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III

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Editor-in-Chief Setsomi Molapo

EditorAbrahams Mutedi

Author Samson M. Muthethwa

Publisher

Department of LabourChief Directorate of CommunicationPrivate Bag X117Pretoria0001

Editing, Layout and Design, photography and distributionSubdirectorate of Media Production, Chief Directorate of Communication, Department of Labour

PrinterGovernment Printing Works

Websitewww.labour.gov.za

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IV

TABLE OF CONTENTS

iv ........................... Table of contents

v ........................... List of figures

vi ........................... List of tables

1 ........................... Section One: Introduction

2 ........................... Section Two: Overview of the labour force trends in South Africa

3 ...................................... 2.1 Labour Market Information based on survey data

7 ...................................... 2.2 Labour Market Information based on administrative data

11 ........................... Section Three: Trend analysis of job vacancies

11 ...................................... 3.1. Job vacancies by Organising Framework of Occupation (OFO)

14 ........................... Section Four: Conclusion

14 ........................... Policy Implications to address the challenge of job creation

15 ........................... Annexure

V

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LIST OF FIGURES

3 ........................... Figure 1: Total number of employed people, 2011/2012

4 ........................... Figure 2: Total number of unemployed people, 2011/2012

6 ........................... Figure 3: Unemployment level by age group, 2011/2012

8 ........................... Figure 4: Ordinary unemployment claimants by age group, 2011/2012

8 ........................... Figure 5: Educational level of ordinary unemployment claimants, 2011/2012

9 ........................... Figure 6: Reasons for termination in commercial employment, 2011/2012

9 ........................... Figure 7: Growth in the number of commercial employees, 2011/12

10 ........................... Figure 8: Growth in the number of domestic employees, 2011/12

11 ........................... Figure 9: Total number of job vacancies in the financial year 2011/12

12 ........................... Figure 10: Employment by type of vacancies in the financial year 2011/12

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VI

LIST OF TABLES

5 ........................... Table 1: Employment by occupation April 2011 to March 2012 (‘000)

5 ........................... Table 2: Educational level of the unemployed April 2011 to March 2012 (‘000)

7 ........................... Table 3: Number of ordinary claims created by province, 2011/12

12 ........................... Table 4: Quarterly number of vacancies by occupational group, 2011/12

12 ........................... Table 5: Distribution of vacancies per provincial office, 2011/12

13 ........................... Table 6: Number of job vacancies by industry, 2011/12

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INTRODUCTION

How can we know whether the economy is creating enough job opportunities to respond to a large number of work seekers in the country? In this annual report, the Department of Labour attempts to provide an overview analysis on the number of vacancies recorded through media against claims for ordinary unemployed received from the Unemployment Insurance Fund (UIF) from April 2011 to March 2012. The outcome of this analysis could still signal the gaps in terms of the skills mismatch that exists in the South African labour market.

After the President has declared 2011 South Africa’s “year of job creation” in his State of the Nation address in Parliament and announced several initiatives to boost job creation including a R9-billion jobs fund, unemployment still appears to be one of the biggest social challenging areas in the country. This is substantiated by a consideration of a slow movement of employment rate from quarter two of 2011 to quarter one of 2012 1 (at 25.7%, 25.0%, 23.9% and 25.2% for quarter two, quarter three, quarter four of 2011 and quarter one of 2012, respectively). The Government’s New Growth Path (NGP) endorsed by cabinet in October 2010 aims to create five million jobs by 2020 in order to bring South Africa’s unemployment rate down from 25% to 15%, but for the financial year 2011/2012 the South African unemployment rate remained at an average of 25%. In general, it is known that South Africa has a competitive advantage in the agriculture, mining and manufacturing which mostly represent the primary and secondary sectors. However, most of the data reflect that we have shifted in a very fast pace to the tertiary sector where high skills and experience are in demand.

