2. Social Context and Theoretical Framework

Many issues on SDI development are strongly related with the society itself. Therefore, which stage of SDI development a country can enter and how fast and efficiently the SDI can be developed depend on how a society evolves (E. Olof Olsson, 2009). Since the beginning year of Korean NSDI, called NGIS (National Geographic Information System), 1995, the Korean society has rapidly changed with development of advanced IT technologies and remarkable economic growth.

Historical, economic and social

background

From 1950 to 2010, South Korea have gone through extreme depths of devastating war, gradual but steady national recovery, remarkable economic growth, and accession to membership in the OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development). And then, it became a member of the G20 (Group of Twenty Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors) as one of the world‟s major economic powers. Despite of economic achievements, however, South Korea challenges for reunification and faces political conflict with North Korea.

H I S T O R I C A L B A C K G R O U N D

After the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945 (which marked the end of World War II), a Soviet-style socialist regime, was established in the north, while in the Republic of Korea, a Western-style republic was established. The two parts of the Korean nation - democratic South Korea and communist North Korea - still had internal conflicts including insurgency threats and subversion problems for the next 5 years. During the Korean War (1950–1953), millions of civilians died and the three years of war thoroughly destroyed most cities. The Korean Peninsula remains divided, and the Korean Demilitarized Zone is being the de facto border between the North and South Korea.

E C O N O M I C B A C K G R O U N D

Since the 1960s, in contrast of North Korea, South Korean economy has grown enormously and the economic structure was radically transformed. In 1957, South Korea had a lower per capita GDP than Ghana, but it became 17 times as high as Ghana'sa in 2008. In 1995, South Korea‟s GNI (Gross National Income) per capita GDP (Gross domestic product) had reached $11,471 exceeding at first $10,000, and South Korea became a member of the OECD in the following year. A little over a decade later, in spite of a dramatic drop down to $7,477 due to an economic crisis in 1997-1998, its GNI per capita GDP reached $20,015 in 2007b.

Figure 1 Economic growth in South Korea (Source:

http://ecos.bok.or.kr/)

A rapid growth and success of economic development have changed various aspects of South Korean lifestyle in the social and cultural context. A wider-use of the internet is a good example.

S O C I A L B A C K G R O U N D

National territory area of South Korea which is under the south of Korean Demilitarized Zone has slightly increased from 99,250 km2 in 1995 to

a http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea b http://ecos.bok.or.kr


11

99,897km2 in 2009. At the same period, the population growth rate has been continuing to fall and the population increased a little c. Furthermore, with issues on urbanization and industrialization, social problems are increased. In order to solve various problems, improve quality of life, and ensure public safety, social infrastructure becomes to more important and the necessity of efficient managements for it required. Also, with advance in IT technologies, South Korea‟s shift to a post-industrialization era has already made considerable progress for the nation to moves to a more knowledge-based economy.

Figure 2 Change of population growth rate (Source:

www.index.go.kr)

Figure 3 Change of national area

(Source:www.index.go.kr)

c Compare, if reunified, Korean Peninsula total area would be

223,170 km2, total population 2010 estimate 73,000,000.

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea) , http://www.index.go.kr

Governmental background: The

National GIS Project as an NSDI in Korea Two Gas Explosions in Korea took place in 1995 at the turning point of the South Korean economy, in whichits GNI (Gross National Income) per capita GDP (Gross domestic product) reached exceeding at first $10,000. The first-phase National GIS implementation plan was initiated just after two large gas explosions in Korea. As a solution for the accidents, GIS technology was broadcasted and could get more budgets for the plan. The accidents have invoked public awareness and necessity of GIS. By using GIS for underground facilities management, such accidents can be prevented and, economic and social benefits could be expected. Under the 4- phase comprehensive National GIS implementation plans, MLTM d , at central government level, have undertaken the NGIS project with the cooperation of many local governments, GIS academies and industries for 15 years as of 2010.

1st phase (1995-2000): “Digitalization of spatial data”

2nd phase (2001-2005): “Implementation of Korean Digital Land,”

3rd phase (2006-2010 in progress): “ For the Infrastructure of the Implementation of Korean Ubiquitous Land”

4th phase (as a completed plan 2011-2015): “Implementation of Korean Green Geospatial Society.”

E-government and NSDI Since Korean e-government initiatives have started in 2001 by Ministry of Public Administration and Home Affairs (now Ministry of Public Administration and Security: MOPAS), the Korean e-government one-stop portal had been officially opened on October in 2002.

d MLTM: Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime


12

Through the key e-government projects (2002 ~ 2003) and 31 e-government roadmap projects (2003~2007), the Korean e-government made innovative performances. Since 2007, it has been evaluated to the world top class e-government by UN evaluation. Under the master plan for the next generation of e-government established in 2007, however, a significant effort was made for the integration of spatial data and administrative data for Korean e-government. And now, via Korean e-government portal site, citizens have access to spatial data of various government agencies. On developing process of Korean e-government, integration and linkage of Korean e-government and NSDI between MOPAS and MLTM have become a critical issue. Though a concern on SDI in the early Korean e-government phase is not insufficient, for better citizen service and public efficiency based on spatial data, the projects are on process. In fact, Korean e- government can be considered an important channel to drive the SDI agenda. The NIIS project with a large amount of budgets which was launched in 2008 by MLTM and MOPAS is a good example. Also, the project for administrative spatial information system by MOPAS which is going on as one of Korean e-government projects is worthy of consideration.

Technology: Introduction and

development of ubiquitous technology With an advance of information and communication technology and network, Korea tries to introduce and develop ubiquitous technologies. In 2006, the basic plan for u-KOREA, which is working on action plans, was already established to achieve the world's first ubiquitous society. u-IT is an enabler making all objects to have computing power allows them to use anytime and anywhere through networking. Also, u-IT is characterized by the term's 'real', 'connected', 'invisible', and 'calm' and u-services utilizing u-IT enable intelligent services through context understanding, space convergence services, real-time site services, and invisible servicese.

e MIC, “u-KOREA Master Plan to Achieve the World‟s First

Ubiquitous Society”, 2006

Korean nationwide ubiquitous city projects at central and local government level are especially established. For the ubiquitous city, spatial data becomes extremely crucial for better ubiquitous service.

Theoretical framework A short review of the theoretical framework such as SDI concept, component, hierarchies and evolution of SDI may be useful for the SDI investigation and the strategic NSDI model later.

C O N C E P T O F S D I

According to the Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association Cookbook (Nebert, 2004) ,“the term Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is often used to denote the relevant base collection of technologies, policies and institutional arrangements that facilitate the availability of and access to spatial data” f . A. Rajabifard (2002) describes SDI as an enabling platform based on dynamic, hierarchic concept with the aim of facilitating and coordinating the exchange and sharing spatial information between different stakeholders g . A definition used by the U.S. Federal Government includes the technologies, policies, standards, human resources, and related activities necessary to acquire, process, distribute, use, maintain, and preserve spatial datah. SDI, as a minimum infrastructure, includes applications, standards, technology and institutional governance necessary for effective and efficient spatial data and services management within or across organizations.

In fact, the concept of SDI is different within various contexts of political, social, administrative and technical environments; however, its ultimate objectives are to promote economic development, stimulate better government and foster environmental sustainability (Masser, 1998).

SDIs provide the framework for optimization of the creation, maintenance and distribution of geographic information at different organization

f http://www.gsdi.org/gsdicookbook g A. Rajabifard et al, 2002 in “Developing Spatial Data

Infrastructures: From concept to reality” by Ian Williamson, 2003 h http://www.fgdc.gov


13

levels (e.g., regional, national, or global level) and involve both public and private institutions. SDI is fundamentally about facilitation and coordination of exchange and sharing spatial data, services and other resources between stakeholders in the spatial community. From a technical point of view, in order to facilitate access to and exploitation of spatial data, SDIs must set up a series of services to be reused by their community of users in the construction of different applications and value-added services. Thus, SDI enables users to save resources, time and effort by avoiding duplication of efforts related to information collection, maintenance and integration (Chan et al., 2001).

These definitions of SDI can be applicable in South Korean SDI, and Choi et.al(2009) has also defined that SDI is the framework for the optimization of creation, maintenance and distribution of geographic information including all of the logical and physical platform for spatial data, standard, access, policy, human resources and technologiesi.

C O M P O N E N T S O F S D I

Coleman and McLaughlin (1998) define components of SDI as sources of spatial data, database and metadata, data networks, technology, institutional arrangement, policies and standards and end-users. A. Rajabifard (2002) asserts that data, people, standards, policy and access network are included in SDI.

More systematically, the GSDI Association‟s 2006

newsletter proposed that SDIs would include all

or a combination of the following elements:

Geographic data (or GIS) – the actual digital geographic data and information;

Metadata – the data describing the data (content, quality, condition, location, disclosure or confidentiality issues, etc.), which permits structured searches, comparison of data and inter-operability;

i B.M.Choi, et.al, “Establishment of Korean Spatial Data

Infrastructure Model and Study of Globalization Strategy”,

2009,KHRIS

Framework – include mechanisms for identifying and sharing the data features, attributes, and attribute values, and mechanisms for updating the data without complete re-collection;

Services – to help discover and interact with the data;

Clearinghouse – to actually obtain the data in uniform, distributed searches through a single user interface;

Standards – created and accepted at local, national, or global levels;

Partnerships – relationships and agreements across relevant actors and organizations that reduce duplication and collection costs and leverage local, national and global technology and skills;

Education and Communication – allowing individual citizens, scientists, administrators, private companies, government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and academic institutions to communicate and learn from each other.

Among various components and elements of SDI mentioned, components of Korean SDI can be framework data, metadata & access (clearinghouse), standards, technology, human resources, law/institution and partnership [Figure 4].


14

Figure 4 Korean NSDI Components (Source: MLTM, ―The 4th-phase National GIS Comprehensive Implementation Plan

(2010-2015)‖, March 16, 2010)

S D I H I E R A R C H Y

An SDI hierarchy is made up of inter-connected SDIs at corporate, local, state/provincial, national, regional (multi-national) and global levels (Figure 5). Two views on SDI hierarchy are introduced, such as umbrella view of SDI and the building block view of SDI, A. Rajabifard (2002) explained that SDI hierarchy creates an environment, in which decision-makers working at any level can draw on data from other levels. The themes, scales, currency and coverage of the data needed for it depend on different levels of SDI hierarchy.

Figure 5 Korean SDI hierarchy (Source: A. Rajabifard et.

al., 2002)

In the SDI hierarchy, the SDI at a national level has stronger relationships as well as a more significant role in building SDI in other levels.

Thus, South Korean SDI should be taken into consideration in a SDI hierarchy, in which vertical and horizontal relationships are included. Figure 6 shows a South Korean SDI hierarchy which allows the different levels of SDIs data available, standard for data and application, and other components of SDI interconnected vertically and horizontally. As an example of vertical interconnection, spatial data such as the topological map etc. are integrated covering all levels. GIS Applications at a national level are also mapped with those at a local level, such as UPIS, Underground Facilities GIS etc. Horizontally, at any level including a national level via at a provincial level to at a local level, each of 6 SDI components is interrelated. At last, as far as partnership, both vertical and horizontal partnerships in SDI hierarchy are key components for successful SDI:


15

Figure 6 Korean SDI hierarchy (Source: Kim (2010)

E V O L U T I O N O F S D I

B.van Loenen(2009) analyzed that the focus of

SDIs has moved from data orientation in the

1990s to process orientation in the late 1990s-

2005 towards service-oriented SDIs exemplified

by the INSPIRE directive in Europe and the

Spatially enabling government initiative in

Australiaj.

Also, as summarized by Masser (2005, p. 257), current trends in SDI development are as follows:

From a product to a process model;

From formulation to implementation;

From data producers to data users;

From database creation to data sharing;

From centralised to decentralised structures;

From coordination to governance;

From single to multilevel participation;

From existing to new organisational structures.

j B. van Loenen, et.al(ed), “SDI Convergence; Research, Emerging

Trends, and Critical Assessment”, 2009

With the increasing role of the data user and multilevel participation, recently, a new trend of user-created geospatial content Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) named by Goodchildk is emerging. Thank to wider access to internet, ease mapping technologies such as GPS and mobile devices in web 2.0 environment anyone who have access to them now can add information to geospatial data. Openstreet map is a good example of VGIl. Like USGS National Map Corpsm, also in the public sector, an effort to integrate VGI with official authoritative information is going on made. Using a concept of VGI, user-created geospatial content can be considered a resource for SDI along with its development. As Goodchild said, it can be regarded as VGI clearly fits the model of NSDI. So to speak, a collection of individuals acting independently, and responding to the needs of local communities can together create a patchwork coverage. Given a server with appropriate tools, the various pieces of the patchwork can be fitted together, removing any obvious inconsistencies, and distributed over the Web. The accuracy of each piece of the patchwork, and the frequency with which it is updated, can be determined by local needn. Therefore, it can be a powerful source of spatial data that can be included in SDIs and VGI potential in developing countries which can be discussed in policy issues later.

k Michael F. Goodchild, “Citizens as sensors: the world of

volunteered geography”, 2007, NCGIA VGI Workshop l http://www.openstreetmap.org/ As the free wiki world map,

OpenStreetMap creates and provides free geographic data such as

street maps to anyone who wants them all around whole world. m http://nationalmap.gov/TheNationalMapCorps/ The National

Map Corps' Web-based data collection procedure presents an

opportunity for private citizens to contribute specific geographic

knowledge to the USGS's mapping program. By completing a simple

registration procedure, volunteers can immediately collect data and

provide the location and name of important map-worthy features in

their community. n Michael F. Goodchild (2007)


16

In South Korea, completing the 3rd phase of the NGIS project, most of trends mentioned are founded. For example, in the 1st phase of NGIS, more concerns were on data creation and production of dataset such as digital topological maps and various thematic maps, later in the 2nd and 3rd phases more efforts on data sharing were made.

For future SDI evolution toward the knowledge/information society, Korean NSDI policies and programmes will be transformed as suggested in “The 4th-phase National GIS Comprehensive implementation plan (2010-2015).”

Present Future

IT Environment Digital Ubiquitous

Type of Information 2D, Static 3D, Dynamic

Subject Supply-Driven Demand-Driven

Types of Business Individual Cooperative

Data policy Close, Limited Open Policy Data Open Policy

Information Domain Stand alone Linkage･Integration

Table 3: Changes in the 4th-Phase Korean NSDI (Source: MLTM, 2010)


17

Chapter 3. The Current Korean SDI Situation

12 issues to describe the current Korean SDI situation are identified: GIS applications, policy issues, legislation, organizational issues, funding, data sets, standards, software and network services, access issues, and international issues, evaluation, and education/research. These issues are reviewed and will be mapped to 6 SDI components later: 1) data sets issue is mapped to Data component, 2) standards issue to Standard component, 3) access issues to Access and Metadata component, 4) policy issues, legislation, organizational issues to Policy and Institutional component, 5) software and network services issues to Technology component, and 6) funding, international issues, evaluation, and education/research issues to Partnership component. GIS applications will be added to the 6 SDI components as a composite of those.

GIS applications In Korea, there are many GIS applications in various domains: for the purpose of development and management of both natural and human resources such as environments, land use, road, underground facilities, agriculture, farmland, rural development, soil, forest, park, cultural heritage, underground water, marine resources, natural disaster and security, geology, military, and education in the public sector covering both at a national and local level. Also, in the private sector, various innovative applications for health, financial management,

banking and insurance, marketing and customer management and so on are developed in South Korea. Moreover, mobile GIS applications for navigation and internet searching based on the map have already pervaded people‟s everyday lives .

Usage in the public sector In total, in the public sector including at a national and local level, 6 major projects and 27 general projects for GIS applications have been underway funded by the NGIS budgets since 1995. 6 major projects mean the essential and basic GIS applications: National Spatial Information System, 3D GIS, UPIS (Urban Planning Information System), the 2nd advanced KLIS (Korea Land Information System), KOPSS (KOrea Planning Support Systems), and Architectural management system based on GIS. Also, 27 General projects for GIS applications in various domains including environments, agriculture, forest, marine resources, utilities, cultural heritage, water, statistics, and military have been completed and being used. Besides them, other several GIS projects have been executed by each Ministry‟s budget. Table 4 shows many GIS applications which have been developed with funds of general projects and now being used in various domains:

Table 4: Korean GIS applications (Source: MLTM, "The Study on Evaluation of NGIS Project and Action Plan," 2008, p.57)

Domains National Government Agencies in the Public Sector Applications

Environment ME(Ministry of Environment) Environmental GISo

Agriculture MIFAFF(Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and

Fisheries), Rural Development Administration Agriculture GIS

Forest Korea Forest Service Forest GISp

o http://egis.me.go.kr/

p http://fgis.forest.go.kr/fgis/


18

Marine MLTM (Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime

Affairs) Marine GIS

Utilities MLTM Underground Facilities GIS

Water MLTM Underground Water GIS

Cultures Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea Cultural Heritage GISq

Statistics Statistics Korea SGISr

Military MND(Ministry of National Defense) Military GIS

Education MEST(Ministry of Education, Science and

Technology) Educational GIS

Table 5: Examples of GIS applications at the local level

q http://gis-heritage.go.kr/ r http://gis.nso.go.kr

Domain Local

Government Application URL

Province/

Metropolit

an city

level

Daegu

Bus information system

Neighbor GIS system

Address information system

http://businfo.daegu.go.kr/

http://gis.go.kr

http://address.daegu.go.kr

Seoul Urban Planning Information

System

Busan Lifemap System http://lifemap.busan.go.kr

Gwangju Bus information system

Neighbor GIS system

http://bus.gjcity.net/

http://gis.gjcity.go.kr

City,

Gu/Gun

level

Gwacheon Address information system http://210.104.127.25

Gunsan Gunsan Neighbor GIS

system http://gunsan.info

Gunpo Water GIS system

Gangdong-gu Gangdong life map http://map.gangdong.go.kr/home/ind

ex.jsp

Gangnam-gu Gangnam-gu GIS http://gis.kangnam.seoul.kr

http://gis.go.kr/

http://bus.gjcity.net/


19

Table 6 Korean neighborhood GIS map services in the private sector

Some application systems such as Underground Facilities Management system, Land Information system, and 3D GIS systems have been developed by the central government. They are used and managed by local governments to prevent local governments from dual investments and to encourage wider use of GIS applications. Also, some GIS applications for sightseeing, cultural tour, were developed by local governments themselves to meet their specific needs. Table 5 shows several sample GIS applications at the local level out of many applications.

Usage in the private sector

In the private sector, Korean portal vendors, such as “Daum,” “Nate,” and so on, provide various map services now, with widening scope and improving the quality of service. Bing map and Google map service from foreign vendors are also available in Korea. The services of these international companies, however, are not predominant in the Korean geospatial market share. Korean domestic vendor, such as “Daum” Map with a high resolution based on an aerial photograph and street view has a significant competitive edge with global Google map based on remote sensing data. Besides because of Korean data security policy, the full vector coverage of all over the country is not open to

foreign vendors. So, considering a return of investments this can be a reason that Korean market is not attractive to them. Competitive efforts for larger GIS market-shares are made in the private sector especially in Neighbourhood GIS application like searching restaurants, hospitals and others. An increase in innovative GIS applications is expected, such as location based services, g-customer relationship management, mobile services and ubiquitous services.

Policy issues

Policy issues are complex. A successful implementation of SDI components mentioned would depend on proper policy and partnership. Policies need to touch on SDI driving forces, building fundamental data, GIS application, technology, access, standard, and education. These policy issues will be discussed in detail later. Here, focusing only on a governance policy for SDI in a comprehensive perspective, a debate on changing paradigm from the top-down to bottom-up approach in South Korea will be addressed. There is no objection among Korean GIS experts that the larger part of the successful achievements of South Korean SDI results from strong driving forces by the central government as the top-down

Service name Vendor URL

Wooricy Sundosoft Co.Ltd http://www.wooricy.com

CyberCT CyberCT http://www.cyberct.net

Empas map Empas http://map.empas.com/

Superpagemap KTH http://freemap.isuperpage.co.kr/

Cybermap world Cybermap world Co.Ltd http://www.cybermap.co.kr/

Wholsee Mandoma&Soft Co.Ltd. http://www.wholsee.com

Paran map KTH http://map.paran.com/

Daum city map Daum communications Co.Ltd http://local.daum.net/map/

Yahoomap (gugi) Yahoo Korea http://kr.maps.yahoo.com

Navermap NHN Co.Ltd http://maps.naver.com

Congnamul Twinklelittlestar Co.Ltd http://www.congnamul.com/

http://www.congnamul.com/


20

approach s . There are both top-down as well a bottom-up approach for building spatial data infrastructure. In the relation of the SDI hierarchy mentioned above, there can be differences between the top down and bottom up approach. In general, while traditional top down SDI is defined a national policy and producer driven, bottom up SDI might be driven by user. Also, it can be analyzed between each level of SDI hierarchy including national SDI, provincial SDI and local SDI. In terms of it, most attempts to update and manage digital topological data and to develop some GIS applications were made in a top-down approach by matching funds with local governments in Koreat. At the same time, top-down approach leads to some troubles like lack of horizontal partnerships, less willingness for data sharing, weak voluntary participation, and so on. Furthermore, there is less coordination among various leading organizations in every domain and project. Thus, harmonization of top-down and bottom-up approach has become more important. Table1

s There can be different perspectives between top down and bottom

up approach. According to “FIG Views of GIS and NSDI( )”,

NSDI can proceed even if a formal policy document [top down

approach] does not exist. It is possible to proceed with certain

operational level activities [bottom up approach] while the policy is

being formulated. These activities can themselves drive and

encourage policy. In the context of it, South Korean NSDI mainly

can be considered in top down approach with a formal policy

document, such as NGIS master plans and related legislation etc. t For example, see invested budgets of project for revision and data

updating of digital topographic map(1995～), and Co-Management

of Road & Underground facilities(2001) in Annex E. Selected List of

the Korean National GIS Projects

showed that the necessity of the combined approach to move toward demand-driven, cooperative, data open policy and linkage & integration, open, sharing and participation. With the recent Web 2.0 trends, “open”, “sharing” and “participation” become a keyword. South Korea government also intend to open its geospatial information as much as possible and the private sector can play a leading role in the processing and distribution of geospatial information. According to the 4th NGIS Plan(MLTM, 2010) mentioned, a new concept of “Neogeography” will move the current NSDI direction toward a new deal data governance policy with the private partnerships. Under the vision of GRreen, focusing on intelligence, integration, interoperability, governance, and ease access to spatial information, the “everywhere”, “everybody,” and “new deal” policy will be opened. Like the Korean experience, that is, a shift from a top down to a more integrated top down/bottom up overall approach would be beneficial, particularly for developing countries. It can be said that a top down approach is somewhat inevitable for successful SDI, particularly in the early stages, but user driven bottom up SDI becomes more important.

Stage Top-down Approach Bottom-up Approach

Early stages

Focus on standard,

partnership, and law, policy and institutional

arrangement

Focus on creation of GIS application, and

data construction

Later stages Focus on access and metadata Focus on data update

Table 7: Top-down and bottom-up approaches to SDI


21

Legislation There are two main legislations for NGIS at national government level in Korea, which are attached in Annex A, B. Replacing “the Act on the establishment and use of the National Geographic information System [Act No. 8852, repealed ]” legislated in 1996, with new visions of Korean NSDI for the future, “the Act on National Geospatial Information [Act No.9705, on May 22, 2009 approved., on August.23, 2009 implemented]” is recently working.

The new legislation indicates a significant meaning on the Korean SDI. Because of the paradigm shift in the GIS technology from geographic information system to geo-spatial information, a majority has recognized the importance of SDI and the necessities of the new legislation in Korea. This legislation is driven by the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MLTM) supported with multi participation of Korean GIS communities because that is a starting point to establish the policy to build spatial data and implement various projects for national SDI. A comparison between the new and old legislation shows a big picture of Korean SDI change and development.

To promote Korean GIS industry, “the Act on Promotion of Spatial Information Industry [Act No.9438, on February 6,2009 approved, on August 7, 2009 implemented] is additionally enacted in the last yearu. According to this Act, by delegating his responsibilities or sharing his deputies, the MLTM(Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs ) could be co-responsible

u Also, “Presidential decree on Promotion of Spatial Information

Industry [Presidential decree No 21881, on December14, 2009

implemented.]” and “Regulation on Promotion of Spatial

Information Industry [MLTM regulation No 155 on August.7, 2009

implemented]” are in context of the Act on Promotion of Spatial

Information Industry..

New

(Korean Act No.9705)

Old

(Korean Act No. 8852, repealed)

General Provisions

(§2 definition)

(§3 access)

§2 ―spatial data", "spatial database"

"spatial data system"

"national spatial data system"

"National Geospatial Program"

"spatial data referring system"

§3 Facilitation of Access and Use of

Spatial Data with Citizens

§2 ―geographic information‖

―geographic information system‖

―national geographic information

system‖

§3 Disclosure of Geographic

information

System to promote

§5 National Spatial Data Committee

§10 Support from the Government

§8 National Geographic information

System Promotion Committee

-

Creation of National

Spatial Data Framework

§12 Fundamental Spatial Data

§13 Spatial Data Referring System

§18 Establishment of National Spatial

Data Center

-

-

-

Establishment and

Utilization

§21 Construction and Management

of Spatial Databases

§25 Utilization, etc. of Spatial Data

§15 Establishment and Management

of Geographic information Database

§18 Utilization of Geographic

information

Protection §28-§31 Protection of National Spatial

Data

§22-25 Protection of Geographic

information

Table 8: Comparison between the new and old legislation

http://engdic.daum.net/dicen/search.do?q=a


22

with different GIS relevant organizations in the public and private sector in order to promote Korean GIS industries.

At a local government level, there are GIS regulations: such as, at a provincical level, Gyeonggi province, North Kyongsang and South Kyongsang province, at metropolitan city level, Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Dajeon, Gwangju, at medium city level, Gangneungm, Junju, and, at small city level, Gu /Gun have different GIS regulations. Most of GIS regulations in local governments cover on building, using and managing GIS data and security, for example, Gyeonggi GIS Ordinance, Regulations for spatial data security in Daegu, Dajeon, Busan, Incheon, Gwnagju and othersv.

Organizational issues

According to Act No.9705 §5, a coordinating structure within the public sector to promote Korean SDI was established in the MLTM in 2009. That was named as “a National Spatial Data Committee,” an interagency committee, to deliberate on and coordinate matters concerning national spatial data policy to promote coordinated development, use, sharing and dissemination of Korean geospatial data and services. The Committee is comprised of not more than 30 members including the chairperson. As the chairperson, the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs serves and as members the following persons from both the public and private sectors serve:

1. A public official in a vice ministerial grade at a central administrative agency managing the national spatial data system, who is determined by Presidential Decree;

2. No less than seven heads of local governments (Deputy Mayors or Deputy Governors in the case of the Special Metropolitan City, Metropolitan Cities, Dos and Special Self-Governing Provinces) commissioned by the chairperson;

v http://www.law.go.kr/

3. No less than seven civil experts with extensive professional knowledge and experience in a spatial data system commissioned by the chairperson

The Committee structure is currently composed of 4 Subcommittees and 3 other subcommittee based on Presidential decree. 4 Subcommittees are Subcommittee on general affairs and coordination; Subcommittee on standardization and technical standards (specifications); Subcommittee on promotion of industries, and Subcommittee on surveying and hydrographical survey. And, 3 other subcommittee according to Presidential decree No 21881, Subcommittee on the national framework data, Subcommittee on spatial reference system and Subcommittee on spatial fusion service are organized now. Figure 7 shows the current Korean NSDI Organizations.

