South American South American CivilizationsCivilizations

ClassicClassic

Post-ClassicPost-Classic

PeruPeru

South American CivilizationsSouth American Civilizations ClassicClassic

– MOCHICA 300 - 700 CEMOCHICA 300 - 700 CE started on coast started on coast shifted to highlands from coast shifted to highlands from coast

– NASCA 200-600 CENASCA 200-600 CE Post ClassicPost Classic

– TIAHUANCO 600-1000 CETIAHUANCO 600-1000 CE in the Andes Mts. in the Andes Mts.

– HUARI 700 - 1000 CEHUARI 700 - 1000 CE– CHIMU 1350-1450CHIMU 1350-1450

in the Andes Mts. in the Andes Mts. – INCASINCAS

1100 Cuzco starts 1100 Cuzco starts 1450-1533 Empire 1450-1533 Empire

The Moche cultureThe Moche culture Lambayeque Valley from 100 to 700 AD. Lambayeque Valley from 100 to 700 AD. A culture that has left impressive A culture that has left impressive

archaeological sites and some of the most archaeological sites and some of the most outstanding pottery to be seen in Peru's outstanding pottery to be seen in Peru's museums, is named after the river which museums, is named after the river which flows into the ocean just south of Trujillo. flows into the ocean just south of Trujillo. 

The word The word MochicaMochica has been used has been used interchangeably with Moche and refers to interchangeably with Moche and refers to a dialect spoken in the Trujillo area at the a dialect spoken in the Trujillo area at the time of the conquest, though not time of the conquest, though not necessarily spoken by the Moche people. necessarily spoken by the Moche people. Moche is now the preferred usage.Moche is now the preferred usage.

Moche Ceramics and MetallurgyMoche Ceramics and Metallurgy Clothing, musical instruments, tools and jewelry Clothing, musical instruments, tools and jewelry

are all frequent subjects for ceramics. are all frequent subjects for ceramics. As there was no written language, most of what As there was no written language, most of what

we know about the Moche comes from this wealth we know about the Moche comes from this wealth of pottery. of pottery. 

The ceramics also show us that the Moche had The ceramics also show us that the Moche had well-developed weaving techniques but, because well-developed weaving techniques but, because of rare rainstorms every few decades, most of of rare rainstorms every few decades, most of their textiles have been destroyed. their textiles have been destroyed. 

Metalwork, on the other hand, has survived. They Metalwork, on the other hand, has survived. They used gold, silver and copper mainly for used gold, silver and copper mainly for ornaments but some heavy copper implements ornaments but some heavy copper implements have also been found.have also been found.

Sipan Site, northern part of PeruSipan Site, northern part of Peru

http://www.spiritsoftheearth.com/sipan.html

Lord of SipanLord of Sipan

Half god, half man, king among his Half god, half man, king among his people, a privileged person, a noble, people, a privileged person, a noble, a warrior, lord over the lords of his a warrior, lord over the lords of his time, the Lord of Sipan was revealed time, the Lord of Sipan was revealed to the world in the last years of the to the world in the last years of the 20th century. 20th century.

He reigned approximately 200 A.D. He reigned approximately 200 A.D. and died about 40 years of age.and died about 40 years of age.

Lord of SipanLord of Sipan

A re-creation of the tomb, aids and wives were buried with him.

The Moche believed in the afterlife and many of their pottery remains show people in a meditative pose.

http://www.spiritsoftheearth.com/sipan.html

Lord of Sipan: ReconstructionLord of Sipan: Reconstruction

NazcaNazca Located on the south coast, began in 100 BC and Located on the south coast, began in 100 BC and

was greatly influenced by Chavin and Paracoa, was greatly influenced by Chavin and Paracoa, but it reached its height between the 3rd and 9th but it reached its height between the 3rd and 9th centuries AD. centuries AD.

It was militaristic and aristocratic, with a strong It was militaristic and aristocratic, with a strong social class structure. They built underground social class structure. They built underground acqueducts to bring water from the mountains for acqueducts to bring water from the mountains for agriculture. agriculture.

Nasca is best known for the Nasca Lines, Nasca is best known for the Nasca Lines, geometric designs and animals constructed by geometric designs and animals constructed by paths across the desert and best seen from the paths across the desert and best seen from the air. air.

Their purpose is not known but some Their purpose is not known but some archaeologists believe they are related to the archaeologists believe they are related to the mountain gods. mountain gods.