On the other hand, since South Africa was also hit by the global recession, real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) dropped on a quarter-to-quarter basis by -6.4% in the beginning of 2009, from -1.8% in the end of 2008. This had a very serious impact on job losses in the world. It is noted that the matching of supply and demand in various countries has taken various directions in order to sustain the living conditions of workers. As a result, the rate of unemployment in South Africa increased from 21.9% in 2008 to 25.2% with the global financial crisis leading to several job losses.

In the light of the above, this Annual Report is another release within the Department of Labour as in other countries where job vacancies are monitored and published either on a monthly, quarterly or annual basis. It remained an important report in the South African labour market because it informs policy makers about the gaps identified regarding skills shortages in order to develop interventions that could assist to fight the triple challenges of unemployment, inequality and poverty in the country. Although some limitations in terms of coverage and limited resources can be noted, the Job Opportunity and Unemployment Report is now widely used by academics, researchers and other stakeholders because it provides a useful vacancies database.

This report is structured as follows: Following the introduction, Section two deals with an overview of the South African labour force. It provides an analysis regarding the changes in various sectors and occupational categories that occurred in the labour force.In Section three, the report presents in depth analysis of job vacancies and unemployment insurance claims based on data processed within the Department of Labour – administrative data, to show which skills were in demand at the provincial and national levels over the financial year 2011/12. Lastly, the report concludes with some critical key remarks and policy considerations.

1 Statistics South Africa, Quarterly Labour Force surveys, Q2 2011 to Q1 2012

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2

SECTION TWO: OVERVIEW OF THE LABOUR FORCE TRENDS IN SOUTH AFRICA

In response to the persistent skills shortage, the Government made education and skills development a major pillar of Accelerated Shared Growth Investment for South Africa (AsgiSA) by introducing several measures intended to halve unemployment and poverty by 2020 and implementing of the Joint Initiative for Priority Skill Acquisitions (JIPSA) which aims to address priority skills shortages through a variety of means including: organising special training programmes and exchange programmes with other countries, bringing back South African retirees and other skilled Africans working outside Africa where necessary.

As noted, some causes of unemployment in South Africa include amongst others:• Output and Employment (total employment rate vs GDP) In order to achieve the New Growth Path (NGP) set target of five million job by 2020, the economy needs to be growing at

an accelerated growth 2. What appears to matter for a reduction in unemployment rate is the size of the output gap. How much greater will determine the speed of improvement in the unemployment rate 3

• Labour Force Participation Growth Rates If the employment growth does not match the population growth, this means that employment is there but does not cater

for everyone who want it and this results in the increased level of unemployment

• Labour Demand-Supply Mismatch This results due to slow adjustment of the skill structures in period of rapid structural change that characterises the post-

transition economy. In South Africa, we are still faced with a situation of high demand of skilled and experienced labour against an oversupply of unskilled labour, and this results in an unbalanced labour demand and supply in the country

• Wages and Employment The rising real wage rates triggered by strong trade unions, minimum wage and affirmative action legislation plays a crucial

role in shaping better conditions of employment, but at the same time have a major impact on job losses vs job creation.

• The Nature of Economic Growth If South Africa’s GDP growth rate becomes very low, it might mean that there are no economic opportunities and that will

also mean there is no room for transformation. This can result in high unemployment and poverty levels.

The QLFS data shows a very slow movement between Q4:2011 and Q1:2012 from 23.0% to 25.2% regarding the unemployment rate in the country. This shows a slight increase of 1.3% when comparing Q4:2011 and Q1:2012. According to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Press Statement 4 the seasonally adjusted real GDP at market price for the first quarter of 2012 increased by an annualised rate of 2.7% compared with an increase of 3.2% during the fourth quarter of 2011. The decline in GDP from Q4:2011 to Q1:2012 pose a worrying factor as far as job creation is concerned.