As an only Korean national mapping agency, NGII(National Geographic Information Institute) established in 1958 has been playing an important role in Korean SDI. Current NGII organizations are composed of 6 Divisions, 15 in charge and 2 teams for covering geodetic & vertical & public surveying, geospatial image information & photogrammetry, geographic information & mapping, and nations land information survey. At a local government level, the issue on the formation and position of GIS organizations is controversial. At the beginning of the 1st phase of NGIS, there was no separate organization in local governments. Now, GIS separate organizations are established in some. According to a survey on local governments in South Koreaw, there are a few separate GIS division. Due to lack of human resources and budgets in local governments, mostly a local public service officer is responsible to work each domain business with each GIS application. For example, it is responsible of the division of urban facilities with urban facilities GIS application, the division of cadastral information with cadastral GIS application, and division of water and underwater information with water and underwater GIS application etc. It has worked to be a reason of poor data sharing, inefficiency and ineffectiveness in the local governments. In the process of business process

w NGII, “ Study on digital topological map at 1:2500 scale”, 2010


23

reengineering, GIS organizational issues will continue to be a main common concern. Thus, now, South Korea recognizes that both at a

provincial and local government level, a formation of efficient and proper GIS organizations or organizational restructure is required.

Figure 7 Korean NSDI organizations (SourceL MLTM, 2010)

Additionally, in the process of the establishment of the GIS Coordinating Body for Underground Facilities as an inter-organizational structure at a local government level, the lessons learned can be found for developing countries. In order to coordinate integrated management for underground facilities, at the earlier stage, the GIS Coordinating Body for Underground Facilities at several local governments is not successful except for a few advanced local government cases such as Seoul, Daegu GIS Coordinating Body for Underground Facilities. Because too many stakeholders such as water pipeline and sewage division of local governments, KT (Korea Telecommunication Corporation) x , KOGAS (Korea Gas Corporation) y , DOPC(Daehan Oil Pipeline Corporation) z , KEPCO(Korea Electric Power Corporation) aa , and KDHC(Korean

x http://www.kt.com/ y http://www.kogas.or.kr/ z http://www.dopco.co.kr/ aa http://www.kepco.co.kr

District Heating Corporation) bb are participating in digital underground facilities map project, data sharing is much more difficult to create and manage underground maps even through cooperative efforts with NGII. Cooperation based on complete MOU with every stakeholder is necessary to solve the problem of data sharing at a local level, but a solution was driven by the central level of governments and related organizations. Harmonization of a top-down approach and a bottom-up approach between the central and the local governments is the good answer. Now GIS Coordinating Body for Underground Facilities is actually working for a management of digital underground facilities map. As non-governmental GI organisations for GIS industries, studies and researches, the following organisations are working for development of Korean SDI: Korean Association of Survey & Mappingcc

bb http://www.kdhc.co.kr cc http://www.kasm.or.kr


24

The Korean Association of Surveying and Mapping (KASM) was established in 1972 as a non-profit organization to contribute to the development of the surveying industry by providing quality service for engineers and companies.

With a long history, since the 1st phase of NGIS project in 1995, KASM as a powerful organization which represents the interest of surveying community has provided new surveying technologies and studied various laws for legal enforcement and the revision purpose. Especially, an important role of KASM regarding Korean SDI development is to assess public surveying results for the National Geography Information Institute dd . Without assessment by it, public surveying results and map productions such as digital topographic map, digital underground facilities map must not be usable for public purpose. It is a significant effort for authoritative data quality of spatial data including surveying results. It also collects and researches diverse data on surveying and mapping, while providing education and training for surveying engineers. In addition, KASM publishes surveying books in and out of the country, supports a variety of technologies for its members and sets standards for surveying work cost so as to conduce to the development of the surveying industry and improvement of surveying technologies. Korean Geographic Information Industries Cooperativeee The Korean Geospatial Information Industries Cooperative (KBiz) was established in 1992 as a non-profit organization to contribute to the development of the geospatial Information Industries. It is composed of mostly small and medium geospatial information industrial companies and the number of it reaches up to 135 companies from all over the world now. Its main

dd The Association has been entitled by the government to assess the

public surveying results and to manage the career of engineers

(entitled by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation

according to Article 61 of the Survey Law) ee http://www.giscorea.com

business is GIS education for data quality and new technology. Korea Association of Geographic Information Studiesff The Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies (KAGIS) started in 1997 with 180 scholars for academic purposes in geographic information science. It aims to contribute to develop geographic information studies and to communicate academic information and advanced geospatial technologies based on national and international academic network. Annual GIS workshop and conference are held by KAGIS and many related books and articles published to encourage both national and local SDI in South Korea. Korean Society of Remote Sensinggg The Korean Society of Remote Sensing (KSRS) was established in 1984 for the development of remote sensing in Korea. As an academic society, its goal is to make a significant contribution to develop and distribute the advanced interdisciplinary technologies, to encourage co-research and cooperative development of remote sensing technologies, and to promote international academic communication and exchange of remote sensing technologies. It has worked as an associate member of the International Symposium on Remote Sensing (ISRS) since 1996. Also, KSRS hosted international conference of Asian Conference on Remote Sensing (ACRS) in 2003. In GIS private sector, such as GIS S/W provider, GIS DB developer, GIS consulting and audit service provider, and GIS academies are making partial efforts for developing Korean SDI.

Industry vendor: In 2008, the number of registered GIS companies to MLTM was about 400. However, that of registered land surveying companies was far more

ff http://www.kagis.or.kr gg http://www.ksrs.or.kr


25

than over 2,200. By now, most GIS companies still remain the status of SMEs. The large and representative companies, such as Samsung SDS, Sundosoft. INC, Korea geoSpatial Information & Communication Co., Ltd. LG-EDS, SK C&C, KTdata, Geomania, Hanjin Information System & Telecommunication etc. can be some of them mentioned above.

Funding In Korea, from the first phase (1995-2000) to the 3rd phase of NGIS(2005-2010), a very large amount of the budget had been invested. By 2008, total 1trillion and 2billion won had been invested,

made up 2,787 billion won in the 1st phase, 4,550 billion won in the 2nd phase, and 4,438 billion won in the 3rd phase. With covering both at the national and local level, budgets for data and applications show the highest percentage with degrees, while for standard the lowest percentage. Figure 8 shows the change of each NGIS sector‟s budget during this period and Table 10 describes figures in detail. For the 4th phase of NGIS (2011-2015), much more budget (4 trillion and 405.7 billion won) are supposed to be invested. This will be also assigned to the national and local governments‟ budgets.

Figure 8 Time flow chart of each NGIS sector's budget (Source: MLTM, 2010)

Table 10: Investment for Korean SDI (Source: MLTM, 2010)

The 1st NGIS phase

(1995-2000)

The 2nd NGIS

phase(2001-2005)

The 3rd NGIS

phase(2006-

2010)

Budgets Unit billion

won

million

USD %

billion

won

million

USD %

billion

won

million

USD %

Framework data 1,166 145.5 41.8 1,476 113.5 32.4 1,506 146.7 33.9

Digital

Cartography Imagery LBS Telematics Total

Number of

Registered

Companies

195 26 140 35 396

Table 9: Number of registered GIS companies (Source: MLTM, 2008)


26

Application 1,287 160.8 46.2 2,689 207.1 59.1 2,342 228.5 52.8

Technology 204 25.4 7.3 226 17.5 5.0 531 51.9 12

Standard 14 1.7 0.5 40 3.2 0.9 13 1.3 0.3

Law/institution/

policy 116 14.6 4.2 119 9.1 2.6 46 4.3 1

Sum 2,787 348.1 100 4,550 350.3 100 4,438 432.7 100

Table 11: Planned Budgets for the 4th Phase of NGIS (2011-2015)

For the Korean NSDI, as well as collection and preparation of funds, prevention of dual investments and efficiency of the allocation of resources are very important and interested. In order to achieve the successful GIS implementation, it is also important to obtain continuous financial supports from decision makers. So, as a persuasion measure for the budget appropriation, several cost/benefit analyses in the allocation of resources in the Korean SDI field have been made at a national and a local level. At a local level, from the large metropolitan city such as Daeguhh, and Incheon Metropolitan City ii to medium city like Chungju City jj , the cost-benefit analyses have been undertaken and the results of them were very useful for moving the local governments toward expenditure in local SDI, particularly in the UIS at that time. Recently, at a national level cost/benefit

hh Myung-Hee Jo, Kwang Ju Kim, Sang-Woo Park, “Benefit-Cost

Analysis of GIS in Local Governments: A Case Study of Taegu

Metropolitan City”, 1999 ii Incheon, “A Study on Benefit Cost Analysis of UIS,” 2001 jj Kwang Ju Kim, “A Study on Benefit Cost Analysis of Chungju

UIS,” 2003

analysis of national 3D GIS project is a good example for budget competitionkk, but it fails to get a budget for the next year project because of a relatively lower BC ratio of it.

Data sets Spatial data sets are at the core of any SDI and essential for GIS usage. Here, in regards to the report‟s concern, namely, the policy relevance and use of economic analysis based on geo-referenced data or GIS data, fundamental spatial data could be relevant. To avoid duplicating data production efforts, Korean national fundamental spatial data can be introduced like Framework data in the U.S.A. As mentioned in Table 5, the legislation for fundamental spatial data has been recently enforced. According to Act No.9705 §12 1,

kk KDI, “A Study on Benefit Cost Analysis of 3D GIS”, 2009.8

To help to enhance efficiency and transparency in infrastructure

procurement, Public & Private Infrastructure Investment

Management Center PIMAC) in Korea Development Institute (KDI)

evaluates public and private infrastructure investment.

The 4th NGIS phase (2011~2015)

billion won million USD %

Coordinate Governance 10,343 882.5 23.5

Ease Access 905 78.9 2.1

Interoperability 1,383 116.4 3.1

Integration 19,592 1,671.1 44.5

For Intelligent spatial information 8,096 691.0 18.4

For Promotion of spatial information industry 1,079 90.1 2.4

Others 2,659 225.3 6.0

Sum 44,057 3,755.4 100


27

MLTM shall designate as fundamental spatial data the spatial data relevant to artificial structures such as topography, coastal boundaries, administrative boundaries, boundaries of roads or railways, boundaries of rivers, acreage and structures, and other major spatial data determined by Presidential Decree after consulting with the heads of relevant central administrative agencies. Thus, fundamental spatial data which consists of the following 8 themes now can be added to other major themes such as addressesll and many other data:

• Administrative boundaries,

• Transportation,

• Hydrography,

• Cadastral maps,

• Geodetic controls,

• Topographic maps,

• Facilities,

• Satellite imagery & aerial photographs Even though the digital topological map at various scales including at 1:1,000 scale, at 1:5,000 scale and at 1:25,000 scale covering all over the countries are available, not all of the fundamental spatial data are available now. Some themes are still being built. In spite of a large amount of investment for spatial data building through the 3 stages of NGIS projects in Korea, fundamental spatial data cannot be fully and widely used now. At the earlier 1st

ll As far as addresses themes, old and new address system coexists on

the process of transformation to new one in Korea. That is why

address data is not included in the fundamental data sets.

Government does to use existing land-lot number and street name

address at the same time until 2011 for national life confusion

prevention by method of construction address conversion, and plan

to complete various government and municipal office document and

general full equipment etc. in period while establish location

indication facilities and device including address that establish a high

quality new address system that set in a Ubiquitous era until 2011 and

is improved. After then, it might be included in fundamental spatial

data.

phase of NGIS projects, most people did not understand an importance of fundamental spatial data well. Besides, it was a complicated task to decide which spatial data is selected as fundamental spatial data without a clear concept and definition of it. It requires the coordinating process across various stakeholders based on users‟ need. . As a result, for example, it has taken considerable time that projects for several themes including boundaries of roads layer for transportation theme and boundaries of rivers layer for hydrography at 1:5000 scale are completed. But, in Korea, for various GIS applications many GI datasets exist. It is impossible to explore all of them in great detail, only catalogue of several main data sets including NGII‟s digital topographical map at 1/5,000, and 1/25,000 scales excluding some mountain and island areas; and at 1/1,000 scale of 81 cities among the whole 84 cities, to which the public access via Korea National Geographic Information Clearinghouse can be reviewed as follows:


28

Table 72: Current Status of Data Sets in South Korea

Application Data sets Scale Target area Data

sets Price

Topology Digital topologic map

1/5,000

1/25,000

1/1,000

whole

country

11,83

5

17,000won/1m

ap

Environment

al GIS

vegetation map of

naturalness

vegetation map

Land cover map

1/50,000

1/50,000

1/50,000

whole

country

206

234

238

Free

Free

Free

Agriculture

GIS Soil map 1/25,000 Gyunggido 69 Free

Forest GIS Forest use base map

Forest map

Forest road map

1/25,000

1/25,000

1/25,000

whole

country

22

23

21

Free

Free

Free

Urban GIS Land use map

Land map

Urban Planning Map

1/25,000

1/5,000,

1/1,000

1/3,000

1/500

whole

country

whole

country

whole

country

Seoul,

Kwuyngjoo

415

9,714

6,944

16,17

6

1,188

17,500won/1m

ap

10,500won/1m

ap

12,000won/1m

ap

Underground

Facilities GIS Sewage facilities map 1/1,000

1,716

(2:re

strict

ed)

0.0879won/bite

Hydrography

Hydrographic

geologic map

Hydrographic

geologic map

1/25,000

1/25,000

whole

country

53

377

Free

‗Free‘ means free of charge just on public purpose, that is, not free to all users including value

adding private companies

Such as SGIS (Statistical Geographic Information Service), Cultural Heritage GIS and Marine GIS, various datasets exist. For example, SGIS portalmm provides various statistical geographic datasets including map for statistics by Output areas (Population, household, housing, and establishment), map for Statistical Areas and census map. Regarding data quality, the NGII (National Geographic Information Institute) has conducted several researches and regulations. For example, in accordance of the NGII regulation on the evaluation process of digital map products which defines the data quality principle and evaluation

mm http://gis.nso.go.kr

method/criteria, the map product of NGII must be guaranteed. To guarantee data quality for use on public purpose, as mentioned above, it requires to assess public surveying results and map productions and to meet minimum assessment criteria by KASM for NGII. Also, recently NGII is starting to construct digital topologic map at 1/2,500 scale to meet user needs for data quality with relatively less construction cost than digital topologic map at 1:1000 scale. In other hands, issue on data quality of cadastral spatial data sets also which are important for National Spatial Data Infrastructure and based on cadastral survey by the Korean Cadastral Survey Corporation has continued to be spotlighted because of outdated cadastral survey and


29

economic concerns. Thus, to improve cadastral spatial data quality, action plan to renovate cadastral spatial data are making now.

Standards

Without agreed standards, underpinning data and network aspects of SDI interoperability becomes more difficult to achieve. In MLTM‟s “the 4th-phase National GIS Comprehensive implementation plan (2011-2015)”, to develop and manage GIS standards for interoperability, several projects will be performed. Now, in Korea, two levels of standard system are established for NSDI

T T A S T A N D A R D S

TTA (Telecommunications Technology Association) GIS standards are at community level and for Korean NGISnn. However, they are not mandatory. Therefore, the issue on the necessity of the mandatory standard for SDI continues to be in dispute. TTA standards have been developed focusing on standardization on data production and distribution of digital map at the beginning, and recently achieved the development of standard on Framework Data Model and mobile GIS. Now, standardization on ubiGI data services and technologies is going on.

K S S T A N D A R D S

KS (Korean Industrial Standard) GIS standards are at the national level oo . KS standards are developed by adoption of ISO 19100 series, including geographic information- conceptual schema, application schema, data quality principle and metadata etc. Now, Korean ISO Committee under KATS(Korean Agency for Technology and Standards) is making an effort to harmonize terminology among KS GIS standards because of inconsistency on translating, and also to harmonize recently revised and new ISO 19100 standard series. The Current status of Korean GIS standards is showed in detail in Annex C.

nn http://www.tta.or.kr/ oo http://www.standard.go.kr/

Software and network services At the beginning of the NGIS project in the 1st phase, using foreign GIS software, such as ESRI‟s ArcGIS products, Laser-Scan‟s Gothic products, Microstation,and Smallworld, GIS applications had been developed in South Korea. From the early 2000s, Korean native GIS software engine, such as IntroMap, GeoMania, GeoGate, and XWorld have begun to be released and used to build GIS applications. Nevertheless, foreign GIS Software markets share have been estimated over 90 percentages in the public sector, while native GIS software markets share remained small, so farpp. In spite of the fact that the usage of GIS native software is not much more than foreign software in traditional public GIS sector, to obtain national competitive in new industrial sector, development of new GIS, LBS and Ubi-GIS software is on-going. For example, KAITqq ‟s 2009 IT markets analysis report outlooks that South Korean domestic LBS market growth rate would be over 41 percentages in average from 2008 to 2011 rr . There are various LBS products and services developed and being used with the neighbour GIS in vogue. In order to develop future intelligent and advanced software technologies and to use spatial information widely, a significant effort is also being made. As a representative effort, the Korean Land Spatialization research project which is one of the 3rd stage NGIS projects of the MLTM is the biggest research project among R&D research projects of it, and about $97 million US dollars is funded from the Korean government for five years from 2006 to 2012. That is, for using RFID, integration of space based sensor collected information, shift towards GI on mobile and ubiquitous devices and real time location information, as a one of the national R&D projects, KLSG (Korean Land Spatialization Group) has conducted the research on intelligent Land informationization based on GIS technology and developed new software for the future

pp KIPA: The Korea Institute of Public Administration, KIPA,

“Trend of GIS Software Market ”, 2006 qq KAIT: Korea Association of Information and Telecommunication rr http://www.lbskorea.or.kr


30

knowledge-oriented society ss . With a new paradigm for changing the future, under the 5 core projects including projects for geospatial information infrastructure, for land monitoring, for intelligent urban facility management, for design information based indoor-outdoor spatial information & application technology development, and for u-GIS core SW technology, many specific R&D projects are completed and going on now. Among them, to develop u-GIS core SW technology, geospatial web platform technologies which are also using for web2.0 and advanced geospatial technology environment such as Google and Bing map are developed for on-demand personalized spatial information by my hands. And developing technology to construct application systems for indoor spatial information is one of the interesting projects. Regarding network service, it has to be noted that South Korea is one of the first class IT countries in the world. According to OECD‟s households with access to the internet in 2008tt, Korea was ranked first in the world and it has the highest internet penetration rate, which is over 80 percentages all of the households, indicating that IT mind of it is much bigger than any other country and opportunities of SDI development are much wider. It means that Korean national information and telecommunication infrastructure including broadband, mobile and wireless service infrastructure have supported access to national GI in anywhere and anytime. And, nowadays, with ubiquitous sensor network, Korean u-Cities are good examples using ubiGI.

Access issues About the access issues, NGIS Portal (http://www.ngis.go.kr/index.jsp) and National Geographic Information Clearinghouse (NGIC)uu can be a good gateway considered. NGIS Portal contains links to 4 sub-Portals, which are PGIS for policy vv , SGIS for standard ww , EGIS for education xx , and CGIS linked to a National Geographic Information Clearinghouseyy. In turns,

ss http://intelligentkorea.com/ tt OECD, “Households with access to theInternet”,2008 uu http://ngic.go.kr/index.jsp vv http://ngis.go.kr/pgis/ ww http://ngis.go.kr/sgis/ xx http://ngis.go.kr/egis/ yy http://ngis.go.kr/cgis/

CGIS Portal links National Geographic Information Clearinghouse, Geotechnical Information Clearinghouse zz , and Marine GIS Clearinghouseaaa. Many different data sets like in Table 6 can be obtained on free or on charge online through the NGIC (Figure 9) and/or offline. The NGIC center plays the role for an NGIC gateway, and manages the regional gateway and distribution record information. The regional gateways such as NGII covering all of the country and 8 regional gateways operate its own independent system, which distributes the spatial data of the corresponding region. As a geospatial one-stop in Korea, the NGIC provides about 150 kinds of diversified spatial data from 11 data themes, including construction/transportation, agriculture/forest, urban/facilities, culture/tour nature/ecology, cadastral/land, topology/satellite image, ocean/water resource, administration/statistics, and environment/ atmosphere. Users can search for spatial data using index map search, string search, or map number search methods. After the user finds the required data, the user can make an online payment and the download the data. Data that has been designated as “Free” can be downloaded from the main page, without search procedures or payment. The user can preview the data in advance, and can also inquire regarding the history of data through the provision of metadata. In other words, NGIC provides all of the types for service for which metadata have been created, including service for finding (discovering), viewing, and downloading spatial data, which are defined in INSPIRE Directivebbb, Now, nearly 1 million spatial data elements have been provided through the NGIC, but some data is still restricted.

zz http://geoidc.kict.re.kr aaa http://www.mgis.go.kr/ bbb EU DIRECTIVE establishing an Infrastructure for Spatial

Information in the European Community (INSPIRE), 2007


31

In South Korea, because of North Korea, data security is more important than other countries. In spite of open administration data policy, on military purpose, access to GI is constrained to be limited. In fact, many of the local government regulations in Korea mentioned above are about data security. So, there are some delays related to getting permission for involved bureaucratic procedures. South Korea is eventually transforming to data-open policy, in order to make public sector information available (e.g. freedom of information) and/or reuse them. For example, the

plan for data.gov.kr has just begun, like data.gov in USA and data.gov.uk in U.K. After the plan is complemented, more spatial data will be open. For instance, at the beginning of the last July, MLTM has announced that 38,000 spatial datasets across 58 kinds in the public sector will be opened to the public on free. In relation to access issues, new challenges for data open policy, privacy and intellectual property rights lead to require some legal frameworks. In addition to above mentioned laws, there are several legal frameworks in Korea to examine major related acts as demonstrated in Table 13.

Figure 9 Configuration diagram of the NGIC (Source: www.ngic.go/kr)


32

Table 83: Korean SDI policy (Source: http://elaw.klri.re.kr)

Concern Name of Act Purpose or Related Main Article

Protection of

Privacy

―National Spatial Data Infrastructure Act (Act

No. 9705, Augst.23, 2009)‖

Article 30 (2) No person shall be allowed to

infringe upon the rights or privacy of another

by using spatial data or spatial databases.

Act on the Protection, Use, etc. of Location

Information(Act No. 9483, Mar. 13, 2009)

Article 1 (Purpose) The purpose of this Act is

to protect privacy from the leakage, abuse

and misuse of location information, promote a

safe environment for using location

information and activate the use of location

information, thus contributing to the

improvement of people's standard of living

and the promotion of public welfare.

―Act on Promotion of Information and

Communications Network Utilization and

Information Protection, etc. (Act No. 10166,

Mar. 22, 2010)‖


to contribute to the improvement of

citizens‗ lives and the enhancement of public

welfare by facilitating utilization of information

and communications networks, protecting

personal information of people using

information and communications services,

and developing an environment in which

people can utilize information and

communications networks in a sounder and

safer way.

―Act on the Protection of Personal Information

Maintained by Public Institutions (Act No. 8871,

Feb. 29, 2008)‖


to secure proper execution of public affairs

and to further protect the rights and benefits

of all citizens by establishing necessary

guidelines concerning protection of private

information managed by such equipment

with functions for processing, transmitting and

receiving information as computers or closed-

circuit televisions of public institutions.

Intellectual

property rights

SPATIAL DATA INDUSTRY PROMOTION ACT (Act

No. 9438, Feb. 6, 2009)

Article 10 (Protection of Intellectual Property

Rights)

(1) The Government may implement the

following policies to protect intellectual

property rights involved in technologies, data,

etc. related to spatial data:

1. Technical protection of private spatial

data utilization systems and databases;

2. Vitalization of display of the information on

management of new spatial data

technologies;

3. Education on and publicity of copyrights

and other intellectual property rights to spatial

data;

(2) The Government may entrust the business

of implementing such policy as referred to in

any subparagraph of paragraph (1) to any

institution or organization that specializes in

the field of intellectual property rights related

to spatial data, etc., as prescribed by


33

Presidential Decree.

Article 21 (Special Cases concerning

Investment in Industrial Property Rights, etc.)

Copyright Act(Act No. 9785, Jul. 31, 2009)


to protect the rights of authors and the rights

neighboring on them and to promote fair use

of works in order to contribute to the

improvement and development of culture

and related industries.

Article 4 (Examples of Works) 8. Maps,

charts, design drawings, sketches, models and

other diagrammatic works;

Data open

policy &

national

informatization

policy

Framework Act on National Informatization(Act

No. 10166, Mar. 22, 2010)


to contribute to the realization of a

sustainable knowledge and information based

society, and to improve the quality of life for

the nation by prescribing matters necessary

for the establishment and promotion of the

basic direction of national informatization and

policies relevant thereto.

Act on the Protection of Information and

Communications Infrastructure(Act No. 9708,

May 22, 2009)


to operate main information and

communications infrastructure in a stable

manner by formulating and implementing

measures concerning the protection of such

infrastructure, in preparation for intrusion by

electronic means, thereby contributing to the

safety of the nation and the stability of the life

of people.

Act on the Efficient Introduction and Operation

of Information Systems(Act No. 9209,

December 26, 2008)


to facilitate efficient management of

information and technology resources,

improve efficiency of investment in

informatization, raise performance of

organizations, and ultimately contribute to

development of the national economy, by

promoting utilization of information

technology architecture and establishing a

system for auditing information systems.

Official Information Disclosure Act (Act No.

8871, Feb. 29, 2008)‖


to ensure the people‘s rights to know and to

secure the people‘s participation in state

affairs and the transparency of the operation

of state affairs by prescribing necessary

matters concerning the people‘s claims for

the disclosure of information kept and

controlled by public institutions and the

obligations of public institutions to disclose

such information.


34

Even if there are several legal enforcements and regulations related to the issue of access to spatial data as above, the various problems about it still remain in Korea. For example, it is difficult to define who copyright of map products base on co-fund by local governments and related organizations and of value added map data sets has.