Nazca TextilesNazca Textiles

http://ibelgique.ifrance.com/nazcagre21/histoire.htm

Nazca LinesNazca Lines

Hummingbird BirdBird

SpiderSpider

FishFish

TiwanakuTiwanaku

http://www.tiwanakuarcheo.net/1_main/cuerpo2.html#intro

TiwanakuTiwanaku

The Tiwanaku polity dominated the The Tiwanaku polity dominated the south central Andes between ca. AD south central Andes between ca. AD 400-1000.400-1000.

The population settling the Tiwanaku The population settling the Tiwanaku core area came to dominate the core area came to dominate the region as the capital of the most region as the capital of the most important polity by A.D. 400. important polity by A.D. 400.

Tiwanaku ArchitectureTiwanaku Architecture

http://www.jqjacobs.net/andes/tiwanaku.html

Tiwanaku CeramicsTiwanaku Ceramics

http://www.jqjacobs.net/andes/tiwanaku.html

Stone Carvings at TiwanakuStone Carvings at Tiwanaku

http://www.jqjacobs.net/andes/tiwanaku.html

HuariHuari Huari culture is a sythesis of the Huanta, Nasca Huari culture is a sythesis of the Huanta, Nasca

and Tiahuanaco cultures. and Tiahuanaco cultures. The civilization covered an area from the Moche The civilization covered an area from the Moche

in the north to Arequipa in the south. in the north to Arequipa in the south. The Huari culture is considered to be one of the The Huari culture is considered to be one of the

greatest cultures in ancient Peru, not only for its greatest cultures in ancient Peru, not only for its technical advances but for its influence. Some technical advances but for its influence. Some archaeologists believe the Huari created an archaeologists believe the Huari created an empire before the Inca. empire before the Inca.

They expanded their territory through war and They expanded their territory through war and spread the worship of the sun associated with spread the worship of the sun associated with Tiahuanaco. Tiahuanaco.

As they expanded they built huge cities to control As they expanded they built huge cities to control their territories, built roads for communication, their territories, built roads for communication, and spread the Quechua language. and spread the Quechua language.

Huari CultureHuari Culture

http://www.crystalinks.com/preinca.html

The ChimuThe Chimu

The next important period in the Trujillo The next important period in the Trujillo area, the Chimu, lasted from about 1000 area, the Chimu, lasted from about 1000 AD to 1470 AD. AD to 1470 AD.

The Chimu built a capital at Chan Chan, The Chimu built a capital at Chan Chan, just north of Trujillo. just north of Trujillo.

Chan Chan is the largest pre-Columbian Chan Chan is the largest pre-Columbian city in Peru, covering about 28 sq km, and city in Peru, covering about 28 sq km, and is estimated to have housed about 50,000 is estimated to have housed about 50,000 people.  people. 

The Chimu preceded the Incas who The Chimu preceded the Incas who conquered them in 1465-1470. conquered them in 1465-1470.

Chan ChanChan Chan

http://www.anthroarcheart.org/chanchan.htm

Mud walls, Chan ChanMud walls, Chan Chan

http://www.anthroarcheart.org/chanchan.htm

Chan ChanChan Chan

http://www.anthroarcheart.org/chanchan.htm

Inca DevelopmentInca Development

The beginning of the Inca rule started with the conquest of the Chimu Culture in Peru.

The original Inca tribe was a minor Andean tribe whose expansion began with a successful campaign against its more powerful neighbours, the Chancas, in the 1440s.

Inca EmpireInca Empire

The IncasThe Incas

The term 'Incas' (or Inkas) is often used to refer to the people of the empire as a whole, whereas strictly it refers to the ruling aristocracy.

The position of Inca, the supreme ruler of the empire, was a more or less hereditary position, although strict precedence was often waived in favour of superior political or military ability.

Khipu (Quipu)Khipu (Quipu)

A A khipukhipu consists, minimally, of a main cord consists, minimally, of a main cord from which pendant cords hang. (Pendants from which pendant cords hang. (Pendants of pendants are called subsidiaries.) of pendants are called subsidiaries.)

Knots tied in the pendant cords and other Knots tied in the pendant cords and other modifications of the pendant are the modifications of the pendant are the commonest data-bearing or significant commonest data-bearing or significant features. features.

Inka functionaries used cord records for Inka functionaries used cord records for censuses, inventories, tribute records, and censuses, inventories, tribute records, and documents about transactions; Spanish documents about transactions; Spanish courts also accepted them as documents of courts also accepted them as documents of record in early colonial times. record in early colonial times.