Youth unemployment, on the other hand, is currently a big concern to the South African Government. South African youth (15 – 34 years old) has been badly affected by the economy’s recession. Young persons account for about 40% of job losses between December 2008 and December 2010. The youth unemployment figures again show an increase from 3 004 000 in Q4: 2011 to 3 213 000 in Q1:2012 5. Fortunately the Minister of Finance in his budget speech emphasised that the budget continues to support job creation, with a particular focus on unemployed youth.

2. Kearney, M., Quantec Research and Odusola, A., UNDP South Africa, 20113. Rule of thumb known as Okum’s law (Levine, L. 2012, Economic Growth and the Unemployment Rate, Congressional Research Services).4. Statistics South Africa, Gross Domestic Product, Press Statement, 29 May 2012: 11:30 a.m.5. Statistics South Africa, Quarterly Labour Force Survey, Q1: 2012

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2.1 Labour Market Information based on survey data

In this section, the report considers the “official statistics” as released by Statistics South Africa. The survey data is based on 30 000 sampled households in the country and the report focuses on narrow definition of statistics as against to expanded definition 6.

Looking at the QLFS results, it is clear that South Africa is relatively responding to the Government’s economic policy: the New Growth Path (NGP) that talks to decent employment creation through meaningful economic transformation and inclusive growth. Although there were more job losses as a result of the recession during late 2009, the employment rate was moving upward from April to December 2011. Nonetheless, there was a downward movement at the beginning of 2012 (January-March 2012 quarter).

Figure 1: Total number of employed people, 2011/2012

Source: Stats S.A, Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS), own calculations

Figure 1 above is characterised by an increase in the number of people employed. The employment rate has increased by 193 000 from 13 125 000 to 13 318 000 between quarter two and quarter three of 2011 and again increased by 179 000 from 13 318 000 to 13 497 000 between quarter three and quarter four of 2011. The decline is only experienced between quarter four of 2011 and quarter one of 2012 with a slight drop of 75 000 from 13 497 000 to 13 422 000. In this regard, the South African labour market seemed to improve a bit in achieving the job creation target over the financial year 2011/2012, although the unemployment situation is still very tense in the country.

Furthermore, the QLFS shows that jobs were mostly created in the private households (33 000) and agriculture (26 000) industries as compared to other industries by March 2012. Again employment increased by 304 000 jobs, with finance, trade, and community and social services together accounting for 88% of the rise in employment, contributing 110 000, 95 000 and 63 000 jobs respectively by March 2012.

6. Details about the definitions are provided in any QLFS releases – Statistics SA

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12 900April to June 2011 July to September 2011 October to December 2011 January to March 2012

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Figure 2: Total number of unemployed people, 2011/2012

Source: Stats S.A, Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS), own calculations

One need to note the following that out of 4.5 million jobless in March 2012, 71% are youth, 67% are unemployed for more than one year, 47% had not completed secondary school and about 31% are new entrants into the labour force. These statistics provide an alarming signal to the South African Government. In other words, most researchers argue that the South African economy needs an effective stimulus that will enhance productivity associated with high volume of exports in order to maintain a high level of investment in specific economic sectors which can attract and absorb this high level of new entrants into the labour force.

At the international level, youth unemployment in the Eurozone is again shocking, e.g., in Greece and Spain, the unemployment rate stands at 51%, in Portugal (36%) and Italy and Ireland almost a third of youth are out of work. So South Africa as a small open economy is not alone with this high trend of youth unemployment as we move into uncertainty about the new era of politics in the Eurozone. This implies that the youth problem is now a worldwide challenge. In South Africa, as the economic growth remains locked into a 3-4% growth path, it is recommended that sustainable solutions be sought by all parties in dealing with youth unemployment.