International issues International cooperation can be considered in various perspectives. Firstly, for mapping, survey and remote sensing technology, NGII is involved with PCGIAPccc, ISCGMddd, ISPRSeee, ASPRSfff, ICAggg, IGU, UNGEGNhhh , UNRCC-AP iii, and FIGjjj, which are global and regional GI, Surveying and RS organizations. Secondly, in the geographic standard perspective, as a participating member, Korea is involved with ISO/TC211kkk. And OGC/TC Korea has recently established to participate in OGC lll standard programmes. Third, for international cooperation and aids, the Korea International Cooperation Agency(KOICA) conducts a GIS training program "Urban & Regional Development Policy of Kazakhstan”, GIS mineral resources and mine hazard management of Mongolia, Hydro-Infra Development and Management of Bangladesh,

ccc Permanent Committee on GIS Infrastructure for Asia and the

Pacific to establish an Asian/Pacific network to maximize the

economic value of geographic information ddd International Steering Committee for Global Mapping sharing

information and technology on map creation to solve global

environmental issues eee International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing for

international cooperation on aerial photograph surveys and remote

sensing exploration fff American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing ggg International Cartographic Association to share information on

map creation technology between member nations hhh UN Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names,

UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names iii UN Regional Cartographic Conferences on map creating

technology sharing and support among nations jjj International Federation of Surveyors for information sharing and

mutual cooperation between national survey organizations kkk International Organization for Standardization, Technical

Committee to establish international standards on geographic

information lll Open GIS Consortium to establish universal technological

standards on geographic information processing

and so on, as part of the Korean government's grant aid and technical cooperation programmmm. At last, in the private sector for GI/GIS related data or services, several Korean GIS vendors such as LG-EDS, SK C&C, KTdata, Geomania, Hanjin Information System & Telecommunication etc. have widened export markets to China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Iran, and Brazil etc.

Education/Research For a successful NGIS, GIS education and research are extremely crucial. Because GIS human resources are very critical components for NGIS, Korea improved the GIS education system and built an integrated GIS education network:

G I S E D U C A T I O N

With the increasing need for GIS professionals, Korea made an effort to improve the GIS education system and build an integrated GIS education network by encompassing industry, academia, and research institutes and establishing GIS On-Line Education Center nnn and GIS Center in selected universities based on regions. NECGIS (National GIS Education Center) portal, as a GIS On-Line Education Center which is linked to NGIS portal, provides various GIS education services managed by the GIS Central Education Center in KRIHS(Korean Research Institute of Housing and Settlement) using MLTM fund. With online education, for off-line education 7 Graduate Schools of Spatial Information, which are Inha University, NamSeoul University, Pusan National University, Pukyung University, University of Seoul, Sejong University, and Kyungpook National University play an important role in education and research. In order to raise up GIS experts and to widen GIS knowledge to the public nation-widely, Seoul National University and Ewha Womans University in Seoul, Kangwon University and Gangneung-Wonju National University in

mmm http://www.koica.go.kr/ nnn http://ngis.go.kr/egis/

http://engdic.daum.net/dicen/search.do?q=graduate%20school


35

Gangwon Porvince, Gyeongsang National University in Kyungnam Province, Jeju National University in Jeju Porvince and so on, total 15 local GIS Base Universities have been designated. Also, to increase the public recognition and education of GIS in the long term, the government authorized textbooks on geography to compile a guide to use GIS for middle and high school students.

G I S R E S E A R C H

In Korea, there is continuing support for GIS-related research on map generation and surveying, application S/W development, data distribution related technologies, component SW technology, intelligent GIS technology and ubiGI so on. In detail, the researches and studies on ubiGI, intelligent GIS technology and IT convergence technology are one of the recent interesting academic technological concerns in Korea. In terms of it, u-city, indoor spatial information, sensor web, semantic interoperability, 3D GIS, virtual argument reality, and smart mobile geospatial platform and application etc. become keywords of recent GIS researches. Recently, next generation cloud computing for convenient intellectual IT services can be considered useful technology for SDI. Also, a meaningful effort to transfer research findings into business opportunities has been made by related research organizations such as ETRI (Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute) ooo , KICT(Korea Institute of Construction Technology)ppp and etc. in Korea.

C O N F E R E N C E S & W O R K S H O P S

In relation to GIS education and research for

developing SDI, there have been many

conferences and workshops including the

international, national and local level by the public

organizations, universities, research organizations,

and private GIS vendors. KRIHS has annually

hosted the International Seminar on GIS since

ooo http://www.etri.re.kr/eng/ ppp http://www.kict.re.kr/eng/

1995. ESRI Korea Annual Conferences have been

held since 1996 to promote and demonstrate

various GIS applications. Also, other different

GIS workshops in the universities and GIS related

research organizations provide a forum for

discussion on GIS applications.

E V A L U A T I O N

When the 1st phase of NGIS projects was completed, there was the necessity of annual institutional evaluation on NGIS projects by the Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea. From that time on, it has come to settle the evaluation on NGIS projects annually to prevent dual investments in NGIS projects. For a good performance and efficiency of NGIS projects, evaluations by GIS experts who are involved in that NGIS projects are made every year during all the phases of NGIS. When assessing NGIS projects, specific criteria both by sector and whole are given and focus is on the vision and necessity of NGIS projects, appropriateness and efficiency of them, and performance and improvement of civil services through them. Also, the Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea has audited NGIS projects which have invested a large amount of money focusing on dual investments and inefficiency of projects.

http://engdic.daum.net/dicen/search.do?q=from

http://engdic.daum.net/dicen/search.do?q=that%20time

http://engdic.daum.net/dicen/search.do?q=on

http://engdic.daum.net/dicen/search.do?m=exam&q=amounts%20of


36

Chapter 4. Korean NSDI History

In this chapter, the Korean NGIS project is introduced, analyzed and evaluated as a Korean NSDI. It would be said that Korean SDI History could not be separated from the NGIS project. From simple digitalization via information to knowledge, Korean SDI has developed and changed rapidly, through various NGIS projects. Now, the importance of knowledge database on every aspect including industry, economy, life, and culture will be greater than ever before. Knowledge-based industry will be the single most important factor on national competition. Advancement of IT technology like GIS will accelerate the global competition period and Citizens will demand more diversified information on national geography.

Introduction

In Korea, with a wider use of computers, the concept of a Geographic Information System (GIS) was introduced in the late 1980‟s. Several local governments, public institutions and private sector companies began to digitalize paper map partially for own business purposes. Inconsistent and scattered GIS projects by multiple institutions have given rise to duplicated data implementation, lack of compatibility and poor data quality. Furthermore, since remarkable economic growth was achieved in 1990‟s, as a result of rapid industrialization and urbanization, Korean has faced various problems including environmental pollution, traffic jams, and a lack of basic infrastructure. To solve increasing such natural and human problems, it is necessary to analyze

and manage them efficiently. Specially, the accident of city gas supply base explosion in Ahyeon-dong, Seoul in1994, and a subway construction site gas pipe explosion in Sangin-dong, Daegu in 1995 became decisive moments for the emergence of the NGIS. After tragic events, as a useful tool to manage underground facilities effectively and to contribute public safety, GIS became spotlighted, and the initiative for NGIS projects started in 1995. Since then „NGIS Master Plan‟ has been made every five years, and in accordance with it NGIS projects were successfully implemented in Korea.

Historical General Description, Key

Issues, and Vision

The 4th NGIS Master Plan, in which the process of NGIS with technological, social and international issues are examined and future visions are proposed, shows good historical descriptions and visions of NSDI for Korea. According to it, at the beginning, establishing spatial data infrastructure is the main concern. Next, at the 2nd stage of spatial data utilization, development of GIS applications is actively conducted. But, by individually developing them, it was an issue to link and integrate, in turns, at the 3rd stage. From such historical background, to support to make a decision and intelligent geospatial enable society, goal for the future direction of SDI is going to move.

Table 94: Trajectory of Korean SDI initiatives

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

Stage Establish Spatial

Data Infrastructure

Extend Spatial

Data Utilization

Linkage and

integration

Support to

Making a

Decision

Intelligent

geospatial

enable society


37

The NGIS Project as Korean NSDI To establish GI infrastructure, by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation (MOCT, now MLTM) the Korean NGIS project has been

launched since 1995. The first phase (1995~2000) and the second phase (2001~2005) have already been finished. The third phase (2006~2010) is now in progress. Finally, The fourth phase

Major

initiative

concerning

spatial data

Digitalization of

map

- the topological

map, thematic

map,

underground

facilities map,

cadastral map

GIS capacity

building

Development

of GIS

Applications

National

geospatial

data

clearinghouse

- a total

number of

distributions

reaches to 700

thousand

Focus on

linkage and

integration of

DB and

Application

KOPSS, UPIS,

3D GIS

On-demand

user-centered

geospatial

service

Indoor and

outdoor

geospatial

application

Interaction of

physical reality

and virtual

reality

New

application

using high

resolution and

high precision

geospatial

data

Technological

issue

Modem

IPv4

Homepage

E-mail

Pager-City phone

Web portal

PDA

LAN, WAN

T1, Cable

Mobile Phone

Web2.0, Blog

Smart Phone

Wireless,

Fiberglass

CNS, PNS, ITS,

GPS

Google

map/Earth

Cyber world,

Convergence

RFID, USN

Twitter,

Wearable

computing

Intelligent

CNS, D-GPS,

Mirror world,

Metaverse,

Second Life

Space

Intelligence

Social

Network, U-

City

Semantic web

Invisible

Devices

Calm

technology

Grid

computing

Cloud

computing

Disposable

computing

Robot

Our GIS

Professional

GIS

My GIS

Geospatial

Web

Social issues

Event of a gas

explosion

occurred in

Daegu city‘s

subway (1995)

The collapse of

Seongsu bridge

and Sampoong

department

store(1995)

Launch the

autonomous local

government

system(1995)

financial currency

crisis and IMF

intervention(1997)

Development

of security

technology for

a millennium

bug(2000)

UCC

Mobile device

One-stop,

home banking

One-line civil

service

Sustainable

development

of urban

green society

Digital identity

of virtual

reality

Paradigm shift

based on the

change of

temporal and

spatial

concept

Social security

network

against

natural

disaster and

crime

International

issues

The September

attacks on the

World Trade

Center(2001)

New regional

community

without

borders


38

(2011~2015) just finished a master plan recently for the implementation of next year.

D I G I T I Z A T I O N O F S P A T I A L D A T A

The 1st phase (1995-2000) of NGIS was primarily concerned with a creation of a digital topographic map base for the country as a whole at scales ranging from 1:1,000 in urban areas to 1:25,000 in mountain regions. Digital topographical maps at 1/5,000 and 1/25,000 scales excluding some mountain and island areas have been produced. Also, 81 cities have completed creation of 1/1,000 scale digital topographical maps among the whole 84 cities. Digital thematic map, parcel-address map, administrative boundary map, road map, current land use map, national land zoning map, and urban planning map are digitalized. Special attention was also given to the digital mapping of underground facilities in this phase and 19 cities were digitizing underground facility map containing water pipeline, sewage, gas, electricity, communication, oil pipeline and heating information in conjunction with municipal governments and government-invested organizations. Creation of digital cadastral map was also made in this phase. The budget allocated to NGIS was $346m over a five year period and $288.5m out of the $346m budget for the Korean NGIS was allocated to digital topographic, thematic and underground facility mapping. The digitalization of spatial data was largely controlled by the Korean government including both central and local level, but many GIS researches, GIS capacity building and applications of GIS were carried out by private sectors and research institutes. The need for government intervention to create the necessary infrastructure for exploiting the potential of digital geographic information technology is particularly important in the eyes of the Korean government:

"The National Geographic Information System (NGIS) is recognized as one of the most fundamental infrastructures required in promoting national competitiveness and productivity. This enormous task is a national project that is led by the government since a

substantial funding is required, and based on the fact that the usage of GIS [is] mainly for the public sectors. Furthermore, since the geographical factors as well as the attribute information are the basic assets of our country, construction or development of the relevant databases has been recognized as a national project. Accordingly, the Korean government is exerting significant efforts to develop and improve NGIS." (MOCT 1995, 10).

Because of the 1997 currency crisis and the following IMF remedies, as part of its public new deal project to create new labor markets for temporary workers, a large amount of human resources was invested to digitalize topographical and cadastral map database.

In the 1st phase, above the project to digitalize topographical, thematic, underground facilities and cadastral map, other various projects are implemented like the project for GIS relative technique development such as the base and application core software, development of GIS application, GIS standardization, GIS research, GIS education and capacity building.

“Act on the establishment and use of the National Geographic information System” were legislated and the 1st phase of Basic Plan for the NGIS also established to promote the establishment and use of NGIS.

There were some problems, that is, according to the audit report of the 1st NGIS projects by Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea, regarding dual investments and inefficiency in NGIS project. Some experts said that this was indispensable in the beginning of NGIS and such trials and errors have provided meaningful lessons and new perspectives of NGIS for the next phase.

I M P L E M E N T A T I O N O F K O R E A N

D I G I T A L L A N D

In the 2nd phase (2001-2005), establishing framework data and building application systems as well as enhancing the digital maps of the 1st phase were important issues. The maps were revised and updated according to the Basic Plan of the 2nd phase for NGIS. The whole country is

http://engdic.daum.net/dicen/search.do?m=exam&q=IMF

http://engdic.daum.net/dicen/search.do?m=exam&q=labor


39

categorized into 5 regions, and one region is surveyed each year. And then, maps of the region are updated accordingly. These updated digital maps are called digital maps version 2 provided in a new file format, the NGII (National Geographic Information Institute) format.

To implement Korean digital land with digital topographical maps, framework data were also required. Definition of framework data and research for data model of it were made, as a result, themes of framework data included administrative district, transportation, marine and water resources, cadastral data, datum, geographical features, facilities, imagery and remote sensing data. Rather than the creation of digital maps in the 1st phase, utilization and application of them was the main concern of the 2nd phase of NGIS. Therefore, a firm basis for National Spatial Information Infrastructure and nation-wide distribution & utilization of GIS and National Geographic Information clearinghouse have established to help information sharing among public agencies and data acquisitions of individuals. Implementation of National Digital Land by constructing National Spatial Information Infrastructure enables getting geographic information anytime anywhere. To make geographic information available on the Internet for distribution and utilization by all people, citizen services were emphasized.

Development of wealth-creating core technology and promotion of GIS industry, establishment and improvement of the basic environment with standardization, development of human resources, and fund research projects were also driven in the 2nd phase of NGIS.

F O R T H E I N F R A S T R U C T U R E O F T H E


U B I Q U I T O U S L A N D

The 3rd phase (2006-2010) is in process. It is continuously focused on enriching the substance of NGIS base such as framework data, standards, technologies in accordance with international changes and technology level. The second focus is on creating synergy and value by linking and integrating established data and systems from areas and agencies to support decision making. The third is in improving and enhancing NGIS in accordance with users of public agencies, individuals and private corporations. The fourth is in cooperating with the National Informatization Projects and successively playing a role in it by using and developing related technologies including IT, GPS and sensor technologies. During the 3rd phases of NGIS for 15 years above mentioned in Korea, main achievements cane be summarized as follows: (See a list of NGIS projects attached in Annex E)

Table 105: Primary achievements of the Korean NGIS project

Domain 1st phase NGIS 2nd phase NGIS 3rd phase NGIS

Data

∙creation of a digital

topographic map,

cadastral map

∙digital thematic map,

parcel-address map,

administrative

boundary map, road

map, current land use

map, national land

zoning map, and

urban planning map

∙framework data

including administrative

district, transportation,

marine and water

resources, etc

∙national /marine base

map, national geodetic

control point, national

imagery DB


40

Application ∙ GIS application for


∙ GIS application for

underground facility ,

land use, environment,

agriculture, marine

∙3D spatial information,

UPIS, KOPSS, BIM etc.

Standard

∙developments of

several standards

including∙ standard for

national base map,


map

- developments of

standards for

exchange of spatial

data

∙ developments of

several standards

including∙ standard for

framework, data,

construction, distribution

and application for

NGIS

∙ developments of

advanced several

standards, projects for NGIS

standard system

Technology ∙Mapping technology,

DB Tool, GIS S/W

technology

∙3D GIS, high resolution

RS technology

∙intelligent land

informationization based on

GIS technology and

developed new software for

the future information-

oriented society.

Human

resource

∙IT labor markets

promotion project

∙Offline GIS education

∙Online and Offline GIS

education

∙ development of

educational program

and educational

textbook

∙ Online and Offline GIS

education

∙ update of educational


textbook

Clearing

house

∙Pilot project for

National spatial

clearing house

∙Project for National


70m datasets in 139

categories available

∙Advancement Project for

management of National


Research ∙Research for NGIS

∙Research for NGIS in

mid and long term

policy project

∙ Research for NGIS in

changing environments


G R E E N G E O S P A T I A L S O C I E T Y

Vision of the master plan for the 4th phase of NGIS (2011-2015) is GREEN. GREEN is a conjugation of GR (Green growth), EE (Everywhere Everybody) and N (New deal), and GREEN Geospatial Society is the society which is adopting the meaning of GREEN.

- Green: Green Growth means the geospatial information which can be the substance of green growth. It is possible to establish the geospatial information base supporting sustainable development of green homeland.

- “Everywhere”, “Everybody” means geospatial information available to everybody in everywhere. It is focused on creating safe and convenient life environment by supplying various customized information services using geospatial information to everybody in everywhere.

- “New deal” means geospatial information which can be used in open, linked and integrated ways.

It is focused on the national economic development through revitalization of related industry and creating a new growth engine for the future by using geospatial information in open, linked and integrated ways.


41

Figure 10 Evaluation for the strategic NSDI model

Evaluation of the NGIS project for a

strategic NSDI model

To establish an efficient NSDI model for developing countries, evaluation matrixes are produced to identify more important activities and tasks for the model. An evaluation matrix includes components and hierarchies of SDI discussed in Chapter 2. Furthermore, the strategic NSDI model will use the results of the followings. Important tasks and activities identified and prioritized later in these matrixes will be a part of the model.Main tasks and activities in the Korean NSDI and Local SDI are evaluated and prioritized for the NSDI model by the degree of importance (DOI). For DOI and evaluation, the degree 3 scales are used: High(H), Medium(M), and Low(L) .

Evaluation of national SDI For the last 15 years in Korea, many projects were completed (a list of NGIS projects attached in Annex E). By 2009, almost 100 projects by 20 governmental organizations and agencies have been conducted and some of them are still on processing .

When the 1st phase of the NGIS project was completed, annual institutional evaluation was needed for NGIS projects and conducted by the Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea. From that time on, the evaluation on NGIS projects continued annually. For a good performance and efficiency of NGIS projects, evaluations by GIS experts are made every year during all phases of the NGIS project. When assessing NGIS projects, specific criteria both by sector and whole are given and focused on the vision and necessity of NGIS projects, appropriateness and efficiency of them, and performance and improvement of civil services through them, as mentioned above. Based on annual evaluations mentioned above and the results of the expert investigation (see Annex F), some NGIS projects were selected in terms of budget size and importance in each SDI component for the evaluation (see Annex E). NGIS projects can be differently evaluated by whom, when, and how. From a long-term and more comprehensive view, 5 criteria are used for evaluation matrixes: Efficiency, effectiveness, sharing and interrelationship for infrastructure, usability and improvement of development and civil servicesvvv.

qqq.


42

Table 116: Evaluation Matrix of National SDI

NSDI

components

& Phases

Data

Metad

ata &

access

Standard Technology

Partner-

ship &

Human

resource

Laws/regulations

and institutional

policies &

Research

NGIS

Phase

I

MA

-Creation of a

digital

topographic

map

-Cadastral map

-Digital thematic

map: parcel-

address map,

administrative

boundary map,

road map,

current land use

map, national

land zoning

map, and urban

planning map

-Pilot

project

for

National

spatial

clearing

house

-

Developmen

ts of several

standards

including∙

standard for

national

base map,

underground

facility map

-

Developmen

ts of

standards for

exchange of

spatial data

-Mapping

technology, DB

Tool

-GIS S/W

technology

-IT labor

markets

promotion

project

-Offline

GIS

educatio

n

- Basic Plan for the

1st NGIS

- The Act on the

establishment and

use of the NGIS

[Act No. 8852,

repealed ]‖

-Various Research

for NGIS

E H M L M M M

DoI H M M M H H

NGIS

PhaseII

MA

-Framework

data including

administrative

district,

transportation,

marine and

water resources,

etc-

-Project

for

National

spatial

clearing

house

70m

datasets

in 139

categori

es

availabl

e-

-

Developmen

ts of several

standards

including∙

standard for

framework,

data,

construction,

distribution

and NGIS

application

-3D GIS

- High resolution

RS technology

-Online

and

Offline GIS

educatio

n


2nd NGIS

-Researches for

NGIS in mid and

long term policy

project

E M M L H H M

DoI H H M M H H

NGIS

Phase

III

MA

-National

/marine base

map

-National

geodetic control

point

-

Advanc

ed

Project

for

manage

ment of

-

Developmen

ts of

advanced

several

standards

-Intelligent land

informationizatio

n based on GIS

technology and

developed new

software

-Online

and

Offline GIS

educatio

n


3rd NGIS

-The Act on

National

Geospatial

Information

qqq Because every component of SDI is related with each other, it is also necessary to analyze an interrelationship for every component further. To

explain the interrelationship in every phase would be more complicated. Each NGIS project can be mapped to the six SDI components for the

interrelationship analysis. It is not possible or necessary to explore all of them in detail. For example, a project for creation of a digital topographic map

in the data component, DOI and Evaluations are evaluated as both High, because of the budgets and human resources for it prepared. A project for

standard development is evaluated as Low and DOI as Medium. This means that after creating digital topographic map, issues on data update, data

management, data exchange, and data usability etc. have raised because of insufficient standard and policy.


43

-National

imagery DB

National

spatial

clearing

house

∙3D

spatial

informati

on, UPIS,

KOPSS,

BIM etc.

- Projects for

NGIS

standard

system

-Researches for

NGIS in changing

environment

E M H L H H M

DoI H H H H H H

MA: Main Activities, E: Evaluations, DoI: Degree of Importance

Table 11 Evaluation Matrix of National SDI

Table 15 shows that data, partnership, human resources, and laws/institutional component have played a larger role than the others at the beginning. With the advancement of national SDI, access metadata and technologies component should be considered at a national level.

Evaluation of local SDI On the local level, many LSDI projects were conducted by cooperation with national organizations and agencies or by themselves. By using the same criteria are used for the national SDI evaluation: selected projects for local SDI are evaluated as follows:

Table 12: Evaluation Matrix of Local SDI

Data

Metadata

and

access

Standard Technology

Partner-

ship &

Human

resource

Laws/regulatio

ns and

institutional

polices &

Research

NGIS

Phas

e I

MA

-Building

digital water,

sewage , road

map

-Digital

topographical

map on

1/1,000

-Guidelines for

digital water,

sewage map

-Surveying

technology,

-Data processing

technology

-GIS

education

and

promotion

-Market research

on spatial

information and

thematic map

E H H M L M

DoI H M M M M

NGIS

Phas

e II

MA

-underground

facility map

containing,

gas, electricity,

communicatio

n, oil pipeline

and heating

information,

-transportation

- Metadata

for urban

facilities

- SDW pilot

project

-Guidelines for

underground

facility map

-Standard

package for

underground

facility system ,

-Data exchange

technology ,

-Linkage of

administrative

system

-Formation

of separate

organizatio

n for GIS,

-Est. Local

Committee

for urban

facilities

map

- Regulation on

data

management

and data

charges,

-Regulation on

data security


44

information,

-road facilities,

-cultural and

tour

information,

-urban

management

spatial

information

E H L H M H M

DoI H M M H H M

NGIS

Phas

e III

MA

-RS,

-3D GIS data

-SDW

project

- Guideline for

SDW

operation

-Trans-formation

to world

coordinate

system ,

-mobile system,

-3D GIS

technology,

-RS technology

-

Completio

n of the

MOU with

private

portal

company

for the

public

service

-Regulation for

efficient data

updating

according to

business process

E H M M M H H

DoI H H M H M M

MA: Main Activities, E: Evaluations, DoI: Degree of Importance

Table 16 shows that data component played a more important role than the others at the beginning. With advancement of local SDI, access metadata, technologies, and partnership & human resource component should be considered in a local level.

This chapter finally prioritizes tasks and activities in the Korean SDI history and those will be used in Chapter 7 for the Strategic Model for the developing countries.


45

Chapter 5. Best Practices in Korea

Based on the evaluation by GIS Experts and existing NGIS evaluation reports, best practices are chosen in central and local governments. Good points are identified from each practice and will be used for the lessons learned in later Chapters.

.

Best practices at a national level

N A T I O N A L I N T E G R A T E D ( S P A T I A L )

I N F O R M A T I O N S Y S T E M ( N I I S )

By MLTM(the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) and MOPAS(the Ministry of Public Administration and Security), the project for “National Integrated (Spatial) Information System (NIIS)” is an ambitious drive to integrate spatial data with administrative data in Korea for implementation of prescriptive NSDI. With process-based rather than product-based approach, both central and local governments have participated in this project. This initiative has a significant implication for developing countries in

terms of SDI as well as e-government. As an important channel to drive the SDI agenda, Korean e- government is very important, as mentioned above.

The NIIS project which was launched in 2008 is one of Korean e-government projects with a large amount of budgets. This project is not yet completed, but is now in process. For the project from 2008 to 2012, total budgets from both national and local funding would reach 397.7 billion won. The budget of this year (11.8 billion won) is going to be invested to integrate 9 applications from 5 organizations, which are for MLTM‟s National Land Information, Coastal Management Information, Korean Tidal flat Information, MIFAFF(Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries)‟s Agricultural Information, ME(Ministry for Environment)‟s National Environmental Information and Ecological Information, Korea Forest Service‟s Forestry GIS and CHA(Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea)‟s Cultural Heritage Information.

Figure 11 Integrated System of National Spatial Information (Source: ―Integrated National Spatial Information,‖ 2010)


46

Like the Geospatial Platform which is the next generation of federal geospatial resource management, focusing on operations and delivery of services, and the next phase that builds on the successes of Geospatial One Stop, Geospatial Line of Business, Ongoing cross-governmental coordination by FGDC in USArrr, recognition of the importance and benefits of geospatial platform for next generation Korea led to the launch of this project to integrate various spatial data and administrative data via geospatial platform. That is, the platform will be a solution that facilitates data sharing and reuse of resources. It will lead to cost savings, wise investments, increased efficiency and improved innovations. The Platform will improve overall management of geospatial resources by leveraging portfolio management and utilizing best practices.

rrr www. GeoPlatform.gov

Figure 11 shows the overview of National Integrated (Spatial) Information System (NIIS) which is linking and integrating various thematic geospatial data from above mentioned organizations, administrative data, policy data, and statistical data etc. covering national and local level by geospatial web platform. In addition, providing Open API, it is possible to mash-up and create value-add service for its customers in the private sector.

Emphasizing the importance of this project, some expert said that the earlier the projects have started, the better for Korean SDI, by improving data quality and reducing updating costs. Open API technologies with geoweb platform technologies are used for integrating spatial and administrative data from various organizations.

Key points:

Efforts for integration of spatial data with administrative data are impressive for SDI.

To meet users‘ need, it is necessary to build the seamless data covering the entire

country.

Interoperability of GIS applications based on geoweb platform is a key drive for

efficient and economic SDI.

Using Open API and geoweb standards, including WMS, WFS etc.are reasonable.

Geospatial Open Stop Portal is very important.