EconomyEconomy

Herding and AgricultureHerding and Agriculture

Llamas for wool and carrying packs Irrigation systems

ArchitectureArchitecture The dominant stylistic form in Inca architecture is The dominant stylistic form in Inca architecture is

a simple, but elegantly proportioned trapezoid, a simple, but elegantly proportioned trapezoid, which serves the dual ends of functionality and which serves the dual ends of functionality and severely restrained decoration. severely restrained decoration. – Trapezoidal doorways, windows, and wall niches are Trapezoidal doorways, windows, and wall niches are

found in Inca constructions of all types, from the most found in Inca constructions of all types, from the most finely wrought temples to crudely built walls in finely wrought temples to crudely built walls in unimportant buildings. unimportant buildings.

– The doorways and windows are obviously functional, and The doorways and windows are obviously functional, and the niches probably served a variety of functions as yet the niches probably served a variety of functions as yet unidentified by the archeologists. unidentified by the archeologists.

– Placement of these trapezoidal openings was primarily Placement of these trapezoidal openings was primarily functional, but occasionally, esthetic arrangements functional, but occasionally, esthetic arrangements might dominate the placement of the trapezoids, if there might dominate the placement of the trapezoids, if there was no conflict with functionality. was no conflict with functionality.

Stone WorkStone Work

Mountain Top FortsMountain Top Forts

CuzcoCuzco The ancient Inca capital is said to have The ancient Inca capital is said to have

been founded around 1100 AD. been founded around 1100 AD. The Incas conceived their capital in the The Incas conceived their capital in the

shape of a Puma with the river serving as shape of a Puma with the river serving as the spine, Sacsayhuaman the head, and the spine, Sacsayhuaman the head, and the main city center the body. the main city center the body.

Almost every central street has remains of Almost every central street has remains of Inca walls, arches and doorways. Many Inca walls, arches and doorways. Many streets are lined with Inca stonework, now streets are lined with Inca stonework, now serving as foundations for more modern serving as foundations for more modern buildings. buildings.

CuzcoCuzco

Machu PicchuMachu Picchu

The site of Machu Picchu was not discovered The site of Machu Picchu was not discovered by the Spanish during the Conquest. In fact, by the Spanish during the Conquest. In fact, it wasn't known to the outside world until it wasn't known to the outside world until 1911 when an American Archeologist, Hiram 1911 when an American Archeologist, Hiram Bingham, made the steep climb to a lofty Bingham, made the steep climb to a lofty saddle high above the Urubamba river. saddle high above the Urubamba river.

The city is clearly laid out in sections. There The city is clearly laid out in sections. There is a "royal" section where the stone work is is a "royal" section where the stone work is the finest, the rooms are largest and the finest, the rooms are largest and running baths are nearby. The bulk of the running baths are nearby. The bulk of the food for the inhabitants was grown on the food for the inhabitants was grown on the agricultural terraces of the city.agricultural terraces of the city.

Hiram BinghamHiram Bingham

Group of the SacredGroup of the Sacred

Machu PicchuMachu Picchu

Inca TrailInca Trail The real Inca Trail is a walking route that leads The real Inca Trail is a walking route that leads

through the mountains above the Urubamba through the mountains above the Urubamba river, following (at least partly) the course of an river, following (at least partly) the course of an old Inca roadway leading to the city of Machu old Inca roadway leading to the city of Machu Picchu.Picchu.

The empire was connected with an elaborate The empire was connected with an elaborate system of "roads" which are really trails as the system of "roads" which are really trails as the Incas had no wheeled vehicles. Incas had no wheeled vehicles. – They consisted of well paved and maintained paths that They consisted of well paved and maintained paths that

can accommodate 2 people abreast. Much of the system can accommodate 2 people abreast. Much of the system is now in disuse or lost, but enough trails do remain to is now in disuse or lost, but enough trails do remain to understand the early descriptions and provide excellent understand the early descriptions and provide excellent hiking in the realm.hiking in the realm.

Trail StationsTrail Stations There are stations along the trails, between 2 and There are stations along the trails, between 2 and

5 miles apart, that served as living quarters for 5 miles apart, that served as living quarters for the "runners." the "runners." – This was a special class of young men who conducted This was a special class of young men who conducted

the business on the trails. Typically there were 2 men at the business on the trails. Typically there were 2 men at each station. A runner with a message (oral) or an item each station. A runner with a message (oral) or an item (food, fertilizer or such) would call out upon approach to (food, fertilizer or such) would call out upon approach to one of these stations. One of the occupants would run one of these stations. One of the occupants would run out to meet the incoming runner, receive the message out to meet the incoming runner, receive the message or item, and then continue to the next station. The or item, and then continue to the next station. The original messenger would rest and then return to their original messenger would rest and then return to their own station. own station.