Up-to date data updating by institutional arrangement and technological supports

are also key-points for SDI.

http://engdic.daum.net/dicen/search.do?m=exam&q=the%20better


47

N G I I ( N A T I O N A L G E O G R A P H I C

I N F O R M A T I O N I N S T I T U T E )

Korean National Geographic Information Institute (hereafter referred to as “the NGII ”) established in 1958 is the only national surveying and mapping organization under the MLTM. The NGII, as a center for national geographic information infrastructure, records, provides, maintains and manages all of the national land information above and below ground, computerizing and publishing maps. Most GIS experts evaluate that 2 projects for the building of the National Fundamental Data and National Spatial Imagery Database are the best GIS projects by the NGII.

As one of the NGII‟s best GIS projects, the project for National Spatial Imagery Database makes it more efficient to compile and revise maps and monitor the land, using aerial images. Also, various decision-making systems with the national base maps and digital image maps for (1) urban planning, (2) disaster management, (3) natural resources management, and (4) telecommunication networks are developedsss. GIS Experts emphasize importance of National Spatial Imagery Database to provide the wider usage of visual applications as fundamental data. Now, NGII provides the public with aerial images and remote sensing images data, via National Spatial Imagery Information Service Portalttt.

sss http://www.ngii.go.kr/ ttt http://air.ngii.go.kr/index.do

Figure 12 NGII's service portal (Source: air.ngii.go.kr)

Another one, the project for Korean fundamental spatial data conducted by NGII is very important for Korean national and local SDI. NGII is a leading organization to build and manage Korean fundamental spatial data which is one of the key components for Korean SDI and the most common data themes users need consisting of administrative boundaries, transportation, hydrography, cadastral maps, geodetic controls, topographic maps, facilities and satellite imagery & aerial photographs theme. To define these fundamental spatial data and develop several framework data standards as TTA standards, further tasks remain. Therefore, the project is making progress to construct fundamental spatial databases and manage integrated fundamental spatial databases.

Key points:

Through the establishment of National Spatial Imagery Database, NGII is cooperating

and working together with the local governments to share ortho-imagery data and to

prevent dual management efforts for them

Using aerial images, to compile and revise maps and monitor the land,

As a National Basic Map, Creation of National Fundamental Data and Digital

Topological Map

Real-time data currency and efficient and effective data updating


48

S T A T I S T I C A L G E O G R A P H I C

I N F O R M A T I O N S E R V I C E

To strengthen the national competitiveness of Korea, Statistics Korea has established various statistical geographic data such as Census Map, data for Statistics Navigator and Statistical Areas. For the collaborative use of them, through “Statistical Geographic Information Service (SGIS)” portal, many useful statistical geographic services are available nowuuu. Statistical geographic data and information are one of the key elements related to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS) including economic developments. In this context, as the best of best practices of NSDI, “Statistical Geographic Information Service (SGIS)” would be considered.

Among different kinds of “Statistical Geographic Information Services”, users can enter their own statistical data in order to create their own SGIS map on the KoStat census map in „Experiencing the statistical map‟ service, statistical changes by Si/Gun/Gu for every 5 years between 1995 to 2015 in „e-Miji‟ service and SGIS OpenAPI (External connection service) service are distinctive. By using SGIS Open API, users can have statistics data on users‟ own website through

uuu http://sgis.kostat.go.kr/statistics_eng/

DHTM or JavaScript. Advanced users can also create more sophisticated statistical application by using detailed API. Therefore, the Korean Statistical Geographic Information Service is considered NSDI key elements for data, service and applications.

Figure 13 Statistical Geographic Information Service

(Source: sgis.kostat.go/kr)

Key points:

Creation and usage of various useful statistical geographic data and services,

Adoption of ―Basic unit district‖ for proper minimum size of statistical area, considering

citizen‘s convenience and privacy protection, and a framework for integration of

administrative data

SGIS Open API for mash-up spatial data with other administrative data, toward more

customized and sophisticated statistical application


49

K O R E A F O R E S T G I S S E R V I C E

Several Korean GIS Experts recommend Korea Forest GIS Service as the best practice of NSDI because of the higher and wider use based on high quality of data. That is, Korea‟s Forest Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal is being used to survey for assessing damages by blight and harmful insects and manage forest resources, forest products, and breed resources. It is also used to provide a landslide monitoring system, wild fire monitoring system, street lights management system, and C/S-based forest GIS management system. In addition, citizens have easy access to Web-based forest GIS services and are, therefore, able to obtain useful, high-quality informationvvv.

Forest officers can use GIS to integrate disparate data and serve the information throughout the organization by creating a unified channel for effective and efficient management including managing administrative forest maps and datawww.

The concept of SDI rather than GIS in Forest domain is introduced in Forest Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal Service. The Forest Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal enables connecting to the National GIS and improves practices to standardize forest GIS. GIS saved the organization US$1.4 million as by providing forest GIS materials and saving administration costs. All future forest GIS services will be integrated into this Forest Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal, and all of their information will be provided through the current portal site. This year, the existing forest portal site will be enhanced to a center offering forest database online service. Currently, there is no local GIS database circulation model; by building an integrated forestry GIS database circulation system, the Korea Forest Service would set the national standard for a GIS circulation system.

vvv http://fgis.forest.go.kr/fgis/ www The Korea Forest Service received a Special Achievement in GIS

(SAG) Award at the 2009 ESRI International User Conference (ESRI

UC) in San Diego, California. The organization received this honor

for its vision, leadership, and innovative use of ESRI's geographic

information system (GIS) technology. The Korea Forest Service was

selected from more than 300,000 organizations worldwide and

recognized during today's SAG awards ceremony for making

extraordinary contributions to our global society.

Forest Spatial Data Infrastructure Portal is a Web system which integrates hardware, software and human resources enabling to exploit the forest geospatial information and analysis output for planning and decision making support. Web 2.0-based JavaScript API and AJAX are the key technologies in completing this project successfully. The portal service supports any kind of standard-based web browser. This Web service is a comprehensive source of providing the most recent trend of forest GIS technology enabling to search, disseminate and exploit forest GIS data. Based on systematic forest information as well as customized individual services, this Web GIS portal serves citizens. Also, the portal has enhanced the efficiency of data management through integrated services and management of forest GIS databases. Korea‟s excellent Internet access infrastructure has made a tremendously positive contribution to the satisfaction on the Web service.

Figure 14 Korea Forest GIS Service (Source:

fgis.forest.go.kr/fgis)


50

Best practices at a local level S E O U L M E T R O P O L I T A N C I T Y

Most GIS experts agree with the case of Seoul Metropolitan City as the best practice. The Seoul Metropolitan City (capital city of South Korea) has developed Urban Planning Information System with successful utilization of 3D technology. With various 3D map services already available from major internet portals like Google and MS, it is another indication of the 3D technology being used by professionals in critical decision making. Using the 3D GIS system, Seoul expects to promote participation to city plans by providing 12 million city residents public web access and in turn boost tourism sector to bring in more foreign visitors. And, to reach that goal, new parks will be put into places to aid tourism operations and boost tourismxxx

Figure 15 Seoul GIS portal (Source: gis.seoul.go.kr)

Through the Seoul GIS Portal Service, Portal, Map search, and 3D theme services are availableyyy. xxx http://gis.seoul.go.kr/ yyy http://3dgis.seoul.go.kr/

3D themes services provide theme Tourism and VR (Virtual Reality) experience. Also, users can enter their own information to create their own map on the Seoul map in „UCC‟ service.

Figure 16 (Two images) Seoul 3D GIS portal service

(Source: 3dgis.seoul.go.kr)

The Seoul Metropolitan Government has used GIS to eliminate redundant data processing and save costs by leveraging existing spatial data. The

Key points:

Evolution of the concept of SDI from GIS in Forest domain is remarkable.

Forest Spatial Data Infrastructure One-Stop Portal Service can be a lesson learned.

Ease access to spatial forest data and service is being able to create many value-

added services.

To use standards and Web 2.0-based new technology is recommendable.


51

SDW (Spatial Data Warehouse) was created to eliminate all double or redundant data processing and to save cost by leveraging the existing spatial data. As Seoul has been required to provide a unified channel for searching, checking and acquiring spatial data, the SDW was proposed to meet such requirements by the interior officials responsible for GIS-related projects. It not only improves efficiency of administration activities, but also simplifies the process of authoring field data. Also, Seoul developed a SDW to provide a unified channel for searching, checking, and acquiring spatial data; the SDW improves administration activities, such as decision making and management work flows, and simplifies the process of authoring field data. The accuracy and updating of spatial data served to the public were also enhanced. The SDW has become an excellent reference for expanding into a national spatial data infrastructure.

Seoul Metropolitan Government, which is the largest city of Korea, has developed its SDW over the years. It contains all of the spatial layers including transportation, land & building records, census, demographic data, etc. Moreover, it is the fundamental base to implement all GIS applications of Seoul. The warehouse being operated by this global city sustaining such a big population became a great reference to expand into the national spatial data infrastructure.

Prevention of creating unnecessary spatial data as being dispersed in sub-organizations

Necessity to improve usability of the existing spatial data.

Improve efficiency of managing spatial data by having access through only one channel

Increase efficiency of administration workflow by making most of spatial data

Enhanced spatial data service to public

D A E G U M E T R O P O L I T C A N C I T Y

Daegu City, the third largest city in Korea, has a long history of GIS in Korea. Daegu City began to construct digital maps for GIS since 1988 and completed city-wide digital mapping for GIS in the year 2000.

Its rich experience in GIS development, a vision of future direction, and the strong GIS support for business make its GIS applications more efficient and useful. For example, with starting the projects for development of GIS applications, Daegu City has made the cost/benefit analysis which simulates future costs and benefits in order to find the shortest payback period, to maximize the effect of investment and to avoid unclear goal definition, weak assumption on the system sustainability and other intangible detriments.

Figure 17 Daegu Life Geographic Service (Source:

www.gis.go.kkr)

Key points:

As an excellent LSDI implementation with the relation of NSDI of , taking into account the own

unique, for example, 3D tourist service

Good quality and diversity of thematic spatial data: based on high resolution data on 1:1000

scale, higher accuracy and efficient updating of many thematic spatial data

Efficient SDW for eliminating redundant data processing and for saving cost by leveraging the

existing spatial data from 30 GIS applications

http://engdic.daum.net/dicen/search.do?m=exam&q=rich%20experience


52

Key points:

Cost/benefit analysis to maximize the investment effect is recommendable.

Systemic spatial data updating linking on administrative data is a key-drive to successful local

SDI.

Daegu‘s Geospatial One Stop with multi-lingual service and life geographic service, as a good

example for wider access and public service

Partnership for underground facilities management system and efficient data updating, signed

MOU with 7 related organizations

Now, Daegu Life Geographic Service provides several services, such as „Map of daily life‟(„Search for living space‟, „Category search‟), „Finding my surrounding information,‟ „Statistics from the map‟ service‟ and Search shortcut zzz . Also, 3D map services are available like Seoul. In addition, 119 Daegu opened web GIS for disaster management. aaaa

Figure 18 Daegu's Web GIS of 119 service (Source:

http://119.daegu.go.kr)

zzz http://www.gis.go.kr- Daegu aaaa http://119.daegu.go.kr/119/webgis/index.html

Best practices at the GIS application

level

K O R E A L A N D I N F O R M A T I O N

S Y S T E M ( K L I S )

The Korea Land Information System (KLIS) developed by MOGAHA (The Ministry of Government And Home Affairs)and KCSC(Korea Cadastral Survey Corporation) since 2001 currently provides cadastral information through the Internet. The cadastral survey organization of KCSC is in charge of cadastral survey activities which are originally the responsibilities of the government. KLIS mainly consists of two parts, survey data reduction and cadastral administration. In the cadastral survey aspects, surveyors make use of cadastral survey results for executing boundary survey, subdivision survey, etc.

In the other hand, cadastral administration module can be used for examining cadastral survey results or updating cadastral records in municipalities. If there are cadastral surveys or requests for cadastral data from a municipality, a cadastral administrator sends a file through the Internet. The whole process is depicted in Figure 19.


53

Figure 19 KLIS architecture (Source: Lee, Young-Ho,‖ Strategy for Improving Cadastral Spatial Data Quality for a more

effective e-Government based on NSDI‖, 2009.5 )

Summary of best practices

As selected best practices are examined above, they have several good points which can be useful to establish efficient and successful SDI and provide lessons learned for developing countries.

The first case of NIIS indicates that NSDI and e-government are indispensible to achieve an efficient NSDI which in participating many government organizations it must be in context of e-government. Especially, not yet completed, it shows the future direction of next generation SDI, focusing on geospatial platform to facilitate data sharing with cost saving and value-added services creating possible. It is also emphasized that public and private partnership among various public

governments and private organizations at both national and local level is necessary.

The second NGII case reveals that building National Basic Map such as National Fundamental Databases or digital topological map should be the most important task and increasing importance of imagery data might have a wider application for a rapid data update. Statistical GIS case can also be very impressive to developing issues and FSDI is a good example of thematic SDI in Korea.

In addition, at a local level, Seoul and Daegu case show that a civil service using such as 3D GIS service and VR technology is interesting and implicative to evoke public attention to GIS, and at a GIS application level, KLIS can be a very

Key points:

Harmonization model of top-down with bottom-up, by matching funds and with

partnerships is recommendable.

Proper division of who does what- at the beginning, creation of data and developing

of applications by central government, and later management and operation by

local governments is distinctive.

Integration of land information and cadastral information will take the synergy

effects.


54

important service on priority for sustainable development in developing countries.

In result, these best practices can be summarized in each SDI component as follows:

Table 13: Best practices

Best practices Data

Metadata

and

access

Standard Technolo

gy

Partner-ship

& Human

resource

Laws/regul

ations and

institutional

polices &

Research

At

a n

atio

na

l le

ve

l

National

Integrated

(Spatial)

Information

System (NIIS)

-Integration of

spatial data

-Geospatial

Open Stop

Portal

-Using

geoweb

standards,

including

WMS, WFS

etc.

-Using open

API and

geospatial

platform

technology

-One of the

e-

government

project

based on

intergovernm

ental

partnership

-Up-to date

data

updating by

institutional

arrangement

NGII’s

fundamental

spatial data

project etc.

- Building

National

Fundamental

Databases and

- National

Spatial

Imagery

Database

- NGII‘s

National

Spatial

Imagery

Information

Service

Portal

-Framework

data

standards

as TTA

standards

-Using

aerial

images, to

compile

and revise

maps and

monitor the

land

-Cooperating

and working

together with

the local

governments

to share

ortho-

imagery

data and to

prevent dual

managemen

t efforts for

them

-

Statistical

Geographic

Information

Service

-Various useful

statistical

geographic

data and

services

-Statistical

Geographi

c

Information

Service

(SGIS)

portal

-Geoweb

standards

-SGIS Open

API for

customized

and

sophisticat

ed

statistical

application

- One of NGIS

GIS

Application

projects

Korea Forest

GIS Service

-Building an

integrated

forestry GIS DB

-Forest

Spatial

Data

Infrastructur

e Portal

-

Standardiz

e forest GIS

&

standard-

based web

browsers

-Web 2.0-

based

JavaScript

API and

AJAX

- Human

resource

enabling to

exploit the

forest

geospatial

information

- Connecting

to the

National GIS


55

At

a lo

ca

l le

ve

l Seoul

Metropolitan

City

-Good quality

and diversity of

thematic

spatial data

-higher

accuracy and

efficient

updating of

many thematic

spatial data

-Seoul GIS

Portal

- Based on

SDW

(Spatial

Data

Warehouse

)

-Using

3DGIS , VR

technology

Daegu

Metropolitan

City

-Early GIS

adopter and

efficient data

updating

- Daegu‘s

Geospatial

One Stop

- 3D map

services

-Partnership

for

underground

facilities

managemen

t system

-Cost/benefit

analysis

At

a a

pp

lic

atio

n

lev

el Korea Land

Information

System KLIS

-Integration of

land

information

and cadastral

information

-via E-

governmen

t portal,

land civil

service

enable

-Integrated

DB of

cadastral

administrati

ve and

spatial

data

-

Harmonizatio

n model of

top-down

with bottom-

up for a more

effective e-

Government


56

Chapter 1. Chapter 6. Lessons Learned

Based on previous Chapters 3, 4, and 5, lessons are discussed in each component of SDI.

For lessons learned, in addition to the issue about SDI implementation, lessons on a SDI user‟s perspective are required. Thus, for lessons learned from the Korean NSDI, results of expert interview are considered with current Korean SDI situation and history mentioned above.

Summary of Korean GIS experts‘

investigation results 20 Korean GIS experts with more than 10 years‟ experience from various GIS organizations in the public and private sector provided many useful answers for the questions as follows.

Key Questions Selected Answers

1) What is Korean NSDI Pride in

your opinion? In your view,

what are NSDI success

factors? Please mention the

good points？ Based on your

experience to date and

understanding of the SDI

situation in Korea, what might

be main factors?

As one of Korean NSDI Pride, many Experts agreed with

Digital Topologic map at 1/1,000 scale, covering whole

Korea. In the data perspective of SDI, digitalizing high

quality map on large scale has driven the Korean NSDI

successfully.

To achieve it, a large amount of budgets had required.

According to experts‘ opinion, in partnership and policy

perspective, the role of Korean central government to

driving and coordinating for the Korean SDI is more critical.

2) Based on your experience,

what are obstacles and

problems in building NSDI?

Dual investments on data in various applications at the

beginning of NGIS projects have been obstacles in building

NSDI. Also, many GIS Experts has indicated an inefficient

system for NGIS standards as one of problems to retard the

Korean NSDI.

In Korea, for example, dual investments have been

somewhat inevitable to construct common underground

facilities GIS DB for the development of underground

facilities management system. Since a base map of each

organization was different each other, it was difficult to

integrate different kinds of maps from them containing too

many stakeholders such as water pipeline and sewage

division of local governments, KT, KOGAS, DOPC, KEPCO,

and KDHC as above mentioned, and to build digital

underground facilities map. There was no choice to build

new one, even though a standard for underground facility

map for national geographic information system (NGIS) was

developed later. Same case can be found on the process

of NIIS project. Due to lack of standardization and standard

fundamental spatial data is not completed yet, integration

of spatial data from various organizations is delayed and for

it a large amount of budget required.


57

3) What are Best Practices in

Korean NSDI? If you

recommend Best Practices in

Korean NSDI, What are those

and why?

GIS Experts have evaluated good NSDI characteristics

including more wider usability and applications in central

and local governments, and such as following best

practices have be introduced:

National Integrated (Spatial) Information System (NIIS)

NGII(National Geographic Information Institute)

Statistical Geographic Information Service

Korea Forest GIS Service, at the national level:

Seoul Metropolitan City

Daegu Metropolitan City, at the local level

4) What might be successful

factors for developing

countries constrained by

resources? What might be

SWOT factors for developing

countries?

To CSF and SWOT analysis for developing countries, GIS

Experts suggested several factors, such as strengths of no

conflict of old and new, GIS application system (because

any GIS application is not yet, even though there is a

conflict of old paper system and new digital system),

weakness of infrastructure and GIS resources, emphasizing

on considering unique characteristics of developing

countries.

5) How can SDI build for

developing countries

efficiently? What are

priorities?

GIS Experts said that selection of priorities and strategies for

SDI in developing countries would be more important for

success. The policy for SDI such as preparation of GIS action

plan including main projects, main driving forces and

related budgets, legislations, and GIS education and

capacity building would be more required to implement

and realize the other components of SDI.

Lessons learned for NSDI Lessons learned for NSDI in 6 components such as data, law/institution, standard, access and metadata, technology and partnership, and in addition, in GIS application are as follows: .

D A T A

There is no denying that NGII‟s digital topographical map at 1/1,000 scale covering almost of the countries is the pride of Korean SDI. High quality of geospatial data such as digital topographical map at 1/1,000 scale and on make successful Korean SDI implementation possible. It has played a very important role in supporting a wide variety of decisions and solutions for various problems on earth. Using it, geospatial civil service has been improved and a higher value-added

business in geospatial industry sectors also promoted by raising quality of analysis and widening quantity of it. Korean underground facilities map is a good example based on digital topographic map at 1:1000 scale. At the beginning of NGIS projects, a large amount of budget has been continuously invested to build it on short-terms. With processing further NGIS projects, it is perceived that not only building geospatial data, but also maintaining it for sharing and using data is extremely important.

Lessons Learned

To prevent duplicated investment for revision and data updating, the strategies for data updating have to be considered with the beginning of building data.


58

In terms of digital topographical map, after the projects for creating it have completed in the 1st phase, the projects to revise and updating it must be followed in the 2nd phase in South Korea(see Annex E).

Such as UFID for efficient and real-time updating will be useful.

Harmonization of cost with quality can be recommended. • For example, using digital ortho-photo or

satellite image or new surveying technology can be more preferred than using traditional surveying method.

• For rapid return on investment, proper selection at map scale and decision on data building method will need to be reviewed by efficient methodology including such as an estimation of cost based on the analysis of various alternatives with multiple scenarios based on combination of each production methods considering different areas and different scalesbbbb, a survey of experts and users‟ need, and CBA (Cost-Benefit Analysis) etc.

• Based on Korean experience, it would be useful to identify different scales for different areas (e g say 1:2500 in urban areas, 1:10000 in rural areas etc).

Efforts to bridge a gap between for assessing formal institutional data quality and for informal real usage for business can be recommended. • In South Korea, an over-emphasis on

data accuracy has retarded the development of SDI. According to the recent surveycccc in Korea, both at a central and local level, digital topological map at 1:5,000 scale is most widely used for business across the various domains. It also estimates that 1:1,000 at scale for the higher data accuracy is not wider in use than 1:5,000 on scale, but much more used than 1:25, 000 at scale. On the other

bbbb For example, to build digital topographic map on 1:2500 scale,

Korean has examined several options using different scales for

different areas. cccc NGII, 2010

hand, standard estimation of digital topological map production cost per unit indicates that it could be different by different scale. If same production methods using aerial photogrammetry were used, cost would be rapidly increased for higher data accuracy.

• To harmonize a concept of data quality in users‟ perspective within suppliers‟ perspective is important for data production, usages and various applications.

L A W / I N S T I T U T I O N

It can be said that Korean SDI has been driven rather by a top-down approach than by a bottom-up approach, because the Korean central government has played a larger role to run the Korean SDI considering SDI hierarchy and a formal policy document, such as NGIS master plans and related legislation etc.[a top-down approach] drives operational level activities [bottom up approach].

As a legal basis upon which drive SDI and promote geospatial industries, two main legislations for NGIS at national government level had established. According to this legislation, as an interagency committee to coordinate matters concerning national spatial data policy, “National Spatial Data Committee,” has been composed. Though its members includes representatives from national and local government level and from public and private sectors, as the chairperson of it, the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affair show Korean SDI‟s a top-down approach.

Also, as mentioned above, there are many GIS regulations, GIS implementation plans and GIS responsible organizational teams at the local government level, which are also legal and organizational basis for local SDI. Regarding local legislation, it is established in accordance with the national legislations and based on specific articles of them. Since the autonomous local government system was launched in 1995, Korea has 15 year local governments‟ history. During that time, the underground facility management projects have


59

driven to make a necessity for legal regulations at a local level especially. In this context, many local governments established GIS regulations covering on building, using and managing GIS data and security. Local legislations such as Gyeonggi GIS Ordinance and regulations for spatial data security in Daegu, Dajeon, Busan, Incheon, Gwnagju and others are made reflecting each local government‟s unique needs.

Lessons Learned

Legislations for the NSDI at a national and local level are required for SDI. • In proper time, legislations for SDI must

be introduced. • Who does what! – A clear definition of

role, based on legislation is critical.

Strategic and sustainable Master Plan for SDI First • Such as NGIS Master Plan in every phase

of NGIS in Korea proposed the vision, tasks, project and budgets of it , Master Plan for SDI First

• According to Master Plan, implementation Plan is also needed.

• Like a Korean case, after implementation, evaluation is inevitable for successful SDI

More participation and determination of GIS experts in policy making process is needed. • More administrative experts, less GIS

experts as decision makers might be resulted in some trial and errors at the beginning of NGIS phase in South Korea.

• Conflicts of GIS and surveying community also as a problem. Surveyor‟s Law has been more substantial than GIS law. Accuracy has prevailed over fitness for use. It has retarded GIS applications to bloom.

In addition, Korean has experienced that SDI policy focusing on top-down approach at the beginning lead to some troubles. And now, the harmonization of it with the bottom-up approach has emphasized to move toward demand-driven, cooperative, data open policy and linkage& integration, open, sharing and participation.

Because the development of SDIs is a long-term process, in Korean GIS expert‟s opinion, a top-down approach is somewhat necessary and fit for the strong SDI driving at the beginning. With over time, the harmonization of it with the bottom-up approach is more efficient. Therefore, GIS education, considering the concept of “Neogeography”, should be more urgent.

S T A N D A R D S

Due to the lack of standardization, data sharing and cooperation among agencies have not been easy to accomplish. Until now, Korea developed many standards(show Annex C), but according to NGIS evaluation literature or results from Korean GIS experts investigations, a time lag, no availability and no obligation of GIS standards for NGIS have been controversial. Regarding as standards for current Korean NSDI, as one of National Spatial Data Committee‟s Subcommittee, Subcommittee on Standardization and Technical Standards is responsible to develop and manage standards for spatial data by the provisions of National Spatial Data Infrastructure Act, the Framework Act on National Standards, and the Industrial Standardization Act. According to the Framework Act on National Standards, KS and TTA standards for NSDI are not mandatory but arbitrary, while technical standards are mandatory. Until now, there are no technical standards in the field of GIS domain (show Annex C). To solve the problem of standards and develop mandatory standards for only the NGIS projects not all of private sectors, such as FGDC standards in USA, a project for developing GIS technical standards is going on recently in Korea. In order to integrate and share data more effectively and easily and to provide interoperability to geospatial data and services, the standards are very important.

Lessons Learned

Strategic standardization based on consensus among GIS communities for SDI, more effectively and easily • In general, there are de facto standards

and de jure standards. In contrast to de facto standards which are informal


60

industry based, de jure standards are formal. In Korea, for national SDI two kinds of level as de jure standards have developed.

• To develop the standard with obtaining consensus, it is inevitable to take a considerate time. Thus, adoption of international standards can be a solution like the example of KS standards. Nonetheless, it is not the best way for developing countries to adopt all of them without a strategic GIS standard plandddd

Such standards like the FGDC standards and USGS geospatial bluebook as consistent data model and specification guidelines can be considered.

A C C E S S A N D M E T A D A T A

Recently, open data policy was accepted and prevailed. Data.gov. in USA, Data.gov.uk in UK, and also Data.gov.kr in Korea are good examples. But, in Korea, open geospatial data policy still remains to be a sensitive and controversial issue. Until now, because of North Korea, data security is more important than other countries. Thus, access to geospatial data in some sensitive areas on military purpose is limited and permission is required. “NSDI ACT(Act No. 9705)” includes provisions on both establishment of National Spatial Data Center, and protection of national spatial data.

In spite of data security issues above reviewed, Korea opened the national clearing house since 2000. Now, various kinds of spatial data including digital topologic maps and many thematic maps are available on free or for cost sale.

In addition, so far about metadata, there are 3 metadata standards containing 2 TTA standards and 1KS standard in Korea (see Annex E). One of the TTA metadata standards is for distribution,

dddd Because most of ISO/TC standards are abstract, to adopt

efficient standards for SDI in developing countries, it recommends

with profiling them considering each developing country‟s situations.

Also, standards for web service at an implementation level and that

for data model, quality and metadata from ISO19100 standard series

would be on priority in a strategic GIS standard plan for developing

countries.

the other for management. KS metadata standard is adopted from ISO 19115 metadata standard.

Lessons Learned

Online or off line distribution network are inevitable for successful SDI

NGIS One Stop Portal for access service are also useful • To data sharing and distributing via NGIS

One Stop Portal, standards for metadata and data catalogue are required.

• Linkage of e-government portal with NGIS Portal is necessary.

For vitalization with adoption of VGI concept, poor knowledge of data availability should be overcome and access of spatial data extended.

T E C H N O L O G Y

Advanced information and communication infrastructure might be helpful for successful Korean SDI implementation. However, separation of IT and GIS community: two domains should have been in one perspective from the beginning for a better NSDI. Integration and linkage of e-government and NSDI should have been done from the beginning to avoid duplication of efforts for better citizen spatial service.

Through NGIS projects, there are many projects for developing GIS technology, such as from GIS components technology in the beginning via 3D GIS technology, Mobile GIS technology, Geoweb technology in the mid phase, and to ubiquitous geospatial technology on developing now, which are sponsored by national R&D funds.

In fact, although Koreans had weak international competitiveness in GIS S/W technology at the beginning, more research to develop GIS components, platform interface technology and ubiquitous geospatial technology have contributed to open new geospatial markets and encourage SDI infrastructure.

Lessons Learned

Strategic and rapid development of selected technology for the developing countries‟ SDI


61

is recommended. For example, like a Korean case, niche technologies such as technology for GIS applications, a unique fusion technology for developing countries, and mobile GIS applications

Import of advanced foreign technologies, considering larger benefits of each country, is needed. • Due to lack of best practice in the use of

technologies in the beginning, education program for GIS technologist and experts are urgent.

• Wider strategic use of open source technologies is recommended.

P A R T N E R S H I P S

Partnership can be defined as relationships and agreements across relevant actors and organizations that reduce duplication and collection costs and leverage local, national and global technology and skills. Lessons learned through NGIS projects, the main reason of inefficiency and inconsistency always have been the lack of partnership. Success of projects depends on coordinating many stakeholders and many organizations and on cooperating with each other. Therefore, a great deal of attention and devotion should be in vertical and horizontal partnership in the SDI hierarchy. Also, international partnership can be a very important component for SDI of developing countries.

Lessons Learned

Strong Government Leadership and Organisational Partnership • To more powerful organisational

partnership, more efficient institutional reorganization and regulations are required. For example, as a chairperson of “National Spatial Data Committee,” the President served to more powerful leadership, instead of the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime in Korea. Because of relatively less powerful leadership, some government organizational conflicts, less concern and

no cooperation with other governmental organization and agencies have been obstacles.

• Also, a delay of driving organization for NGIS standard in 2nd phase of NGIS was due to lack of organizational partnership.

G I S A P P L I C A T I O N

The Best Practice (Chapter5) showed possibility that various GIS applications can be developed in different domains, especially in economic developments, monitoring environmental developments and MDGs etc.

From Korean cases, interoperability among GIS applications would contribute to avoid duplicated efforts and inefficiency, and integration of GIS applications might be critical as exemplified by National Integrated Spatial Information system (NIIS)

Lessons Learned

Interoperability of GIS applications • To provide interoperability of GIS

applications, geoweb platform is very useful.

• The recent trend, on which using Open API, user can make his own GIS application, have significant implications for developing countries. For example, even if such as Seoul Metropolitan City, Daegu Metropolitan City at the local level, Open API service is available.

Priorities of GIS applications • For 15 years through 3rd phase of NGIS

in Korea, many GIS applications are developed and used for efficient resource managements. Considering the limit of resources in developing countries, for efficient budget allocation priorities among various GIS applications would be included in the master plan.

• Rapid return on investment of GIS applications also must be considered.


62

Chapter 7. A Strategic NSDI Model for Developing Countries

Based on South Korean lessons learned in Chapter 6 and Korean GIS experts‟ opinions, a strategic NSDI model for developing countries is proposed in this chapter. Due to social, economic, cultural and political uniqueness of each developing country, the above findings of this report will have different implications for different countries in detail. While in broader perspective, it will be necessary to establish a strategic NSDI model for them. It would be useful for reducing trials and errors and providing a good guideline to construct SDI in developing countries. In general, a strategic model for SDI should include a clear definition on how and what to do for efficient SDI implementation. Using the SWOT analysis and CSF (Critical Success Factor) analysis, 4 strategies including strategies for geospatial data, GI capacity building, GI portal enabling access platforms and cost-effective management of GI with partnership explain how to do. What to do, that is, tasks and activities for SDI in the developing countries, is exemplified considering a phased implementation of SDI and harmonization of both a top down and a bottom up approach at a national and local level. In the developing countries, due to lack of various resources including financial and human resources, earlier top priority must be given to a product-based model discussed later. For an advanced SDI, a process-based model, which focus on human rather than on technology, will be also helpful.

In this Chapter, a strategic SDI model for the developing countries is proposed based on previous chapter mentioned above and SWOT analysis. The model provides a “how to” guidance including key factors and choices to have in mind in the development of SDIs at the national level with referencing at the local level. At the same time, SDI development is a longer-term and nonlinear process requiring a high level of coordination amongst different ministries and private entities that manage different data sets and provide the necessary network services. Therefore, the key to its success may be highly context-specific. However, in the context of South Korean experience, several tasks for strategic SDI development are proposed use of GIS to produce developmental outcomes for the developing countries.

Analysis of SWOT for developing

countries

For strategic SDI development of the developing countries, SWOT Analysis can be useful by evaluating the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats involved in SDI projects in developing countries. A SWOT analysis fulfilled below may be incorporated into a strategic NSDI Model for the developing countries. In GIS experts‟ investigations, these SWOT factors are discussed as follows:


63

Table 14: SWOT analysis of an NSDI model

Strengths Weakness

More and ease to introduce new

technologies

Even though there is a conflict of old

paper system and new digital system, no

conflict of old and new GIS application

system, because any GIS application is not

yet.

Prevention of the unnecessary data

Minimization of trial and error, based on

lessons learned from the advanced cases

Adoption of advance GIS application

Weak national IT infrastructure

Insufficient budgets

Poor human resources

Misunderstanding or lack of

technological mind

No SDI legislations, and no institutional

organizational arrangements

Lack of awareness of the benefits at high

decision making level

Opportunities Threats

International competitiveness on data

building

Creation of new labor markets

International Funds for IT projects

Difficulty of access and usability

Uncertainty of future continuous resource

input

No willingness of decision makers

Over competition of global enterprises

Analysis of critical success factors The SWOT matrix above could help in drawing strategic directions for NSDI, which in turn could be helpful for tasks and activities for NSDI in developing countries.

Even if table contents somewhat repeated, for analysis of critical success factors, based on above SWOT analysis, the S-O strategy, S-T Strategy, S-T Strategy, and S-T Strategy can be proposed as follows:

Table 15: Analysis of critical success factors


International competitiveness

on data building


International Funds for IT

projects

Difficulty of access and

usability

Uncertainty of future

continuous resource input

No willingness of decision

makers

Over competition of global

enterprises


64

S

T

R

E

N

G

T

H

S

More and ease to

introduce new

technologies

No conflict of old

and new GIS

application system

Prevention of the

unnecessary data

Minimization of trial

and error, based

on lessons learned

from the

advanced cases

Adoption of

advance GIS

application

S-O Strategies

Strategies for building

geospatial data and

information using international

funds and new technologies,

focus on a product-based

strategic model

S-T Strategies

Strategies for establishing

competitive GI portal which

is going to provide

discovery, access, sharing,

and utilization of geospatial

data, information and

service.

W

E

A

K

N

E

S

S

E

S

Weak national IT

infrastructure

Insufficient

budgets

Poor human

resources

Misunderstanding

or lack of

technological

mind

No SDI legislations,

and no institutional

organizational

arrangements

Lack of awareness

of the benefits at

high decision

making level

W-O Strategies

Strategies for GI capacity

building by education of both

GIS technological skill and mind

W-T Strategies

Strategies for cost-effective

management of GI with

institutional, organizational

arrangements for operational

efficiency by promoting

partnerships and cooperation

As an S-O strategy, with pursuing opportunities that are a good fit to the strengths, to make international competitiveness on data building using international funds can be strategic. Firstly, that is a strategy focusing on geospatial data. Secondly, W-O strategy, which overcomes weakness to pursue opportunities, should solve the problems of insufficient budgets and poor human resources. It can be represented as a strategy for GI capacity building. In addition, S-T strategy identifies ways that can use its strengths to reduce its vulnerability to external threats. Therefore, in order to solve the problems of difficulty of access and usability because of poor IT infrastructure, with

minimizing trial and error based on lessons learned from advanced cases, S-T strategy can become that for GI portal enabling access platforms. Lastly, W-T strategy establishes a defensive plan to prevent the weaknesses from making it highly susceptible to external threats. As W-T strategy, that for cost-effective management of GI with partnership can be proposed.


countries

In regard to components of SDI, a strategic NSDI model for the developing countries based on 4 strategies above mentioned, including strategies


65

for geospatial data, for GI capacity building, for GI portal enabling access platforms, and for cost-effective management of GI with partnership can be developed on the development of SDIs at the national level with reference at the local level.

Rajabifard et al (2002) introduced relationships between SDI hierarchy and different two models of SDI development, namely a product-based and process-based model eeee . According to these models, an SDI initiative is considered to be a product-based model if the main aim of the initiative is to link existing and upcoming databases of the respective political/administrative levels of the community.

Furthermore, in the developing countries, due to lack of various resources including financial and human resources, earlier top priority must be given to a product-based model. The first top priority might be given to the creation of data. As Chinonye Cletus Onah(2009) has found that the analysis of the definitions of SDI by respective NSDI is similar, and their fundamental (core) datasets are similar, while the major driving force is to promote data sharing and reduce duplication in the developed world, it is to promote awareness in the use of geoinformation to address national issues such as governance and environment in developing countries , the following each strategy based on South Korean NSDI best practices also

eeee Abbas Rajabifard, Mary-Ellen Feeney and Ian P. Williamson,

“Directions for the Future of SDI Development,” 2002

According to this relationship, any SDI initiative belonging to the

higher levels of SDI hierarchy (especially multi-national SDIs) is able

to take more benefit using a process-based model of SDI

development. A process-based model may be better able to

overcome some of the challenges facing SDI initiatives persisting

with a product-based approach, especially in the voluntary domains

of SDI initiatives at higher levels. The local and state levels of an SDI

hierarchy are similar to the operational tier of an organisational

structure. Both these levels of SDIs are producing data and are thus

forming data belonging to higher levels of an SDI hierarchy.

However, state level SDIs can play more important roles in a

federated system of government, where due to the power and

responsibilities of states, state-level SDIs can emulate management or

operational organisational tiers, or both, for the entire state. Both

management and operational tiers take product-based approaches

due to their key roles in data development. Only the strategic tier and

Nations with federated systems are suggested here to adopt the

process-based model of SDI development. The main reason

multinational and federated nations can take more benefit from using

a Process-based model is because of the voluntary nature of SDI

participation in these levels of an SDI hierarchy.

will be paralleled and encouraged with promotion of awareness in geospatial information in developing countries . S T R A T E G I E S F O R G E O S P A T I A L

D A T A

Like NGII‟s digital topographical map at 1/1,000 scale covering almost of the countries in Korean SDI, high quality of geospatial data such as digital topographical map make successful SDI implementation possible. However, the digital topographic map database is also likely to be an expensive task that takes place over a relatively long period of time. Using new technologies, strategies for geospatial data for the developing countries can be proposed to exploit alternative information sources such as remotely sensed data in addition to conventional survey technology. For example, Openstreetmap which is way ahead wiki-style VGI(Volunteered Geographic Information) map using various mapping techniques including remote mapping and sketching over aerial imagery with GPS unit can be a possible way to build a basic map quickly. A great deal can be done in this way without incurring the delays that are inevitably associated with conventional data base creation.

Also, in Korean experience with processing further NGIS projects, it is perceived that not only building geospatial data, but also maintaining it for sharing and using data is extremely important. In context of it, it is more important to make data interoperable for data sharing and using. Thus, to build and share geospatial data, information and service efficiently, standardization is a prerequisite. GIS standards for interoperability of geospatial data and services should be developed with obtaining consensus of stakeholders, at least, such as USGS geospatial bluebook can be considered.

Concerning the matter of funds, co-funding model, such as for building topological map with central and local governments in South Korea is a good reference model for developing countries which have insufficient budgets, using international funds.

S T R A T E G I E S F O R G I C A P A C I T Y

B U I L D I N G


66

Because of poor human resources, misunderstanding or lack of technological mind in developing countries, strategy for GI capacity building is also on priority. SDIs are likely to be most successful in maximizing the use that is made of local and national geographic information assets in situations where the capacity exists to exploit their potential. This is particularly important in developing countries where the implementation of SDI initiatives is often dependent on a limited number of staff with the necessary geographic information management skills. It must also be recognized that there is still a great deal to be done to develop GIS capabilities, particularly at the local level. GIS capabilities building can be considered in the adoption and vitalization of VGI concept for future SDI development.

S T R A T E G I E S F O R G I P O R T A L

E N A B L I N G A C C E S S P L A T F O R M S

Without enabling access platforms and appropriate metadata services which help them to find this information it is unlikely that a SDI will be able to achieve its overarching objective of promoting greater use of geographic information. There is also a very practical reason the development of metadata services should be given a high priority in the implementation of a SDI.

This is because they can be developed relatively quickly and at a relatively low cost. In this respect they can be regarded as a potential quick winner which demonstrates tangible benefits for those involved in SDI development. The establishment of Web based metadata services that provide information to users about the data that is available to meet their needs. This is also one of the most obvious SDI success stories. In recent years the development of spatial portals has opened up new possibilities for metadata and application services. As their name suggests, spatial portals can be seen as gateways to geographic information (GI) resources. As such they provide points of entry to SDIs and help users around the world to find and connect to many rich GI resources. These portals also allow GI users and providers to share content and meet consensus. Also, Integration and linkage of e-government and NSDI should have been done

from the beginning to avoid duplication of efforts for better citizen spatial service.

S T R A T E G I E S F O R C O S T - E F F E C T I V E

M A N A G E M E N T O F G I W I T H

S T R O N G L E A D E R S H I P A N D W I D E

R A N G E O F P A R T N E R S H I P S

Strong government leadership and organisational partnership have been evaluated as a primary drive to successful NSDI, as mentioned above. To achieve a more powerful organisational partnership, more efficient institutional reorganization and regulations are required. Because of relatively less powerful leadership, some government organizational conflicts, less concern and no cooperation with other governmental organization and agencies have been obstacles.

As South Korean SDI case reveals that strong national NSDI leadership by the central government as the top-down approach is very important for successful SDI implementation at the beginning, it is also needed for SDI in developing countries. SDI coordinating bodies should play a key role. Such as “a National Spatial Data Committee” in South Korea, an interagency committee, to deliberate on and coordinate matters concerning national spatial data policy to promote coordinated development, use, sharing and dissemination of geospatial data and services is necessary. Also, legislations for the NSDI at a national and a local level are required for SDI to understand importance of SDI and to encourage technological mind.

As discussed above, partnership is very critical to develop SDI in developing countries. Especially, for them, international partnership should be considered a very important component of SDI. Also, in the context of recent trend toward vitalization with adoption of VGI concept, it can be emphasized. Considering VGI which fits the model of NSDI, as Goodchild (2007) asserted, at the beginning of SDI in developing countries, using it as the efficient building of spatial data can be achievedffff. That is, a collection of individuals not only in developing countries but also from all over the world acting independently, and

ffff Michael F. Goodchild (2007)


67

responding to the needs of local communities, can together create the base map coverage for developing countries. It would be a meaningful method to use international human resources and advanced technologies as well as international funds.

Tasks and activities for the model

According to the strategic model in both approaches, prioritization of SDI tasks and activities for developing countries might be needed. The results of the previous evaluation matrix will be used here and the prioritized activities and tasks will be arranged for the track. T A S K S A N D A C T I V I T I E S F O R A

P H A S E D I M P L E M E N T A T I O N O F

S P A T I A L D A T A I N F R A S T R U C T U R E

As not everything can be done at once, there is obviously a need to draw up a plan for the implementation of SDI in phases. The creation of SDIs is a long term process that may take years or even decades in some cases before they will be fully operational. Such a process is also dependent on sustaining political support and commitment for such initiatives. This is likely to present particular problems in developing countries where financial and human resources are scarce and governments may be politically unstable. The long-term strategy will service the needs of many sectors and citizens for effective development strategies of the future. And collaborative approach, strategic planning, efficiency is the key. Targets and timeframes relating to specific activities and outcomes need to be established. A benefit of a phased implementation with well-defined milestones which can be reached at regular short intervals is that achieving recognized objectives is likely to engender more support for the process, as well as keep those involved in implementation enthusiastic about the process.

T A S K S A N D A C T I V I T I E S

C O N S I D E R I N G B O T H A T O P - D O W N

A P P R O A C H A N D A B O T T O M - U P

A P P R O A C H

There are both a top down and a bottom up approach to the relationships between different levels involved in national SDI implementation. National SDI strategies drive state wide SDI strategies and state wide SDI strategies drive local level SDI strategies. As most of the detailed database maintenance and updating tasks are carried out at the local level, the input of local government also has a considerable influence on the process of SDI implementation at the state and national levels. This vision of a bottom up SDI differs markedly from the top down one that is implicit in much of the SDI literature. While the top down vision emphasizes the need for standardization and uniformity, the bottom up vision stresses the importance of diversity and heterogeneity given the very different aspirations of various stakeholders and the resources that are at their disposal. Consequently, the challenge to those involved in SDI implementation will be to find ways of ensuring some measure of standardization and uniformity while recognizing the diversity and the heterogeneity of different stakeholders. This will require a sustained mutual learning

process on the part of all those involved in SDI

implementation.

T A S K S A N D A C T I V I T I E S F O R T H E

M O D E L

Within a strategic model, the following SDI tasks

can be proposed at a national level and local level

in each phase for a phased implementation of SDI.

Roadmap of tasks and activities at a national level As a roadmap for tasks and activities at a national level, although it would be different, each developing country depending on its own uniqueness, for example, it can be proposed in each component of SDI and in 3 following phases for a phased NSDI implementation based on the Korean case.


68

A Strategic NSDI Model

for the Developing

Countries

Top priority tasks and activities

Strategies SDI

compone

nts

The 1st phase The 2nd phase The 3rd

phase

Strategies

for

geospatial

data

Technolo

gy

Arrangements of

National

Geodetic

controls

Data

Building of

fundamental

spatial data

Topography

boundaries of

roads or

railways

Transporta

tion

Satellite

imagery &

aerial

photogra

phs

Cadastral

Administrative

boundaries

Facilities,

structures

Hydro-

graphy,

boundaries

of rivers

Building of Digital

topological map

Updating and

Management of

Digital

topological map

Project for

Digital

thematic map

Standard

Standard for

fundamental

spatial data

Standard for

digital

topological map,

(national base

map)


69

Strategies

for GI

capacity

building

Human

resource

Project for GIS

capacity

building

Offline GIS

expert

education

On-line GIS

education

Strategies

for cost-

effective

manageme

nt of GI with

partnership

Policy

NSDI Master Plan

and Action Plan

for the 1st phase

NSDI Master Plan

and Action Plan

for the 2nd phase

NSDI Master

Plan and

Action Plan

for the 3rd

phase

GIS legislation

and

institutional

arrangements

Strategies

for GI portal

enabling

access

platforms

Access

and

metadat

a

Pilot project for

National

spatial clearing

house

Project for

National spatial

clearing house

GIS portal for

public access

to geospatial

data

Standard

Developments

of standards

for exchange

of spatial data

Development of

GIS metadata

standard

Roadmap of tasks and activities at a local level As a roadmap for tasks and activities at a local level, although it would be different at each developing country depending on its own

uniqueness, for example, based on the Korean case it can be proposed in each component of SDI and in the three following phases for a phased LSDI implementation.


70

A Strategic NSDI Model

for the Developing

Countries

Top priority tasks and activities

Strategies SDI

compone

nts

The 1st phase The 2nd phase The 3rd

phase

Strategies

for

geospatial

data

Technolo

gy

Arrangements of

Local Geodetic

controls

Data Building of Digital

topological map

Updating and

Managing Digital

topological map

Project for

underground

facility map

containing, gas,

electricity,

communication,

oil pipeline and

heating

information,

Project for

thematic map-

transportation

information,

-road facilities,

-cultural and tour

information,

-urban

management

spatial

information

Standard

-Guidelines for

digital water,

sewage map

Strategies

for GI

capacity

building

Human

resource

project for GIS

capacity

building

GIS education

On-line GIS

education

Strategies

for cost-

effective

manageme

nt of GI with

partnership

Policy

LSDI Master Plan

and Action Plan

for the 1st phase

at a local level

LSDI Master Plan

and Action Plan

for the 2nd phase

at a local level

LSDI Master

Plan and

Action Plan

for the 3rd

phase at a

local level

Regulation on

data


71

management

and data

charges,

-Regulation on

data security

Strategies

for GI portal

enabling

access

platforms

Access

and

metadat

a

SDW pilot

project

SDW project

Pilot project for

Local GIS portal

Linking to

National spatial

clearing house

Project for

Local GIS

portal Linking

to National

spatial clearing

house

Completion

of the MOU

with private

portal

company for

the public

service

Standard Guideline for

SDW operation

Harmonization model

This report proposes a strategic NSDI model for developing countries based on South Korean lessons learned from the current and historical analysis of various issues on implementing SDI and best practices. Since 1995 when the 1st NGIS project was launched, Korea experienced some trials and errors such as duplicated investment for data building, revision and updating, a delay of NGIS standardization and lack of partnership. During the process of the three phases of the NGIS projects, Korean SDI has been driven by a top-down approach rather than by a bottom-up approach, because the Korean central government played a larger role to run the Korean SDI. Relatively weak leadership of driving forces and poor partnership resulted in a delay of

standardization, dual investments, and so on in Korea. In general, while the top down vision emphasizes the need for uniformity and vertical consistency, the bottom up vision stresses the importance of diversity and horizontal consistency. Thus, challenges to those problems involved in SDI implementation will be to find ways of managing standardization and keeping uniformity while recognizing the diversity and heterogeneity of different stakeholders. In this context, as a strategic NSDI model for developing countries, a harmonization model of top-down and bottom-up approach can provide a good solution. Now in Korea, reflecting a new paradigm shift from a geographic information system to a geo-spatial information system, a


72

Figure 20 Harmonization model of SDI - a strategic SDI model for developing countries

policy change from a top-down approach to a more harmonized one and organizational rearrangements for the future direction can be good evidence. In conclusion, in accordance with a strategic NSDI model including strategies for geospatial data, GI capacity building, GI portal enabling access platforms, and cost-effective management of GI with partnership, several tasks and activities for SDI on priority should be carried out in harmonization of a top-down approach and a bottom-up one. Different point of views about harmonization model and different social, economic, political, and cultural situations can create a different association of tasks and activities mentioned before. Tasks and activities for (1)data harmonization and integration, (2)standards harmonization for data, access platforms and technology, (3)public-private partnership, and

(4)legal/institutional/organizational policy arrangements can exemplified from Korean experiences. Firstly, master and action plans for the two different levels (national and local) and implementing phases should be harmonized each other to prioritize the tasks and activities such as data building, sharing, dissemination, and utilization activities. For the SDI in developing countries, strategies mentioned for geospatial data, and activities considering data harmonization and integration based would be on priority. Secondly, it might be important to achieve standard harmonization across hierarchical levels of SDI in developing countries. For example, by referencing and adopting results of standardization projects for the creation of fundamental spatial datasets at a national level, guidelines for digital water, sewage map at a local level can be developed. Additional guidelines for


73

data harmonization and integration, access platforms and technologies can be another important task needed. Third, various tasks and activities need to be conducted with public-private partnership. Capability building driven by the public-private partnership (p.60) can be a good example. Concept of 3Cs, including cooperation, communication, coordination has to be emphasized for wider range of partnership. At last, legal/institutional/organizational policy arrangements should be considered for harmonization model. Wider participation of SDI stakeholders from the public to the private, and from a national level to a local level, and co-operative organizations such as "National Spatial

Data Committee" in Korea, or FGDC (Federal Geographic Data Committee) in USA can play an essential role. To realize those, laws and institutional regulations should be prepared. In addition, to achieve successful SDI implementation in developing countries, which still remain on the dark side of digital divide while developed countries worldwide are moving toward geospatial enabled society, clear organizational role definitions on the part of all those involved and vital motivation to it are required. Above all, the first top priority might be given to the creation of geospatial data including national base map at proper scale (e.g. 1:5,000) and digital ortho-imagery data, which can provide a basis for local governments and the private sector.


74

Annex- A

NATIONAL SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE ACT

Act No. 9440, Feb. 6, 2009 Amended by Act No. 9705, May 22, 2009

CHAPTER Ⅰ GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1 (Purpose)

The purpose of this Act is to provide for matters concerning the efficient construction of the national spatial data system and the integrated utilization and management thereof, thereby contributing to the development of the national economy through the rational use of the national territory and natural resources.

Article 2 (Definitions) For the purposes of this Act: 1. The term "spatial data" means the locational data of natural or artificial objects existing in space, including the space above ground, space under ground, space above water and space underwater, and the data necessary for spatial identification and decision-making related thereto; 2. The term "spatial database" means an aggregate of spatial data that is systematically organized and developed for the purposes of search and practical application by users; 3. The term "spatial data system" means a framework of computer hardware, software, databases and human resources that are interactively connected with one another to collect, store, process, analyze and express spatial data in an efficient way; 4. The term "management institution" means a central administrative agency, local government, or public institution under Article 4 of the Act on the Management of Public Institutions Public Institutions(hereinafter referred to as "public institution") that produces or manages spatial data, or similar private organizations as determined by Presidential Decree; 5. The term "national spatial data system" means a spatial data system constructed and managed by a management institution; 6.The term "National Geospatial Program" means a spatial data system that the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs constructs and operates by integrating or coordinating the national spatial data system, based on the fundamental spatial databases under Article 12 (3); 7. The term "spatial data referring system" means a system for assigning a unique identification number to natural or artificial objects for the purpose of efficiently managing and utilizing spatial data.

Article 3 (Facilitation of Access and Use of Spatial Data with Citizens) (1) The State and local governments shall endeavor to promote the welfare of citizens by facilitating easy access and use of spatial data with citizens through the systematic production, management, and disclosure of spatial data.


75

(2) Every citizen shall have the right, in accordance with appropriate procedures, to use spatial data produced by management institutions, unless the disclosure and use of such spatial data are restricted under other Acts and subordinate statutes.

Article 4 (Relations with other Acts) Except otherwise provided for in other Acts, the provisions of this Act shall apply to the production, management, use, distribution, etc. of spatial data.