In this way, it was said that the Inca (who resided In this way, it was said that the Inca (who resided in Cuzco) ate fresh fish from the ocean and could in Cuzco) ate fresh fish from the ocean and could send and retrieve information throughout the send and retrieve information throughout the 2,000 mile empire in a matter of a few days.2,000 mile empire in a matter of a few days.

http://www.raingod.com/angus/Gallery/http://www.raingod.com/angus/Gallery/Photos/SouthAmerica/Peru/IncaTrail/Photos/SouthAmerica/Peru/IncaTrail/

index.htmlindex.html

Burials: Mummy BundlesBurials: Mummy Bundles

http://www.nationalgeographic.com/channel/inca/

Thousands of Inca mummies were found in a Thousands of Inca mummies were found in a shanty town close to Peruvian capital, Lima in April shanty town close to Peruvian capital, Lima in April

20022002

http://www.crystalinks.com/incancd.html

Sacred ArtifactsSacred Artifacts

Atahuallpa and PizzaroAtahuallpa and Pizzaro On Saturday, November 16, 1532, the Inca delayed his On Saturday, November 16, 1532, the Inca delayed his

social call until sundown, supposing horses to be of no use social call until sundown, supposing horses to be of no use after dark, and bemused by reports that the bearded men after dark, and bemused by reports that the bearded men were hiding in fear. Then be capped his spate of bad were hiding in fear. Then be capped his spate of bad decisions by going unarmed to sup and spend the night in decisions by going unarmed to sup and spend the night in town.town.

The Spaniards captured Atahuallpa and he ruled for eight The Spaniards captured Atahuallpa and he ruled for eight months from a prison compound in the triangular plaza, months from a prison compound in the triangular plaza, keeping his lordly mien, his authority unquestioned by any keeping his lordly mien, his authority unquestioned by any subject of the empire. subject of the empire.

  To secure his release, Atahuallpa decreed that the realm To secure his release, Atahuallpa decreed that the realm be ransacked to fill a 18-by-22-foot room once with gold, as be ransacked to fill a 18-by-22-foot room once with gold, as high as he could reach, and twice with silver. Totally high as he could reach, and twice with silver. Totally unaware that Pizarro's men spearheaded a massive unaware that Pizarro's men spearheaded a massive European invasion of the Tahuantinsuyu, he presumed the European invasion of the Tahuantinsuyu, he presumed the bearded ones would go away once they had received their bearded ones would go away once they had received their booty.booty.

By July 1533 more than 24 tons of exquisite treasure had By July 1533 more than 24 tons of exquisite treasure had been collected: idols and chalices, necklaces and nuggets, been collected: idols and chalices, necklaces and nuggets, accumulated through centuries of placer mining. Though accumulated through centuries of placer mining. Though this was only a fraction of the plunder that awaited the this was only a fraction of the plunder that awaited the Spaniards elsewhere in the Four Quarters of the World, Spaniards elsewhere in the Four Quarters of the World, Atahuallpa's ransom, as duly recorded in the Spanish Atahuallpa's ransom, as duly recorded in the Spanish archives, was worth at least 267 million dollars at today's archives, was worth at least 267 million dollars at today's bullion values for gold ($315 ounce-Nov/02/1997-) and bullion values for gold ($315 ounce-Nov/02/1997-) and silver. silver.

But instead of freeing the Inca, they tried But instead of freeing the Inca, they tried him for treason, and was sentenced to him for treason, and was sentenced to death for treason against the strangers death for treason against the strangers within his own realm. within his own realm.

  To avoid the horror of being burned alive To avoid the horror of being burned alive as a heretic and thus deprived of as a heretic and thus deprived of mummification, Atahuallpa accepted mummification, Atahuallpa accepted Christian baptism and took Pizarro's Christian baptism and took Pizarro's Christian name: Francisco- Then the Christian name: Francisco- Then the Spaniards garroted Francisco Atahuallpa, Spaniards garroted Francisco Atahuallpa, thirteenth Inca, and marched down the thirteenth Inca, and marched down the royal road to Cuzco. royal road to Cuzco.

TreasonTreason

Final BattleFinal Battle

The 40,000 member army of the Inca The 40,000 member army of the Inca was destroyed by a 180 member was destroyed by a 180 member Spanish conquistador army, which Spanish conquistador army, which was commanded by Francisco was commanded by Francisco Pizarro. Pizarro.

The warriors of the Inca were no The warriors of the Inca were no match for the Spanish guns. By 1535, match for the Spanish guns. By 1535, the Inca society was completely the Inca society was completely overthrown.overthrown.