CHAPTER Ⅱ SYSTEM TO PROMOTE NATIONAL SPATIAL DATA POLICY

Article 5 (National Spatial Data Committee)

(1) A National Spatial Data Committee (hereinafter referred to as the "Committee") shall be established in the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs to deliberate on and coordinate matters concerning national spatial data policy. (2) The Committee shall deliberate on the following matters:

1. Formulation of, and alterations to, a basic plan for national spatial data policy under Article 6 and assessment of the compliance status thereof; 2. Formulation of, and alterations to, an action plan for national spatial data policy under Article 7 (including an action plan for national spatial data policy by agencies under Article 7) and assessment of the compliance status thereof; 3. Matters concerning the distribution and protection of spatial data; 4. Matters concerning the prevention of redundant investment in the national spatial data system and investment efficiency; 5. Matters concerning the coordination of major policies for the construction, management and utilization of the national spatial data system; 6. Other matters presented by the chairperson for consideration, concerning national spatial data policy and the national spatial data system.

(3) The Committee shall be comprised of not more than 30 members including the chairperson. (4) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs shall serve as the chairperson and the following persons shall serve as members:

1. A public official in a vice ministerial grade at a central administrative agency managing the national spatial data system, who is determined by Presidential Decree; 2. No less than seven heads of local governments (Deputy Mayors or Deputy Governors in the case of the Special Metropolitan City, Metropolitan Cities, Dos and Special Self-Governing Provinces) commissioned by the chairperson; 3. No less than seven civil experts with extensive professional knowledge and experience in a spatial data system commissioned by the chairperson.

(5) The term of office of members under paragraph (4) 2 and 3 shall be two years: Provided, That the term of office of members newly commissioned as a result of the resignation of other members or other circumstances shall be the remaining term of office of the predecessor. (6) The following subcommittees shall be established to efficiently facilitate the duties of the Committee: 1. Subcommittee on general affairs and coordination;


76

2. Subcommittee on standardization and technical standards; 3. Subcommittee on promotion of industries; 4. Subcommittee on measurement and hydrographical survey; 5. Other subcommittees to be determined by Presidential Decree. (7) Other necessary matters concerning the organization, operation, etc. of the Committee and subcommittees shall be determined by Presidential Decree.

Article 6 (Formulation of Basic Plans for National Spatial Data Policy) (1) The Government shall formulate and implement a basic plan for national spatial data policy (hereinafter referred to as "basic plan") every five years in order to facilitate the construction and utilization of the national spatial data system. (2) A basic plan shall include the following matters:

1. The basic policy direction for facilitating the construction of the national spatial data system and utilization of spatial data; 2. Acquisition and management of fundamental spatial data under Article 12; 3. Research and development of the national spatial data system; 4. Fostering of professional manpower related to spatial data; 5. The utilization of the national spatial data system and distribution of spatial data; 6. A plan to procure investments and financial resources to facilitate the establishment, management and distribution of the national spatial data system; 7. Research and dissemination of national standards for the national spatial data system and management of technical standards; 8. Matters concerning the fostering of spatial data industries under Article 2 (1) 2 of the Act on the Promotion of Spatial Data Industries; 9. Other matters concerning national spatial data policy.

(3) The head of a relevant central administrative agency shall prepare a basic plan for national spatial data policy for the agency concerned (hereinafter referred to as "basic agency plan") that concerns the affairs under his/her authority among the matters indicated in each of the subparagraphs of paragraph (2) and submit it to the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs as prescribed by Presidential Decree. (4) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs shall formulate a basic plan by combining the basic agency plans submitted by the heads of the relevant central administrative agencies pursuant to paragraph (3) and after passing Committee deliberations such plan shall be confirmed by the National Informatization Strategy Committee pursuant to Article 9 (1) of the Framework Act on National Informatization. <Amended by Act No. 9705, May 22, 2009> (5) With regard to the procedures of alteration to the basic plan confirmed under paragraph (4), the provisions of paragraph (4) shall apply mutatis mutandis: Provided, That the same shall not apply to minor alterations determined by Presidential Decree.

Article 7 (Action Plan for National Spatial Data Policy) (1) The head of a relevant central administrative agency, the Special Metropolitan City Mayor, any Metropolitan City Mayor, Do Governor and the Governor of a Special Self-Governing Province (hereinafter referred to as the "Mayor/Do Governor") shall formulate, in accordance with a basic plan, an annual action plan for national spatial data policy specific to the agencies concerned (hereinafter referred to as "agency action plan") that concerns the affairs under their respective authority.


77

(2) The head of a relevant central administrative agency and the Mayor/Do Governor shall submit an agency action plan formulated pursuant to paragraph (1) to the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs as prescribed by Presidential Decree, and the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs shall formulate an annual action plan for national spatial data policy (hereinafter referred to as "action plan") by integrating the submitted agency action plans, which shall be confirmed through Committee deliberations. (3) The provisions of paragraph (2) shall apply mutatis mutandis with regard to alterations to an action plan confirmed under paragraph (2): Provided, That the same shall not apply to minor alterations determined by Presidential Decree. (4) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, the head of a relevant central administrative agency, and the Mayor/Do Governor shall implement an action plan and agency action plan confirmed or altered pursuant to paragraph (2) or (3), respectively, and assess the compliance status thereof. (5) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may present, following Committee deliberations, his/her opinion on the budget needed for the implementation of an action plan or agency action plan to the Minister of Strategy and Finance. (6) Necessary matters concerning the formulation and implementation of an action plan or agency action plan, assessment of the compliance status thereof, and presentation of opinions by the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs under paragraph (5) shall be determined by Presidential Decree.

Article 8 (Consultation with Management Institutions, etc.) (1) The head of a relevant central administrative agency or the Mayor/Do Governor who intends to formulate or alter an agency action plan shall consult with related management institutions. In such cases, the head of the relevant central administrative agency or the Mayor/Do Governor may make a request to the head of a related management institution for consultation on the matters concerned. (2) The head of a management institution who receives a request for consultation pursuant to paragraph (1) shall present his/her opinion to the head of the requesting central administrative agency or the Mayor/Do Governor within 30 days in the absence of extenuating circumstances.

Article 9 (Research and Development, etc.) (1) The head of a relevant central administrative agency may conduct the following affairs to efficiently facilitate the research and development activities related to the technologies needed for the establishment and utilization of a spatial data system: 1. Research and development, assessment, transfer and dissemination of technologies related to the establishment, management and utilization of a spatial data system, distribution of spatial data, etc.; 2. Joint research and development with industrial or academic circles; 3. Fostering and education of professional manpower; 4. International technical cooperation and exchange. (2) The head of a relevant central administrative agency may entrust the affairs in the subparagraphs of paragraph (1) to a management institution that is not a central administrative agency, as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 10 (Support from the Government)


78

The Government may provide necessary support, such as contributions and subsidies, to those who conduct an affair falling under any of the following subparagraphs, in order to facilitate the efficient establishment and utilization of the national spatial data system: 1. Research and development of technologies related to a spatial data system; 2. Fostering of professional manpower related to a spatial data system; 3. Support for professional knowledge and technology related to a spatial data system; 4. Construction and management of spatial databases; 5. Distribution of spatial data; 6. Preparation of a spatial data catalogue pursuant to Article 23.

Article 11 (Annual Report on National Spatial Data Policy) (1) The Government shall prepare a report on the major measures taken under national spatial data policy (hereinafter referred to as "annual report") and submit it to the National Assembly before the opening of its regular session each year. (2) An annual report shall include the following: 1. The basic plan and action plan; 2. Measures that have been taken or measures that are intended to be taken on the establishment and utilization of the national spatial data system; 3. The current state of the promotion of national spatial data policy, such as the establishment of the national spatial data system; 4. The current state of standards and technical standards for spatial data; 5. Matters concerning the fostering of spatial data industries under Article 2 (1) 2 of the Act on the Promotion of Spatial Data Industries; 6. Other important matters concerning national spatial data policy. (3) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may request the submission of materials necessary for the preparation of the annual report, etc., to the head of a central administrative agency or the head of a local government. In such cases, the head of a central administrative agency or the head of a local government that receives such request shall comply with it in the absence of extenuating circumstances. (4) Other necessary matters concerning the procedures, method, etc. for preparing the annual report shall be determined by Presidential Decree.

CHAPTER Ⅲ CREATION OF NATIONAL SPATIAL DATA FRAMEWORK

Article 12 (Acquisition and Management of Fundamental Spatial Data)

(1) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs shall designate as fundamental spatial data the spatial data relevant to artificial structures such as topography, coastal boundaries, administrative boundaries, boundaries of roads or railways, boundaries of rivers, acreage and structures, and other major spatial data determined by Presidential Decree and publish such in the official gazette after consulting with the heads of relevant central administrative agencies. (2) The head of a relevant central administrative agency shall manage the fundamental spatial data designated and published pursuant to paragraph (1) (hereinafter referred to as "fundamental spatial data") through the construction and management of databases, as prescribed by Presidential Decree.


79

(3) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs shall integrate the databases that management institutions construct and manage pursuant to paragraph (2) (hereinafter referred to as "fundamental spatial databases") and manage it as a single database. (4) The criteria and procedures for designating fundamental spatial data, construction and management of fundamental spatial databases, integrated management of fundamental spatial databases and other necessary matters shall be determined by Presidential Decree.

Article 13 (Assignment of Spatial Data Referring System) (1) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may assign a spatial data referring system to major objects existing in space, such as buildings, roads, rivers and bridges, and publicly announce such system for the efficient construction, management and utilization of spatial databases. (2) The head of a management institution shall construct a spatial database in accordance with the spatial data referring system assigned under paragraph (1). (3) The method for assigning a spatial data referring system, and the subject, maintenance and management, and other necessary matters thereof shall be determined by Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs.

Article 14 (Standardization of Spatial Data) (1) Except as otherwise provided for in this Act, the setting and management of standards for spatial data shall be governed by the provisions of the Framework Act on National Standards and the provisions of the Industrial Standardization Act. (2) The head of a management institution may present his/her opinion on the standards for spatial data to the Minister of Knowledge Economy to facilitate the sharing and joint use of spatial data. (3) The head of a management institution may establish technical standards for the construction, management, and utilization of spatial data and the distribution of spatial data, as prescribed by Presidential Decree. (4) Where the head of a management institution intends to present his/her opinion on the standards for spatial data or to establish technical standards, he/she shall consult in advance with the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs.

Article 15 (Research on and Dissemination of Standards) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may take the following measures to facilitate research on and dissemination of standards for spatial data: 1. Studies on standards for the construction, management and utilization of a spatial data system, distribution of spatial data, etc.; 2. Studies on international standards for spatial data.

Article 16 (Obligation to Observe Standards, etc.) When constructing, managing and utilizing a spatial data system, and distributing spatial data, the head of a management institution shall comply with the technical standards established under this Act and the standards established under other Acts.

Article 17 (Establishment and Operation of the National Geospatial Program) (1) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may establish or operate a National Geospatial Program in cooperation with management institutions.


80

(2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may request the provision of materials or data necessary for the establishment and operation of the National Geospatial Program to the heads of management institutions. In such cases, the head of a management institution who receives such request for the provision of materials or data shall comply with it in the absence of extenuating circumstances. (3) Other necessary matters concerning the establishment and operation of the National Geospatial Program shall be determined by Presidential Decree.

Article 18 (Establishment of National Spatial Data Center) (1) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs shall establish and operate a National Spatial Data Center to collect and process spatial data which will be provided to users. (2) Necessary matters concerning the establishment, operation, etc. of the National Spatial Information Center under paragraph (1) (hereinafter referred to as the "National Spatial Data Center") shall be determined by Presidential Decree.

Article 19 (Request for Submission of Materials, etc.) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may request the head of a management institution that produces or manages spatial data necessary for the operation of the National Spatial Data Center to submit materials, and the head of a management institution that receives such request shall provide materials, except where extenuating circumstances exist: Provided, That where the management institution is a public institution, he/she shall consult in advance with the head of the competent agency under Article 6 (2) of the Act on the Management of Public Institutions(hereinafter referred to as "competent agency").

Article 20 (Data Processing, etc.) (1) In order to facilitate the utilization of spatial data, the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, after analyzing and processing the spatial data collected pursuant to Article 18, may provide such to data users. (2) In order to maintain the accuracy of the data processed pursuant to paragraph (1), where the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs determines that there is an error in the collected spatial data, he/she may request the correction or supplementation of such data to the management institution that provided such data, and the head of a management institution that is requested to correct or supplement such data shall submit the result of the measures taken to the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs: Provided, That where the management institution is a public institution, he/she shall consult in advance with the head of the competent agency before submitting the result of such measures.

CHAPTER Ⅳ ESTABLISHMENT AND UTILIZATION OF NATIONAL SPATIAL DATA

SYSTEM

Article 21 (Construction and Management of Spatial Databases) (1) The head of a management institution shall, in accordance with the standards for spatial data or technical standards under Article 14, construct and manage spatial databases in such a manner as to allow the spatial data produced or managed by the management institution concerned to be compatible with the spatial data produced or managed by other institutions. (2) The head of a management institution shall endeavor to maintain the spatial databases managed by the management institution concerned based on the most recently available data.


81

(3) When the head of a management institution receives from central administrative agencies or local governments a request for the inspection or reproduction of relevant materials necessary for the construction, management, etc. of spatial databases, he/she shall comply with such request in the absence of extenuating circumstances. (4) When the head of a management institution receives from management institutions other than central administrative agencies or local governments a request for the inspection or reproduction of relevant materials necessary for the construction, management, etc. of spatial databases, he/she may provide cooperation in such request (5) No spatial data provided pursuant to paragraphs (3) and (4) shall be used for purposes other than the construction, management, etc. of spatial databases under paragraph (1).

Article 22 (Prevention of Redundant Investment) (1) When the head of a management institution intends to establish a new spatial database, he/she shall review in advance the following matters in order to prevent redundant investments in regard to an existing spatial data system:

1. Whether the spatial database that the management institution concerned intends to construct has been already constructed in the management institution concerned or another management institution; 2. Whether it is possible to use the spatial database that has been already constructed in the management institution concerned or another management institution.

(2) When the head of a management institution intends to construct a new spatial database, he/she shall establish a plan for the construction and management of the spatial database concerned and provide notice of such to the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs: Provided, That in cases where such management institution is a public institution, he/she shall consult in advance with the head of the competent agency before providing such notice. (3) When the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs determines that the plan for the construction and management of a spatial database, the notice of which was provided to him/her pursuant to paragraph (2), constitutes a redundant investment, he/may, following the deliberation of the Committee, request the head of the management institution that intends to construct the spatial database to make corrections. (4) When the head of a management institution makes a request for materials necessary for a review required under paragraph (1), the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs shall comply with such request in the absence of extenuating circumstances. (5) The necessary criteria for deciding whether an investment is redundant under paragraph (3) may be determined by Presidential Decree.

Article 23 (Preparation of Spatial Data Catalogue) (1) The head of a management institution shall endeavor to prepare or manage in accordance with the standards for spatial data or technical standards under Article 14 a spatial data catalogue (referring to a catalogue describing the nature of the collected data, such as its substance, characteristics, accuracy rate, and relations with other data; hereinafter referred to as "data catalogue") of the spatial data established and managed by the management institution concerned. (2) The head of a management institution shall submit on occasion the data catalogue constructed and managed by the management institution concerned to the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs in the absence of extenuating circumstances: Provided, That in cases where the management


82

institution is a public institution, he/she shall consult in advance with the head of the competent agency before submitting such catalogue. (3) Other necessary matters concerning the preparation or management of a data catalogue shall be determined by Presidential Decree.

Article 24 (Establishment of Cooperative System) The head of a management institution may establish a cooperative system between management institutions, or between management institution and industrial and academic circles, for the construction, management and utilization of a spatial data system.

Article 25 (Utilization, etc. of Spatial Data) (1) When the head of a management institution conducts his/her duties, he/she shall seek out measures to utilize spatial data. (2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may make a survey of the present state of the national territory as prescribed by Presidential Decree and provide such as spatial data for use under the requirements of paragraph (1). (3) The head of a management institution shall cooperate with other management institutions for the joint use of the spatial data system constructed and managed by his/her institution in the absence of extenuating circumstances.

Article 26 (Disclosure of Spatial Data) The head of a management institution shall, under conditions prescribed by Presidential Decree, disclose the spatial data produced by the management institution concerned and make it available to citizens, preparing a disclosure list thereof: Provided, That the same shall not apply to data subject to non-disclosure under Article 9 of the Act on Information Disclosure by Public Institutions.

Article 27 (Reproduction and Sale, etc. of Spatial Data) (1) The head of a management institution may sell or distribute in whole or in part the spatial databases managed by the management institution concerned by means of reproduction or publication as prescribed by Presidential Decree, or otherwise provide a printed version of the databases concerned to data users: Provided, That the same shall not apply to the data the disclosure or leakage of which is prohibited in accordance with other Acts and subordinate statutes, and the security management regulations under Article 28. (2) The head of a management institution may receive user fees or fees from those who use copies or printed versions of spatial databases as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

CHAPTER Ⅴ PROTECTION OF NATIONAL SPATIAL DATA

Article 28 (Security Management)

(1) In the construction, management and utilization of spatial data or spatial databases, the head of a management institution shall, under conditions prescribed by Presidential Decree, establish and enforce necessary security management regulations to prevent improper access to, or the use or leakage of, spatial data for which disclosure is restricted.


83

(2) When the head of a management institution establishes the security management regulations under paragraph (1), he/she shall consult with the Director of the National Intelligence Service. The same shall apply to amendments to the security management regulations.

Article 29 (Ensuring Safety of Spatial Databases) In order to provide against damage or impairment to spatial databases, the head of a management institution shall make and manage separate copies of spatial databases as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 30 (Prohibition of Interference with or Impairment to Spatial Data, etc.) (1) No person shall be allowed to interfere with or impair the spatial data or spatial databases produced or managed by management institutions, or view, make a copy of or disseminate spatial data for which disclosure is restricted in accordance with other Acts and subordinate statutes without the approval of the management institution concerned. (2) No person shall be allowed to infringe upon the rights or privacy of another by using spatial data or spatial databases.

Article 31 (Obligation to Observe Confidentiality, etc.) No person that belongs or formerly belonged to a management institution, or an institution, corporation or organization that conducts the affairs related to the national spatial data system (including those who assume the relevant duties in accordance with a service contract, etc., or the employer thereof) entrusted under this Act or other Acts and subordinate statutes shall divulge or make fraudulent use of confidential information that he/she has learned in the course of conducting his/her duties related to the establishment, management and utilization of the national spatial data system.

CHAPTER Ⅵ PENAL PROVISIONS

Article 32 (Penal Provisions)

Any person that interferes with or impairs spatial data or spatial databases without permission in violation of Article 30 (1) shall be punished by imprisonment with prison labor for not more than two years or by a fine not exceeding 20 million won.

Article 33 (Penal Provisions) Any person that falls under any of the following subparagraphs shall be punished by imprisonment with prison labor for not more than one year or by a fine not exceeding ten million won:

1. A person who views, makes a copy of or disseminates spatial data or spatial databases without the approval of the management institution concerned in violation of Article 30 (1); 2. A person who divulges or makes fraudulent use of confidential information he/she has learned while conducting his/her duties in violation of Article 31.

Article 34 (Joint Penal Provisions)

When the representative of a corporation, or an agent, employee or any other employed person of a corporation or individual commits an offense cited in Article 32 or 33 in connection with the business of the corporation or the individual, not only shall the offender be punished, but the corporation or said individual shall be punished by a fine as prescribed in the corresponding provisions: Provided, That the same shall not apply to cases where such corporation or individual took proper precautions and did not negligently supervise the business concerned so as to prevent the occurrence of such offense.

ADDENDA


84

Article 1 (Enforcement Date) This Act shall enter into force six months after its promulgation.

Article 2 (Repeal of other Acts) The Act on the Building and Utilization, etc. of National Geographic Information System shall be repealed.

Article 3 (Transitional Measures following Repeal of other Acts) (1) The basic plans and action plans formulated in accordance with the former Act on the Building and Utilization, etc. of National Geographic Information System (hereinafter referred to as the "former Act") existing as at the time this Act enters into force shall be considered basic plans (including basic agency plans) and action plans (including agency action plans) formulated in accordance with this Act, and the activities that have been or are carried out in accordance with such basic plans or action plans shall be considered activities that have been or are carried out in accordance with this Act. In such cases, the basic plans and action plans formulated in accordance with the former Act shall be considered basic plans and action plans under this Act, until the first basic plan and action plan are formulated and confirmed pursuant to this Act. (2) Any offense that violates the former Act before this Act enters into force shall be punished by applying the provisons of the former Act.

Article 4 Omitted.

ADDENDA <Act No. 9705, May 22, 2009> Article 1 (Enforcement Date)

This Act shall enter into force three months after its promulgation. (Proviso Omitted)

Articles 2 through 7 Omitted.


85

Annex- B

SPATIAL DATA INDUSTRY PROMOTION ACT

Act No. 9438, Feb. 6, 2009

HAPTER Ⅰ GENERAL PROVISIONS

Article 1 (Purpose)

The purpose of this Act is to contribute to the development of the national economy and the qualitative improvement in national life by strengthening the competitiveness of the spatial data industry and promoting the development thereof.

Article 2 (Definitions)

The definitions of terms used in this Act shall be as follows:

1. The term "spatial data" means any position information on any natural or artificial object that exists in any on-ground, underground, on-water, underwater or other space, and other related information necessary for spatial cognition and decision making;

2. The term "spatial data industry" means the industry that builds a system or offers services, etc. by producing, managing, processing or distributing any spatial information or through integration or combination with other industries;

3. The term "spatial data business" means any business mentioned in any of the following items that

belongs to the spatial data industry: (a) Surveying business and waterway business; (b) Business which utilizes satellite image for spatial data; (c) Equipment industry related to positioning, including global positioning, and location-based service business; (d) Business of developing, maintaining, managing and servicing software to produce, manage, process or distribute spatial data; (e) Business of installing and utilizing a spatial data system; (f) Business of providing educational and counselling services related to spatial data; (g) Other businesses that utilize spatial data;

4. The term "spatial data business operator" means any person who carries on any spatial data business; 5. The term "processed spatial data" means any spatial data produced by means of processing spatial data or adding any other data thereto; 6. The term "spatial data, etc." means any spatial data and any processed spatial data, software, equipment, services, etc. based on such spatial data; 7. The term "combined spatial data industry" means any industry that produces new materials, equipment, software, services, etc. by combining spatial data with other data, technologies, etc.


86

Article 3 (Relationship to other Acts) Except as specifically provided for in any other Act, matters regarding the advancement of the spatial data industry, support therefor, etc. shall be governed by this Act.

CHAPTER Ⅱ POLICIES FOR ADVANCEMENT OF SPATIAL DATA INDUSTRY

Article 4 (Establishment of Plans for Promotion of Spatial Data Industry)

(1) In order to promote the spatial data industry, the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs shall develop a basic plan for advancement of the spatial data industry (hereinafter referred to as "basic plan"), including the following matters, every five years according to the basic plan for national spatial data policies under Article 6 of the National Spatial Data Act:

1. Basic direction of policies for advancement of the spatial data industry; 2. Matters relating to policies for advancement of the spatial data industry by field; 3. Matters relating to the development of foundations for the spatial data industry; 4. Matters relating to the fostering of the local spatial data industry; 5. Matters relating to the furtherance of combined spatial data industry; 6. Matters relating to the fostering of spatial data business operators; 7. Matters relating to the training of manpower who specialize in the spatial data industry; 8. Matters relating to the research, development and dissemination of technologies using spatial data; 9. Matters relating to the advancement of use and the vitalization of distribution of spatial data; 10. Such other matters as may be necessary to promote the spatial data industry.

(2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may develop and implement an annual implementation plan for advancement of the spatial data industry (hereinafter referred to as "implementation plan") within the scope of the basic plan, taking into consideration market and technology trends, etc. in the spatial data industry. (3) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may request the head of the competent central administrative agency or the local government concerned to provide materials necessary to develop the basic plan referred to in paragraph (1) and the implementation plan referred to in paragraph (2) (hereinafter referred to as "promotion plans"), and the head of the competent central administrative agency or the head of the local government concerned so requested shall cooperate therewith unless there is any special reason to the contrary. (4) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs shall develop the promotion plans and establish them subject to deliberation by the National Spatial Data Committee provided for in Article 5 of the National Spatial Data Act. The same shall also apply in cases of any alterations to the important matters of the established promotion plans as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 5 (Disclosure of Public Demand for Spatial Data Industry, etc.) (1) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may survey and disclose the following year„s public demand for the spatial data industry. (2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may request the head of the competent central administrative agency to provide materials necessary to survey public demand, and the head of the competent central administrative agency so requested shall comply with it unless there is any special reason to the contrary.


87

(3) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may make a comprehensive survey and disclosure of information on the spatial data industry in general, including the domestic and overseas market and technology trends in the spatial data industry. (4) Necessary matters regarding the disclosure of public demand and the survey of information on the spatial data industry under paragraphs (1) through (3) shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 6 (Provision of Spatial Data)

(1) The Government may provide spatial data business operators with spatial data, with or without compensation, which is held by the National Spatial Data Center provided for in Article 18 of the National Spatial Data Act (hereinafter referred to as the "National Spatial Data Center") or by any such managing agency (excluding any private managing agency; hereinafter the same shall apply) as provided for in subparagraph 4 of Article 2 of the said Act: Provided, That the same shall not apply to the information, the disclosure of which is prohibited under any other Act or subordinate statute. (2) Any spatial data business operator who intend to be provided with the spatial data pursuant to paragraph (1) shall file for the registration thereof as prescribed by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs. (3) Necessary matters regarding the provision of spatial data, the registration of spatial data business operators, etc. under paragraphs (1) and (2) shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 7 (Production and Distribution of Processed Spatial Data)

(1) Spatial data business operators may produce and distribute any processed spatial data. In such cases, processed spatial data shall not include any spatial data on any military base provided for in subparagraph 1 of Article 2 of the Protection of Military Bases and Installations Act nor on any military installation provided for in subparagraph 2 of the said Article. (2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may devise policies to foster industries related to any processed spatial data.

Article 8 (Vitalization of Distribution of Spatial Data, etc.) (1) The Government shall endeavor to vitalize the distribution of spatial data, etc. to promote the spatial data industry. (2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may loan some of the funds incurred in building a spatial data distribution system to any private business operator who installs and manages such a distribution system with a view to sharing and distributing spatial data, etc. (hereinafter referred to as "distribution business operator") or to any person who intends to become such distribution business operator. (3) Any distribution business operator who is provided with any loan pursuant to paragraph (2) shall, upon request by the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, provide such related information as the situations of distribution of spatial data. (4) Methods, standards, etc. for provision of loans to distribution business operators under paragraph (2) shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 9 (Support for Combined Spatial Data Industry)


88

(1) The Government may build a combined spatial data system, by establishing an annual plan therefor, to serve public purposes in the areas of disaster, safety, environment, welfare, education, culture, etc. (2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may provide support for traffic, logistics, indoor positioning systems, ubiquitous city projects, etc. to foster the combined spatial data industry.

Article 10 (Protection of Intellectual Property Rights)

(1) The Government may implement the following policies to protect intellectual property rights involved in technologies, data, etc. related to spatial data:

1. Technical protection of private spatial data utilization systems and databases; 2. Vitalization of display of the information on management of new spatial data technologies; 3. Education on and publicity of copyrights and other intellectual property rights to spatial data; 4. Such other incidental businesses as may be necessary to carry on the businesses referred to in subparagraphs 1 through 3.

(2) The Government may entrust the business of implementing such policy as referred to in any subparagraph of paragraph (1) to any institution or organization that specializes in the field of intellectual property rights related to spatial data, etc., as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 11 (Financial Support, etc.) The State and local governments may implement necessary policies for financial support, etc. to advance the spatial data industry.

CHAPTER Ⅲ DEVELOPMENT OF FOUNDATION FOR SPATIAL DATA INDUSTRY

Article 12 (Quality Certification)

(1) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may conduct quality certification for equipment, software, services, etc. related to spatial data and processed spatial data to ensure the quality of spatial data, etc. and promote the distribution thereof, as prescribed by Presidential Decree. (2) Products manufactured by small and medium businessmen among those the quality of which is certified pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be deemed to be competitive products designated in accordance with Article 6 of the Promotion of Small and Medium Enterprises and Encouragement of Purchase of their Products Act. (3) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may request managing agencies to preferentially purchase the products manufactured by small and medium businessmen among those, the quality of which is certified pursuant to paragraph (1), and assist the institutions in charge of the training and education of spatial data manpower to preferentially utilize such products. (4) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may designate a certification agency to conduct quality certification referred to in paragraph (1). (5) Procedures for quality certification under paragraph (1), requirements for designation of the certification agency under paragraph (4), and other necessary matters regarding the conduct of quality certification shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 13 (Promotion of Development of Spatial Data Technology) To promote the development of technologies involved in the spatial data industry, the Government may provide those who engage in the business of such development with all or some of the funds involved.


89

Article 14 (Support for Standardization of Spatial Data Industry)

(1) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may support various activities to establish the industrial standardization of the technology standards, etc. necessary to jointly use spatial data. (2) Necessary matters regarding support for the industrial standardization of technology standards, etc. referred to in paragraph (1) shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 15 (Training, etc. of Technical Manpower)

(1) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may develop and implement policies necessary to train manpower specializing in spatial data and improve their techniques. (2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may designate the institutions in charge of the training of technical manpower to conduct the education and training referred to in paragraph (1), and provide them with necessary budgetary assistance. (3) Necessary matters regarding the training of technical manpower and the designation, and cancellation of designation, of the institutions in charge of such training referred to in paragraphs (1) and (2) shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 16 (Assistance to International Cooperation and Advancement into Foreign Markets) (1) The Government may provide support for the business of technological and personnel exchange, exhibitions, joint research and development, etc. to promote international cooperation in the spatial data industry and the advancement of related enterprises into foreign markets. (2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may provide budgetary assistance necessary to carry on the business referred to in paragraph (1).

Article 17 (Price for Services Involved in Spatial Data)

(1) In placing orders for services in relation to spatial data, the head of the managing agency (excluding the head of a private managing agency; hereinafter the same shall apply) concerned may determine the price thereof by applying mutatis mutandis the standards for price set in the Engineering Technology Promotion Act, the Software Industry Promotion Act and the Land Survey Act. (2) The standards for the price of services related to spatial data to which the standards for price referred to in paragraph (1) do not apply or are difficult to apply mutatis mutandis may be separately determined by the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs.

CHAPTER Ⅳ SUPPORT TO SPATIAL DATA INDUSTRY

Article 18 (Designation, etc. of Facilities for Promotion of Spatial Data Industry)

(1) To advance the spatial data industry, the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may designate facilities for advancement of the spatial data industry (hereinafter referred to as "advancement facilities") and provide them with necessary support, including funds, equipment, etc. (2) Any entity that seeks to be designated as a advancement facility shall file an application therefor with the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, as prescribed by Presidential Decree. (3) To advance the development of the spatial data industry, the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may attach necessary conditions in designating a advancement facility according to the application referred to in paragraph (2). In such cases, conditions shall be limited to the minimum necessary to advance public interest and shall not include any undue obligation.


90

(4) Advancement facility designated pursuant to paragraph (3) shall be deemed to be designated as such facility for collective location of venture businesses as provided for in Article 18 of the Act on Special Measures for the Promotion of Venture Businesses. (5) Necessary matters regarding the requirements for designation of advancement facilities, assistance for such facilities, etc. shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 19 (Cancellation of Designation of Advancement Facilities)

When a advancement facility cease to meet the requirements for designation or a person whose facility has been designated as a advancement facility fails to fulfill the conditions of designation referred to in Article 18 (3), the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may cancel the designation thereof, as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 20 (Assistance by Local Governments to Advancement Facilities)

Local governments may, if necessary to promote the spatial data industry, make contributions to those who intend to set up advancement facilities, the public organizations, etc. which assist in establishing spatial data businesses, or make investments therein notwithstanding the provisions of Article 18 (1) of the Local Finance Act.

Article 21 (Special Cases concerning Investment in Industrial Property Rights, etc.)

With respect to the establishment of a company aimed at carrying on a spatial data business or the issuance of new stocks by the company so established, if investments therein are made with patent rights, utility model rights or design rights involved in spatial data or any other similar right to technology and the use thereof, the appraisal of the price thereof by any such technology appraisal institution as prescribed by Presidential Decree shall be deemed to be made by such certified appraiser as provided for in Article 299-2 of the Commercial Act.

Article 22 (Support for Small and Medium Spatial Data Business Operators to Participate in Business)

(1) When a managing agency seeks to conclude a procurement contract for construction works, manufacture, purchase, services, etc. related to spatial data, the Government shall endeavor to provide small and medium spatial data business operators more opportunities to receive orders, which may serve to foster such business operators. (2) In conducting bidding for construction works, manufacture, purchase, services, etc. related to spatial data, the head of the managing agency concerned may compensate any bidder who failed to win the contract therefor, but earned high marks in appraising the bid proposal, for part of the costs, etc. of preparing such proposal: Provided, That the same shall not apply to any small or medium spatial data business operator who has participated in such bidding in cooperation with a large enterprise.

CHAPTER Ⅴ SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONS, ETC. FOR ADVANCEMENT OF SPATIAL

DATA INDUSTRY

Article 23 (Designation of Supporting Institutions for Advancement of Spatial Data Industry) (1) To efficiently support the spatial data industry, the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may designate a related research institute, organization or corporation as a supporting institution for advancement of the spatial data industry (hereinafter referred to as "supporting institution"). (2) Each supporting institution shall meet the following requirements:


91

1. It shall have ten or more employees who take exclusive charge of the business of advancing the spatial data industry; 2. It shall be equipped with the facilities to gather, analyze and provide information on the spatial data industry; 3. It shall be a nonprofit corporation; 4. It shall have the ability to carry out the work of support for the spatial data industry.

(3) A supporting institution may perform any business entrusted by the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs among those provided for in the following subparagraphs:

1. Survey of public demand and information on the spatial data industry; 2. Survey and analysis of the situations of distribution; 3. Collection and analysis of information necessary to support any combined spatial data industry; 4. Implementation of policies for the protection of intellectual property rights; 5. Assistance to academic-industrial collaboration programs for the spatial data industry; 6. Quality certification of products and services related to spatial data; 7. Promotion of development of spatial data technologies; 8. Assistance to the standardization of the spatial data industry; 9. Training of and support for technical manpower for the spatial data industry; 10. Assistance to advancement facilities; 11. Such other matters as entrusted by the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs.

(4) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may provide any such institution as designated as a supporting institution with expenses required for performing business entrusted pursuant to paragraph (3), within budget limit. (5) When a supporting institution ceases to meet the requirements for designation referred to in paragraph (2), the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may direct the institution to rectify such situation within two months, specifying the reason therefore, and revoke the designation of such institution if it fails to comply with such direction three or more a year. (6) Other necessary matters concerning the management, etc. of supporting institutions shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 24 (Establishment of Spatial Data Industry Association)

(1) Spatial data business operators may establish a Spatial Data Industry Association (hereinafter referred to as the "Association") to promote the sound development of the spatial data industry and the mutual interests of spatial data business operators. (2) The Association shall be a legal entity. (3) The Association shall perform the following functions:

1. Study of systems for advancement of the spatial data industry, and proposal for the improvement of the existing systems; 2. Matters relating to assistance for activities to protect the copyrights, trademark rights, etc. of spatial data business operators; 3. Such other work as may be necessary to achieve the objectives of establishment of the Association.

(4) Except as otherwise provided for in this Act, the provisions of the Civil Act concerning incorporated associations shall apply mutatis mutandis to the Association.


92

Article 25 (Establishment, etc. of Collective Spatial Data Investment Scheme)

(1) A collective investment scheme (hereinafter referred to as the "collective spatial data investment scheme") may be established to invest its assets in the spatial data industry and distribute the profits therefrom to stockholders in accordance with the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act. (2) The Financial Services Commission, which receives an application for the registration of a collective spatial data investment scheme in accordance with Article 182 of the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, shall consult in advance with the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs as prescribed by Presidential Decree. (3) Except as specifically provided for in this Act, collective spatial data investment schemes shall be governed by the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act.

Article 26 (Methods of Asset Management) A collective spatial data investment scheme shall use 50/100 or more of its capital for any purpose as provided for in any of the following subparagraphs:

1. Investment in spatial data business operators prescribed by Presidential Decree or the acquisition of stocks, shares, rights to benefit or loan claims issued by such business operators; 2. Such other investments approved by the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs as may be necessary for performance of the business.

CHAPTER Ⅵ SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS

Article 27 (Delegation and Entrustment of Authority)

(1) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may delegate part of his/her authority under this Act to the Special Metropolitan City Mayor, Metropolitan City Mayor or Do governor, as prescribed by Presidential Decree. (2) The Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs may entrust part of his/her functions under this Act to any institution, corporation or association related to the spatial data industry, as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 28 (Legal Fiction of Public Officials)

Any person who is an officer or employee of any institution, corporation or association entrusted pursuant to Article 23 (3) or 27 (2) and performs the business so entrusted shall be deemed to be a public official in the application of the Criminal Act.

CHAPTER Ⅶ PENAL PROVISIONS

Article 29 (Penal Provisions)

Any person who is granted quality certification referred to in Article 12 by false or other unjust means shall be punished by imprisonment for not more than two years or by a fine not exceeding twenty million won.

Article 30 (Joint Penal Provisions)

In cases where the representative of a legal entity or an agent, employee or other hired person by a legal entity or an individual commits any offence prescribed in Article 29 in connection with the business of the said entity or individual, not only shall the wrongdoer be punished accordingly, but the entity or individual shall also be punished by a fine prescribed in the said Article: Provided, That this shall not apply in cases


93

where the said entity or individual has not neglected to supervise the business concerned with due care to prevent such offence.

Article 31 (Fines for Negligence)

(1) Any distributor who has failed to comply with a request made pursuant to Article 8 (3) without any reasonable ground shall be subject to a fine for negligence not exceeding five million won. (2) Fines for negligence provided for in paragraph (1) shall be imposed and collected by the Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs, as prescribed by Presidential Decree.

ADDENDUM This Act shall enter into force six months after the date of its promulgation.


94

Annex- C

Current Status of Korean GIS Standards

T T A S T A N D A R D S

Standards Standards to develop Year

TTAK.KO-10.0082

A STANDARD FOR NATIONAL BASE MAP FOR THE ANTIONAL

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTME(NGIS) - TERRAIN FEATURE

DATA FORMATS FOR DIFFERENT SCALES - VERSION 1.0

1997

TTAK.KO-10.0083R1

A STANDARD FOR UNDERGROUND FACILITY MAP FOR NATIONAL

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTME(NGIS) - WATERWORKS/SEWER

SYSTEM, ELECTRICITY, COMMUNICATION, GAS, OIL PIPE, HEATING -

VERSION 1.1

1999

TTAK.KO-10.0084R1

A STANDARD FOR COMMON THEMATIC MAPS FOR THE NATIONAL

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTME(NGIS) - NATIONAL LAND USE

MAPS/CITY PLANNING MAPS - VERSION 1.1

1999

TTAK.KO-10.0095

STANDARD FOR COMMON THEMATIC MAP FOR THE NATIONAL

GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM(NGIS) - ADMINISTRATIVE AREA

MAP

1999.

TTAS.OG-

SFOLECOM

The Standardization of Open GIS Interface for OLE/COM – Simple

Features Specification 2002

TTAS.KO-10.0139 Metadata Standard for Geographic Information Distribution 2002

TTAS.IS-19109/R1 Design Guideline for Geographic Database 2.0 2003

TTAS.OG-WMS The Standard for Web Map Service for Sharing Geospatial Data 2003

TTAS.OG-GML3.0 GML3.0 based Encoding Standard for Geographic Information 2003

TTAS.OG-SFSQL The Standardization of Open GIS Interface for SQL – Simple

Features Specification 2003

TTAK.KO-10.0157 Geographic Information -Quality Standard 2003

TTAK.KO-10.0158 Digital Map - Integration Standard 2003

TTAS.KO-10.0159 Development Guideline for GIS 2003

TTAS.IS-19115 Metadata Standard for Geographic Information Management 2003

TTAS.OT-10.0021 Framework Data Model on Transportations 2004

TTAS.OT-10.0022 Design Guideline for Standard Data Models of Framework Data 2004

TTAS.OT-10.0023 Framework data model on water resources 2004

TTAS.OT-10.0024 Framework Data Model on Facilities 2004

TTAS.OT-10.0025 Framework Data Model on Administrative Boundaries 2004

TTAS.KO-10.0176 Function for Mobile GIS Services 2004

TTAS.KO-10.0177 Profile and the application of a Standard for the application of a

GIS project 2004

TTAS.KO-10.0178 Construction Guidelines for Mobile GIS DB with Legacy GIS DB 2004

TTAS.OT-10.0046 Voice Information Model for Mobile GIS 2005

TTAS.KO-10.0193 Exchange Standard of National Framework Database Based on

NGI(National Geographic Institute) File Format 2005

TTAS.KO-10.0195 Exchange Standard of National Framework Database Based on 2005


95

GML

TTAS.KO-10.0196 GML Profile for Mobile Services 2005

TTAK.OT-10.0253 Web Map Service ver1.3 2009

TTAK.KO-10.0314 Production Procedure for Digital Elevation Model 2009

TTAK.KO-

10.0177/R2 Reference Model and Profiles for GIS Standards Ver.2.1 2009

TTAK.KO-

10.0156/R1 Terminology ver1.1

2009

revision

K S S T A N D A R D S

Standards Standards to develop Year /revision

KS X ISO 19101 Geographic information -- Reference model 2008

KS X ISO 19101-2 Geographic information -- Reference Model-Imagery 2009

KS X ISO 19103 Geographic information -- Conceptual schema language 2009

KS X ISO/TS 19104 Geographic information -- Terminology 2008

KS X ISO 19105 Geographic information -- Conformance and testing 2007

KS X ISO 19106 Geographic information -- Profiles 2009

KS X ISO 19107 Geographic information -- Spatial schema 2009

KS X ISO 19108 Geographic information -- Temporal schema 2007

KS X ISO 19109 Geographic information -- Rules for application schema 2006

KS X ISO 19110 Geographic information -- Methodology for feature

cataloguing 2009

KS X ISO 19111 Geographic information -- Spatial referencing by

coordinates 2007

KS X ISO 19112 Geographic information -- Spatial referencing by geographic

identifiers 2009

KS X ISO 19113 Geographic information -- Quality principles 2007

KS X ISO 19114 Geographic information -- Quality evaluation procedures 2009

KS X ISO 19115 Geographic information -- Metadata 2008

KS X ISO 19116 Geographic information -- Positioning services 2008

KS X ISO 19117 Geographic information -- Portrayal 2006

KS X ISO 19118 Geographic information -- Encoding 2008

KS X ISO 19119 Geographic information -- Services 2009

KS X ISO 19123 Geographic information -- Schema for coverage geometry

and functions 2007

KS X ISO 19125-1 Geographic information -- Simple feature access -- Part 1:

Common architecture 2007

KS X ISO 19125-2 Geographic information -- Simple feature access -- Part 2:

SQL option 2009

KS X ISO 19128 Geographic information -- Web Map Server interface 2009

KS X ISO 19131 Geographic information -- Data product specifications 2008

KS X ISO 19132 Geographic information -- Location-based services --

Reference model 2006/2009

KS X ISO 19133 Geographic information -- Location-based services -- 2006


96

Tracking and navigation

KS X ISO 19134 Geographic information -- Location-based services --

Multimodal routing and navigation 2007

KS X ISO 19135 Geographic information -- Procedures for item registration 2009

KS X ISO 19136 Geographic information -- Geography Markup Language 2009

KS X ISO 19137 Geographic information -- Core profile of the spatial schema 2008

KS X ISO/TS 19138 Geographic information -- Data quality measures 2007

KS X ISO 19141 Geographic information -- Schema for moving features 2009


97

Annex- D

Korean SDI/GIS Organization List

Organization Topics Domain URL

Director General for NSDI

policy of the Ministry of

Land, Transport and

Maritime Affairs(MLTM)

Policy

Legislation

NSDI

http://www.mltm.go.kr/

Committee for National

Spatial Information

Organizational/

institutional

arrangements

The National Geographic

Information Institute(NGII)

Data

Survey &

Mapping http://www.ngii.go.kr/

Korea Cadastral Survey

Corporation (KCSC) Data Cadastral

http://www.kcsc.co.kr/ikcsc

/new/

Korean Association of

Survey & Mapping Expertise availability

Survey &

Mapping http://www.kasm.or.kr

Korean Geographic

Information Industries

Cooperative

Geographic

http://www.giscorea.com

Korea Association of

Geographic Information

Studies

Expertise availability Geographic

http://www.kagis.or.kr

Korean Society of Remote

Sensing Remote Sensing http://www.ksrs.or.kr

GIS On-Line Education

Center Access Education http://www.e-gis.or.kr

the Korea Hydrographic

and Oceanographic

Administration (KHOA)

Data & Service

Hydrographic

and

Oceanographic

http://www.khoa.go.kr/

Statistics Korea Data & Service

Statistical

Geographic

Information

Service(SGIS)

http://sgis.kostat.go.kr/statis

tics_eng/

Seoul Metropolitan

Government Data & Service Geographic http://gis.seoul.go.kr/

Korean ISO/TC211

Committee Standard Geographic http://www.kats.go.kr/


98

Annex- E

Selected List of Korean National GIS Projects

Phase I NGIS Projects

Budgets

unit:

million

won

SDI

component Project (period) Description

Sub-committee

(Government

Agency)

Invested

budgets

Data

Project for Digital

topographic

map(1995～2000)

Country as a whole completed,

on1/5,000 and

1/25,000scales,excluding some

mountain and island areasž 81 cities

completed, at 1/1,000 scale

Geographic

information

sub-

committee(NG

II)

742

Project for Digital

thematic

map(1998～2000)

Parcel-address map, administrative

boundary map, roadmap, current

land use map, national land zoning

map, and urban planning map

digitalized.

Geographic

information

sub-

committee(NG

II)

258

Project for

Digitalization of

cadastral

map(1995～2000)

27%completed 204,000 cadastral

map copies(total 748,000 copies)

Land

information

sub-

committee(M

OGAHAgggg)

906

Standard GIS standard

projects(1995～2000)

Developments of several standards

including ∙standard for national

basemap, underground facility map

developments of standards for

exchange of spatial data

Standardizatio

n sub-

committee

(MIChhhh)

166

Technology

Project for GIS

Technology

(1995～2000)

Technology

sub-committee

(MOSTiiii)

14

Human

resource

and

education

Project for GIS expert

education(1996～200

0)

GIS Capacity building focus on

education of experts in graduate

school and national-wide GIS

education

Technology

sub-committee

(MOST/MIC)

204

Application

Project for

Digitalization of

Underground facility

map(1998～2000)

Digitalization of water pipeline,

sewage, gas, electricity,

communication, oil pipeline and

heating information

General sub-

committee

(MOCTjjjj)

76

Project for Public GIS

Application

(1998～2000)

Development of public GIS

Applications including GIS

management system for land, soil,

forestry, underwater, geology in the

General sub-

committee

(MOCT)

367

gggg Ministry of Government Administration & Home Affairs, now renamed to Ministry of Public Administration and

Security(MOPAS)

hhhh Ministry of Information & Communications

iiii Ministry of Science & Technology

jjjj Ministry of Construction & Transportation, now Ministry of Land, Transportation and Maritime Affairs (MLTM)


99

5sectors

Pilot-project for


management

system(1996～1997)

Pilotprojectforundergroundfacilitym

anagementsysteminGwacheonCity

General sub-

committee

(MOCT)

14

Policy,

institutional,

research

National GIS research

projects(1995～2000)

GIS Basic plan &GIS implementation

planž 47 GIS researches completed

General sub-

committee

(MOCT)

40

Sum 2,787

Phase II NGIS Projects

Budgets unit: million won

SDI component Project (period)

Lead

Gov’t

Agency

Invested

National

budgets

Invested

Local

budgets

Data Project for revision and data updating of digital

topographic map(1995～) NGII 52,833 17,242

National control point arrangement(2001～) NGII 40,191 -

Digitalization of cadastral map(2001～2003) MOGAH

A 14,870 14,870

Land monitoring system(2001～) NGII 10,999 -

Coastline survey &DB(2002～2010) KHOAkkkk 9,972 -

Project for building fundamental spatial data(2001～) NGII 6,100 -

Marine GIS(2001～2010) KHOA 3,360 -

Cultural Heritage GIS OCPllll 2,683 -

Creating of nautical charts(2000～2011) KHOA 2,006 -

Land management GIS(2001～2008) NGII 1,668 -

Coastal Areal Information(2003～2015) KHOA 1,520 -

Basic Map of the Sea(2001～2015) KHOA 1,285 -

Water Basin map(2002) Kwater 141 -

Railroad fundamental spatial data building Korail 0

Application Land Management Information System(LMIS) MOCT 73,211 -

Rural GIS MAFFmmmm

11,043 -

Statistical GIS NSOnnnn 398 -

Architectural Administration Information MOCT 34,522 -

Industrial GIS MOCIE 920 -

kkkk The Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration (KHOA).

llll Office of Cultural Properties, now renamed to Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea(CHA)

mmmm Ministry of Agriculture & Forestry

nnnn National Statistical Office


100

oooo

3DGISPilotProject MOCT 1,787 -

Co-Management of Road & Underground

facilities(2001～) MOCT 58,763 58,763

Drinking water GIS(2001～2004) MOCT 14,378 -

Harbor underground facilities GISDB(2002～2010) MOMAF 3,264 -

Industrial complex digital map &GIS(2002～2006) MOCIE 6,761 -

National Geotechnical Information GISDB(2001～2007) MOCT 4,358 -

Mine Reclamation GIS(2003～2009) Mireco 2,008 -

Digitalization of River map(1999～2012) MOCT 7,745 -

UnderwaterGIS1995～2011) MOCT 1,259 -

Rural Agricultural Water Resource Information

System(2002～2011) MAFF 2,668 -

Land cover map(1998～2010) MEpppp 5,605 -

EGIS(Integrated Natural Environmental)GIS-DB(2000～) NIER 1,885 -

CARIS(Chemicals Accident Response Information

System)(2002～2004) NIER 2,590 -

Forestry GIS(1995～) FA 5,461 -

Soil information DB(1998～2006) NIAST 3,137 -

Coastal Management GIS(1999～2008) MOMAF 4,253 -

Real-time Coastal Marine information system KHOA 1,727 -

Access National Geographic Information

Clearinghouse(2000～2005) MOCT 9,804 -

Marine Geographic Information

Clearinghouse(2002～2010) MOMAF 1,254 -

Integrated management of satellite imagery

information(2002～2005) MIC 10,100 -

Technology Open LBS component Technology(2003) MIC 3,000 -

High resolution RS image processing

Technology(2001～2003) MIC 7,392 -

Open GIS component Technology(2001) MIC 2,200 -

3DGISS/W(2000～2002) MIC 2,413 -

Multi-sensor imagery information integration processing

Technology (2004～2007) MIC 7,646 -

Standard Research on national GIS standardization(2001～2005) MIC 1,283 -

Project for geographic information

standardization(2001～2005) NGII 678 -

oooo Ministry of Commerce, Industry & Energy

pppp Ministry of Environment:


101

Establishment of GIS national standard

system(2001～2005) KATS 1,250 -

Marine GIS standard system MOMAF 753 -

Policy,

Institutional,

education&

research

National GIS capacity building(2002～) MOCT 3184 -

GIS/ITS expert education(2001～2006) MIC 3,996 -

National GIS researches(2001～) MOCT 4,400 -

Phase III NGIS Projects

Budgets unit: million won

SDI

component Project (period)

Lead

Government

Agency

2007year

Invested

budgets

2008year

Invested

budgets

2009 year

planned

budgets

Data 1. Project for building fundamental

spatial data NGII 1,225 414 1,125

2. National Basic Map NGII 40,704 45,335 44,605

3. Basic Map of the Sea KHOA 311 310 400

4. Coastline survey KHOA 2,432 1,567 2,000

5.National control point

arrangement(2001～) NGII 10,677 15,008 15,200

6. national spatial imagery DB NGII 2,452 2,150 2,655

7. Statistical GIS NSO 2,315 6,945 1,500

Standard 8. Research on national GIS

standardization MOFATqqqq 134 155 140

9. Project for geographic

information standardization NGII 150 280 800

10.Establishment of GIS national

standard system KATSrrrr 100 50 100

qqqq Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade

rrrr Korean Agency for Technology and Standard


102

Access 11.National Geographic

Information Clearinghouse MLTM 1,700 1,363 712

Policy &

Institutional

12.GIS/ITS expert

education(2001～2006) MOFAT 700 600 1,990

13.National GIS researches(2001～) MLTM 800 800 500

14.NGIS projects management

system MLTM - - 500

Main

Application

15. Development of national

geographic information system MLTM 407 26,000 25,000

16. 3D GIS Project MLTM 4,090 4,590 13,100

17.Land Management Information

System(LMIS) MLTM 5,956 6,060 5,174

18.UPIS MLTM - - 5,300

Main

Application 19. KOPSS MLTM 1,252 1,050 865

20. Architectural management GIS

information MLTM 242.5 - 300

21. Development of intelligent

technology MLTM 29,500 15,908 24,958

22. New address map DB MLTM 1,650 2,134 2,160

General

Application

23.Co-Management of Road &

Underground facilities(2001～) MLTM 30,000 22,000 22,000

24.National Geotechnical

Information GIS DB(2001～2007) MLTM 194 145 100

25.Mine Reclamation

GIS(2003～2009) Mireco 1,474 1,318 1,180

26. KMRGIS(Korea Mineral

Resources GIS) 195 180 200

27. Harbor underground facilities

GIS DB(2002～2010) MOMAF 606 797 980

28. Underwater GIS(1995～2011) MLTM 700 733 950

29.Rural Agricultural Water

Resource Information

System(2002～2011)

MIFAFFssss 700 759 613

ssss Ministry of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries


103

30.Digitalization of River

map(1999～2012) MLTM 948 206 876

31.Cultural Heritage GIS OCP 1,020 1,880 4,589

32.EGIS(Integrated Natural

Environmental) GIS-DB(2000～) NIER 338 373 400

33. Management of

ECVAM(Environmental

Conservation Value Assessment

Map)for National Land

ME 353 353 317

34. Data updating of land cover

map using satellite imagery MLTM 977 - 605

35. National Environmental

Assessment GIS ME - - 4,283

36. Green Belt(Development

Restricted Zone)GIS MLTM 628 151 600

37. Rural Area GIS MIFAFF 2,865 656 1,867

38. Creation of rural amenity

resources map MIFAFF 950 850 700

General

Application 39. Agricultural GIS MIFAFF 540 700 700

40.Forestry GIS(1995～) FA 4,145 3,943 2,197

41. Creation of Forest Map FA - - 3,236

42. Coastal management GIS KHOA 830 1,036 974

43. Creation of ENC(Electronic

Navigational Chart) KHOA 408 450 700

44. TOIS(Total Ocean. Information

System) KHOA 1,161 485 2,073

45. Survey of coastal areal

information KHOA 465 255 4,700

46.Real-time Coastal Marine

information system KHOA 446 240 200

47. KMST(Korean Maritime Safety

Tribunal)GIS KHOA - - 505

48. Multi-lingual tourist map service - - 700

49. Tourist knowledge information

system 407 482 482

50. National Transportation GIS DB MLTM 5,698 5,850 6,010

51. National land information on-

stop center MLTM 376 315 1,720

52. National marine disaster GIS KHOA 200 667 1,500

53. Management of national

imagery information system MLTM 94 99 105

Sum 175,642 215,146


104


105

Annex- F Korean GIS Expert Investigation Results

For lessons learned from the Korean NSDI, Korean GIS expert investigation has been conducted. In order to consider a SDI user‟s perspectives, collecting the wider and deeper evaluation data about Korean SDI, and predicting the vision and issue of the developing countries, experts‟ opinion may be helpful.

Methodology of investigation The GIS expert survey is goes through three main steps: pre-survey, survey, and pro-survey steps. After identifying main research areas to be assessed; the related experts are selected; research is designed, and the questionnaire in pre-survey step is prepared. The expert survey was conducted between July 13 and July 30, 2010. In pro-survey steps, data was analyzed, and feedback was reported.

(1) Pre- Survey steps A. At first, in accordance to object and theme of this report, by selecting key items and methods

of the survey, design of research was made. B. As a targeted group of people, GIS experts have been selected based on their knowledge,

expertise, and interest in SDI, and over 30 selected Korean GIS experts with GIS experience for over 10 years from the organization list attached in Annex D, in both public and private sectors participated.

C. The expert‟s questionnaire about 3 main concerns, including evaluation of Korean SDI in

general, best practices of Korean SDI, and future directions for the developing countries SDI was prepared.

(2) Survey steps A. The questionnaire was sent to over 30 selected GIS experts by e-mail on July.13th .2010. B. From 20 Korean GIS experts among them, a voluntary participation and comments feedback

were provided. C. Over two weeks of time was needed to respond to questions from them by e-mail or by post.

(3) Analysis of Survey steps A. Analysis of survey was conducted by both qualitative and quantitative methods. B. Survey results were reviewed and discussed at the workshop on September 2nd, 2010.

Additional comments and advice by 6 experts were given.

Results of investigation

E V A L U A T I O N O F K O R E A N S D I I N G E N E R A L

Question 1. What is Korean NSDI Pride in your opinion? In your view, what are NSDI success factors? Please mention the good points. Based on your experience to date and understanding of the SDI situation in Korea, what might be the main factors?


106

(1) In the data perspective of SDI, many GIS experts agreed with Digital Topologic map at 1/1,000 scale, covering the whole country, as the best Korean NSDI pride. Also, National Spatial Imagery Information is evaluated as one of the proud assets of SDI.

(2) Secondly, in GIS experts‟ opinions, excellent human resource is a powerful driving force for successful Korean NSDI.

(3) Third, the recent development of new technologies, including ubiquitous technologies using LiDAR, RFID, USN technology, geoweb platform technologies, and intelligent and advanced software technologies etc. could be a proud achievement of Korean SDI.

To digitalize the high quality map at large scale like digital topological map at 1/1,000 scale, a large amount of budgets should be intensively and consistently invested. According to GIS experts‟ opinions, in the partnership and policy perspective, the role of the Korean central government has been more decisive to driving and coordinating for Korean SDI. For NGIS projects public governmental funds have been established, without financial supports, it would not be successfully implemented. The Basic Plan, as a NGIS Master Plan, in every phase of NGIS, and Action Plan as an implementation Plan in accordance with it, also, have greatly contributed for Korean SDI‟s success. Some experts emphasized that a good Master Plan would be a starting point for successful SDI.

Question 2. Based on your experience, what are obstacles and problems in building NSDI?

(1) Dual investments on data in various applications at the beginning of NGIS projects and a delay of building fundamental data have been obstacles in establishing NSDI in South Korea.

(2) Also, many GIS Experts have indicated an inefficient system for NGIS standards as one of the problems that retard Korean NSDI.

(3) In the partnership and policy perspective, administrative barriers with a lack of technological mind, discords of the governmental organizations and agencies, and conflicts of GIS and surveying community have also been.

At first, in the regard of data, some redundancy existed, because of time difference of building national wide data, diversity of digitalization method, non common data environment, and unsatisfactory data quality for users‟ need in various applications. Since late initiation of the project for fundamental data, dual investment was somewhat inevitable in the beginning. Spatial data, including digital topological map and various thematic maps etc., has been established, by using public matching funds, with central governments and/or local governments, local governments with relatively weak financial condition and less resource had some trials and errors. Furthermore, a poor communication system between the responsible and various stakeholders could not improve and push up the development of SDI both at the national and local level.


107

Secondly, due to the lack of standardization, data sharing and cooperation among agencies have not been easy to accomplish. Even though many GIS standards have been developed until now, in Korean GIS experts‟ opinions, use of them might be questionable. A time lag, no availability and no obligation of GIS standards for NGIS projects have been controversial that many of them still remain as standards for standards by themselves, not standards for GIS project and interoperability. In the partnership and policy perspective, in addition to above mentioned problems, if there were comprehensive integration of GIS and IT perspective, it would avoid to invest the considerate additional budgets to make the recent efforts for link and integration for geospatial one-stop portal access and operability. Also, in the point of open data policy, many regulations for data security caused the data access slow down.

B E S T P R A C T I C E S O F K O R E A N S D I

Question 3. What are the Best Practices in Korean NSDI? If you recommend Best Practices in Korean NSDI, what are those and why?

GIS Experts have evaluated good NSDI characteristics including wider usage and applications in central and local governments, and such as following best practices have been introduced:

(1) At the central level in the public sector:

National Integrated (Spatial) Information System (NIIS), for integration using new geoweb platform technologies

NGII(National Geographic Information Institute), because of production a basic map

Statistical Geographic Information Service, due to wider application

Korea Forest GIS Service, recent introduction of infrastructure concept in forest domain

Korean Land Information System, because of good public service

(2) At the local level in the public sector:

Seoul Metropolitan City, for user-centered citizen service, and 3D GIS etc

Daegu Metropolitan City, due to efficient data update, useful neighbor GIS service

(3) In the private sector:

Daum map service etc

F U T U R E D I R E C T I O N S F O R T H E D E V E L O P I N G C O U N T R I E S S D I

Question 4.What might be successful factors for developing countries constrained by resources? What might be SWOT factors for developing countries?

To CSF and SWOT analysis for developing countries, GIS Experts suggested several factors, such as strengths of no conflict of old and new, weakness of infrastructure and GIS resources, emphasizing on consideration of unique characteristics of developing countries


108

Strengths Weakness

More and ease to introduce new technologies

No conflict of old and new GIS application

system

Prevention of the unnecessary data

Minimization of trial and error, based on lessons

learned from the advanced cases

Adoption of advance GIS application

Weak national IT infrastructure

Insufficient budgets

Poor human resources

Misunderstanding or lack of technological mind

No SDI legislations, and no institutional

organizational arrangements


International competitiveness on data building


International Funds for IT projects

Difficulty of access and usability

Uncertainty of future continuous resource input

No willingness of decision makers

Over competition of global enterprises

Question 5.How can SDI build for developing countries efficiently? What are priorities?

GIS Experts said that selection of priorities and strategies for SDI in developing countries would be important for success. The policy for SDI such as preparation of GIS action plan including main projects, main driving forces and related budgets, legislations, and GIS education and capacity building would be required to implement and realize the other components of SDI.

(1) Priorities of activities and tasks for SDI Through the GIS Experts survey, the priorities of activities and tasks for SDI are as follows:

Degree of priority SDI components Activities and tasks frequency of

response

High Policy NSDI Master Plan and Action Plan 14

Human resource GIS capacity building 13

technology Arrangements of National Geodetic controls 11

Data Building of Fundamental data 9

Building of Digital topological map 9

Standard Standard for fundamental data 8

Policy GIS legislation and institutional arrangements 7

Access and

application

GIS applications based on public access to

geospatial data 6

Medium Partnership Definition of role between the central governments

and the local governments 5

Enhanced international partnership 4

Technology National Integrated Geo-platform 4

Standard NSDI Standard System 3

Data product specification for digital topological

map 2


109

Partnership Open data policy and extended civil participation 2

Low Technology Development of GIS application technology 0

Policy Evaluation system of NSDI 0

Policy Regulation for data security 0

Policy Advanced neighbor GIS 0

(2) Fundamental spatial data In regard to fundamental spatial data, users‟ common needs and collaborative efforts are key concerns. To avoid duplicating data production efforts, it is necessary to make a basic data that can be used in applications, a base to which users can add or attach geographic details and attributes, a reference map for displaying the locations and the results of an analysis of other data. There are several basic themes of fundamental spatial data, and for efficient construction of them, GIS experts have said that it would depend on users „need in developing countries, if the priorities considered in the light of Korean experiences, that could be as follows: .

Rank Theme of fundamental data frequency of

response

1 boundaries of roads or railways

Transportation, 16

2 Satellite imagery & aerial photographs 11

3 Cadastral 9

4 Administrative boundaries 8

5 Topography 8

6 Facilities, structures 5

7 Hydrography, boundaries of rivers 3

8 Geodetic controls 2

9 coastal boundaries 1

10 Geospatial name & address, gazetteer 0

In addition, it would be a preference for 1:5,000 on the scale of fundamental spatial data in the developing countries and focus on the leadership of the public agency with collaborative public and private participation desirable.

(3) Priorities of GIS applications

Although, it depends on the uniqueness of the developing countries, as a reference considering Korean experience, the priorities of GIS applications can be proposed by GIS experts as follows:

Degree of priority GIS application frequency of

response


110

High National Integrated (Spatial) Information System (NIIS): 13

Land and cadastral Information System 11

Underground Water 10

Emergency Management GIS 9

Urban GIS 7

Medium Water and Marine GIS 4

Statistical Geographic Information Service 3

Environmental GIS 2

Low Forest GIS 1

Cultural Heritage GIS 1

Agriculture GIS 1


111

Annex- G Tasks and Activities for SDI in Developing Countries

(Example)

Descriptions of tasks and activities at a national level According to the above roadmap for tasks and activities at a national level, each project can be described in details as follows:

SDI

component Title of Projects Description

Leading

organization

Technology

Arrangements of

National Geodetic

controls

Projects will build and arrange national

control points which are essential for

national surveying. Also, national geodetic

control network and national geodetic

reference system shall be established in

developing countries.

National geodetic control network includes

the National Geodetic horizontal, vertical

and gravity control networks.

With a wider use of GPS, as a need of high

quality of positioning information is growing,

National Geodetic Reference System in

accordance with International Geodetic

Reference System will be useful in


National

Geodetic

Survey

Data

Building of

fundamental spatial

data

Projects will build fundamental spatial

data .The most commonly used set of base

data are considered fundamental spatial

data.

Topography, boundaries of roads or railways

transportation, satellite imagery & aerial

photographs, cadastral, administrative

boundaries, facilities, structures,

hydrography, boundaries of rivers etc. are

prioritized themes of fundamental spatial

data.

Building and using fundamental spatial data

can help avoid redundant data building

and dual investments.

National

Mapping

agency

Building of digital

topological map

Projects will build digital topological maps.

As a national basic map, creation of digital

topological map at proper scale is

important, at 1:5,000 scale is

recommended, even if it would be

different, depending on the situations of



112

Updating and

management of

digital topological

map

After building digital topological maps,

efficient updating and management of it is

the main concern. Projects will update and

manage the digital topological map. Using

UFID, the advanced surveying

technologies, and VGI (Volunteered

Geographic Information) technology are

recommended.

Project for digital

thematic map

Projects will build digital thematic data. With

development of fundamental data, more

detailed digital thematic data such as

parcel-address map, administrative

boundary map, road map, current land

use map, national land zoning mapand

urban planning map are also required and

recommended for social and economic

development in developing countries.

Standard

Standard for

fundamental spatial

data

Projects will help develop standards for

fundamental spatial data. Fundamental

data standards include data model, data

quality, etc. in every theme of them.

Standard for digital

topological map,

(national base map)


digital topological map. To efficiently build

a digital topological map, standards for it is

a prerequisite.

Developments of

standards for

exchange of spatial

data


exchange of spatial data. Data distribution,

data sharing and data integration become

main concerns of NSDI. For it, standards of

exchange of spatial data are indispensible

for spatial data clearing house.

Development of GIS

metadata standard

Projects will help develop GIS metadata

standards.

Metadata means data for data, which is

one of the components of NSDI. GIS

metadata standards can provide the

interoperability of data discovery and

searching.

Human

resource

Project for GIS

capacity building

Projects will develop GIS capacity building

With the increasing needof GIS

professionals, efforts to improve the GIS

education system and build an integrated

GIS education network by encompassing

industry, academia, and research institutes

shall be made.

Offline GIS expert

education

Projects will educate GIS experts off line

GIS education programs shall be developed

on demand of user communities for NSDI.

Projects for preparation of GIS education

materials are also required.


113

On-line GIS

education

Projects will educate GIS experts online.

Such as a GIS on-line education portal, GIS

education programs online would be useful

to widen GIS capacity building in

developing countries. However,

considering the poor IT network

environments of them, a strategic on-line

GIS education is recommendable.

Policy

NSDI Master Plan and

Action Plan for the 1st

phase

Projects will develop and implement NSDI

Master Plan and Action Plan for the 1st

phase.

A NSDI Master Plan provides a clear

explanation of how one or more strategic

visions and goals are to be achieved and

an Action Plan describes detailed objects,

tasks, and projects to build NSDI for the first

time in developing countries.

NSDI Master Plan and

Action Plan for the

2nd phase


Master Plan and Action Plan for the 2nd

phase.

For the 2nd phase, based on the review and

evaluations of accomplishments in the 1st

phase, a NSDI Master Plan is prepared and

an Action Plan developed.

NSDI Master Plan

and Action Plan

for the 3rd phase


Master Plan and Action Plan for the 3rd

phase.

A NSDI Master Plan for the 3rd phase reviews

long-term goals and provides details of

specific strategies and programmatic goals

that are to be pursued in the future. In

accordance with it, an Action Plan will also

be developed.

GIS legislation and

institutional

arrangements

Projects will develop and implement GIS

legislation and institutional arrangements

for NSDI.

GIS legislations both at the national level

and a local level are required to lead to

NSDI with more force in developing

countries.

Access and

metadata

Pilot project for

National spatial

clearing house

Projects will develop the pilot project for

National spatial clearing house.

A pilot project for it in developing countries

may be skipped and would be cost-

effective as possible.

Project for National


Projects will develop the National spatial

clearing house.

It will provide various kinds of spatial data

including digital topologic maps and many

thematic maps.


114

GIS portal for public

access to geospatial

data

Projects will develop the GIS portal for public

access to geospatial data.

GIS one-stop portal will provide various data

and services to developing countries.

Descriptions of tasks and activities at a local level According to the above roadmap for tasks and activities at a local level, each project can be described in details as follows:

SDI

component Title of Tasks Description

Leading

organizatio

n

Technology

Arrangements of

Local Geodetic

controls

Projects will build and arrange local

control points with link of national

control points.

In accordance with international and

national geodetic reference system,

local geodetic reference system shall

be established.

Data Building of digital

topological map

Projects will build digital topological

map at a local level.

Project for digital topological map at a

local level can be supported from its

own budgets and national matching

funding.

Updating and

Management of

digital topological

map

Projects will update and manage

digital topological map at a local

level.

It is recommended to update and

manage digital topological map more

efficiently at a local level. It is also

recommended using UFID technology,

the advanced surveying technologies,

and VGI (Volunteered Geographic

Information) like at national level.

Project for

underground facilities

map containing, gas,

electricity,

communication, oil

pipeline and heating

information

Projects will build underground facilities

map containing, gas, electricity,

communication, oil pipeline and

heating information for citizen service

and efficient management of

underground facilities.

Project for thematic

map -transportation

information,

-road facilities,

-cultural and tour

information,

Projects will build digital thematic data

at a local level.

Transportation information, road

facilities, cultural and tour information,

urban management spatial data

based on local need can be included


115

-urban management

spatial information

in digital thematic data.

Standard Guidelines for digital

water, sewage map

Projects will develop more detailed

guideline for digital water and sewage

map.

At a local level, it is recommended to

guide and adopt GIS related

standards, rather than to develop

them. If necessary, it is

recommendable to develop new

standards or to profile existed one.

Regulation on data

management and

data charges,

-Regulation on data

security

Projects will develop regulation on

data management and data charges

at a local level.

Also, regulation on data management

can include guidance on data

security.

Guideline for SDW

operation

Projects will develop Guideline for SDW

(Spatial Data Warehouse) operation

at a local level.

It will define that who, what and how to

implement and operate SDW in detail.

Human

resource

Project for GIS

capacity building

Projects will educate GIS experts and

GIS users offline and online for GIS

capacity building.

GIS education programs shall be

developed on demand of user

communities at a local level.

Project for Local SDI

Master Plan and

Action Plan

Projects will develop and implement

Local SDI Master Plan and Action Plan

with harmonization of National SDI

Master Plan and Action Plan in every

phase and every local government.

Projects for local GIS

legislation and

institutional

arrangements

Projects will develop and implement

GIS legislation and institutional

arrangements for Local SDI.

GIS legislations at a local level are

established with link to a legal system.

Access and

metadata

SDW pilot project

SDW project

Projects will construct SDW at a local

level.

SDW development is to improve the

delivery of GIS data and provide easy

access to GIS data for local

government agencies.


116

(Pilot) Project for

Local GIS portal

Linking to National


Projects will develop Local GIS portal

It will be linked to the National spatial

clearinghouse to improve its

accessibility of users.

Completion of the

MOU with private

portal company for

the public service

Projects will complete the MOU with

private portal company for public

service at a local level.

It can be a strategic approach to

coordinate with advanced portal

providers to provide better public

service of spatial data.


117

References

B. Deloatch, Ivan. NSDI 2.0: Implementing Change, Challenges and Opportunities. NSGIC Annual Conference. Cleveland,

Ohio, United States of America 4-8 October 2009. Choi, B.M., et.al, 2009. Establishment of Korean Spatial Data Infrastructure Model and Study of Globalization Strategy. [online]

Korea Resarch Institute for Human Settlement. Available at : < http://www.krihs.re.kr/english/sub/05/sub05 _1_1.asp?pag eNum=5&subNum=1>

Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 March 2007 Establishing an Infrastructure for

Spatial Information in the European Community (INSIPIRE). Goodchild, Michael F, 2007. Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography. National Center for Geographic

Information and Analysis Volunteered Geographic Information, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America, 13-14 December 2007.

Incheon Metropolitan City, 2001. A Study on Benefit Cost Analysis of UIS. Jo, Myung-Hee, Kwang Ju Kim, Sang-Woo Park,1999. Benefit-Cost Analysis of GIS in Local Governments: A Case

Study of Taegu Metropolitan City. The Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies, 2(2), pp.87-96.

Korea Development Institute,2009. A Study on Benefit Cost Analysis of 3D GIS. Kim, Kwang Ju, 2003. A Study on Benefit Cost Analysis of Chungju UIS. The Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic

Information Studies, 6(4), pp.1-16. Kim, Eun Hyung, 2005. Comparative Study on Advanced NSDIs for the future NGIS Implementation in Korea. The

Journal of Geographic Information System Association of Korea, 13(4), pp.381-391; 2008, The Prescriptive NSDI Model The Journal of Geographic Information System Association of Korea, 16(4), pp.499-511.

Korea Invention Promotion Association, 2006. Trends of the GIS Software Market. Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements, 1997, A Conceptual Framework for the Phase II of the National GIS

Development; 2004, Vision and policy issues for national geographic information system in Korea; 2007 Strategies of NGIS in Preparation for Paradigm Shift in Geospatial Information; 2008, The 12th International Seminar on GIS: NSDI Policy for National Spatial Data Integration.

Lee, Young-Ho, Lee Myong Kun, 2009. Strategy for Improving Cadastral Spatial Data Quality for a More Effective e-

Government based on NSDI. The Journal of Korean Cadastral Information Association 11(1), pp.101-110. MIC, 2006, u-KOREA Master Plan to Achieve the World’s First Ubiquitous Society. MOCT,1995. Preliminary study on National Geographic Information System; 1996, Masterplan for Public Geographic Information

System Application; 2002, White Paper on the Phase I of the National GIS Projects; 2003, Establishing Strategic Plan for National Spatial Data Infrastructure; 2003, The study on information strategic planning for the GIS implementation in local governments; 2004, Enhancing the Usability of NGIS : Focused on the Effective Measurements dealing National Land Policy Issues; 2004, Enhancing the Usability of National Geographic Information clearinghouse; 2006, White Paper on the Phase II of the National GIS Projects.

MOPAS, 2010. Integrated National Spatial Information. NGII, 2010. Study on digital topological map at 1:2500 scale. OECD, 2008. Households with access to the Internet.


118

Onsrud, Harlan ed, 2007. Research and Theory in Advancing Spatial Data Infrastructure Concepts. Redlands, California : ESRI Press.

Oosterom, Peter and Zlatanova,Sisi, 2008. Creating Spatial Information Infrastructures. Danvers, Massachusetts : CRC Press. Rajabifard, A., M.-E. F. Feeney, and I. P. Williamson, 2002. Directions for the Future of SDI Development. International

Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, (4), pp.11-22. Rajabifard, A., M.-E. F. Feeney, I. P. Williamson, and I. Masser, 2003. Spatial Data Infrastructures : Concept, Nature and

SDI Hierarchy in Developing Spatial Data Infrastructures: From Concept to Reality, I. Williamson, A. Rajabifard, and M.E. F. Feeney, Eds. London: Taylor and Francis, pp.17-40.

Robinson, Milo, 2008. The History of Spatial Data Coordination. Federal Geographic Data Committee. Vn Loenen, B. et.al(ed), 2009. SDI Convergence; Research, Emerging Trends, and Critical Assessment. NCG Nederlandse

Commissie voor Geodesie Netherlands Geodetic Commission Williamson, I., Abbas Rajabifard and Mary-Ellen F.Feeney(ed), 2003 Developing Spatial Data Infrastructures: From Concept to

Reality. London, United Kingdom : Taylor & Francis Group. Additional Resources – South Korea Cultural Heritage Administration - http://gis-heritage.go.kr/ Daegu Information Map System - http://ww.gis.go.kr Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute - http://www.etri.re.kr/eng/ Environmental Geographic Information System - http://egis.me.go.kr/ Forest Geographic Information Service - http://fgis.forest.go.kr/fgis/ Geotechnical Information Clearinghouse - http://geoidc.kict.re.kr GIS Portal System, Seoul - http://gis.seoul.go.kr/ Korea District Heating Corporation - http://www.kdhc.co.kr Korea Electric Power Corporation - http://www.kepco.co.kr Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Administration - http://www.khoa.go.kr/ Korea Institute of Construction Technology - http://www.kict.re.kr/eng/ Korean Agency for Technology and Standards - http://www.kats.go.kr/ Korean Association of Surveying and Mapping - http://www.kasm.or.kr Korean Geospatial Information Industries Cooperative - http://www.giscorea.com Korean Land Spatialization Group - http://intelligentkorea.com/ Korean Standards Information Centre - http://www.standard.go.kr/ Location Based Services Industry Council - http://www.lbskorea.or.kr MarineGIS Portal - http://www.mgis.go.kr/

http://gis.seoul.go.kr/

http://www.kepco.co.kr/

http://www.khoa.go.kr/

http://www.kict.re.kr/eng/

http://www.kats.go.kr/


119

Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs - http://www.mltm.go.kr/ National Education Center for GIS - http://ngis.go.kr/egis/.../pgis.../sgis National Geographic Information Institute - http://air.ngii.go.kr/index.do National Geographic Information Institute - Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs - http://www.ngii.go.kr/ Seoul GIS Service - http://3dgis.seoul.go.kr/ South Korean Statistical Navigator - http://sgis.kostat.go.kr/statistics_eng/ State Law Information Center - http://www.law.go.kr/ Statistical Geographic Information Service - http://ngis.go.kr/cgis/ Statistics Korea - http://www.index.go.kr Statutes of the Republic of Korea - http://elaw.klri.re.kr/ Telecommunications Technology Association - http://www.tta.or.kr/ The Korean Institute of Geographic Information Studies - http://www.kagis.or.kr The Korean Society of Remote Sensing - http://www.ksrs.or.kr Additional Resources – United States of America Federal Geographic Data Committee - http://www.fgdc.gov Geospatial Platform - http://www. GeoPlatform.gov U.S. Geological Survey National Map Corps - http://nationalmap.gov/TheNationalMapCorps/ Other Resources (GSDI & EC, etc.) European Commission INSPIRE Directive - http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ Global Spatial Data Infrastructure Association - http://www.gsdi.org/gsdicookbook Open Street Map - http://www.openstreetmap.org/

http://air.ngii.go.kr/index.do

http://www.law.go.kr/

http://www.index.go.kr/

http://www.ksrs.or.kr/

http://www.fgdc.gov/

http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

http://www.gsdi.org/gsdicookbook


120

About infoDev

infoDev is a global development financing program among international

development agencies, coordinated and served by an expert Secretariat

housed at the World Bank Group, one of its key donors and founders. It

acts as a neutral convener of dialogue—and as a coordinator of joint

action among bilateral and multilateral donors—supporting global sharing

of information on ICT for development (ICT4D), and helping to reduce

duplication of efforts and investments. infoDev also forms partnerships with

public and private sector organizations who are innovators in the field of

ICT4D. infoDev is housed in the Financial and Private Sector Development

(FPD) Vice Presidency of the World Bank Group.

For additional information about this study or more general information on

infoDev, please visit www.infodev.org/publications.

South Korean Good Practice SDI Investigations...South Korean NSDI history It should be said that...

Documents

Transcript of South Korean Good Practice SDI Investigations...South Korean NSDI history It should be said that...