From Figure 2, the number of unemployed people decreased by 96 000 between quarter two and quarter three of 2011 from 4 538 000 to 4 442 000, again decreased by 294 000 between quarter three and quarter four of 2011 from 4 442 000 to 4 244 000 but went up again by 282 000 between quarter four 2011 and quarter one 2012 from 4 244 000 to 4 526 000. This is due to amongst others, lack of education, increased number of economically inactive people, unbalanced fast population growth versus slow employment creation rate, poor communication as well as lack of access to information by poor and disadvantaged groups. It is also commonly believed that in the first quarter of the year the majority of the people are still relaxed and not yet ready to search for work.

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4 050April to June 2011 July to September 2011 October to December 2011 January to March 2012

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Table 1: Employment by occupation April 2011 to March 2012 (‘000)

Main occupations Apr-Jun 2011 Jul-Sep 2011 Oct-Dec 2011 Jan-Mar 2012Managers 1 124 1 130 1 130 1 102Professionals 762 763 745 747Technicians 1 469 1 440 1 498 1 532Clerks 1 358 1 426 1 523 1 419Sales and services 1 944 1 975 1 960 1 969Skilled agriculture 71 61 67 61Craft and related trade workers 1 576 1 655 1 637 1 605Plant and machine operators 1 121 1 097 1 126 1 106Elementary occupations 2 824 2 894 2 933 2 983Domestic workers 876 878 878 896Total 13 125 13 318 13 497 13 422

Source: Stats S.A, Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS), own calculations

Table 1 shows that between Q4:2011 and Q1:2012, the largest decrease in employment was observed in clerical occupations which decreased by 104 000 from 1 523 000 to 1 419 000, followed by craft and related trade 32 000 from 1 637 000 to 1 605 000 and managerial 28 000 from 1 130 000 to 1 102 000 occupations. The largest job gains were observed among Elementary workers with 50 000 from 2 933 000 to 2 983 000, technician (34 000) from 1 498 000 to 1 532 000 and domestic worker (18 000) from 989 000 to 896 000 between Q4: 2011 and Q1: 2012.

Overall, employment fell by 75 000 from 13 497 to 13 422 between Q4:2011 and Q1:2012. Taking into account the rate of new entrants in the labour market, more jobs need to be created across sectors and occupational categories in order to achieve the Government target of five million new jobs by 2020.

Table 2: Educational level of the unemployed April 2011 to March 2012 (‘000)

Highest level of education Apr-Jun 2011 Jul-Sep 2011 Oct-Dec 2011 Jan-Mar 2012

No schooling 71 81 67 80Less than primary completed 316 302 287 305Primary completed 195 205 205 193Secondary not completed 2 096 2 085 2 014 2 119Secondary completed 1 580 1 476 1 371 1 520Tertiary 256 260 266 280Other 24 34 33 29Total 4 538 4 442 4 244 4 526

Source: Stats S.A, Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS), own calculations

Limited education skills affect the labour market outcomes of South Africa in terms of the marketability of the job seekers. The evidence confirms that a large proportion of new youth entrants into the labour force does not reach the highest educational level which in turn limits their chance to seize job opportunities that become available in the country at a given time. This implies that Government has to ensure that the right mix of skills is being taught and learnt overtime for the promotion of growth and jobs in the country.

Table 2, shows that the people who are highly affected by unemployment are mostly those who have not yet completed secondary school in all the quarters. This trend has remained like this for some years despite numerous labour interventions being introduced and implemented in the South African labour market. If so, where is the problem? Is it about the education system or labour policies? This requires even much research as the current debate seeks for sustainable solutions.

Although people with tertiary qualifications are less affected by unemployment, there is an increasing trend of unemployment in this group for all the quarters. Comparing Q1: 2011 against Q1: 2012 there is an increase in the number of unemployed of 39 000 from 241 000 in Q1: 2011 to 280 000 in Q1: 2012 amongst those with tertiary qualifications.

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Figure 3: Unemployment level by age group, 2011/2012

Source: Stats S.A, Quarterly Labour Force Survey (QLFS), own calculations

Unemployment of young people (15-34 years) seems to be more sensitive to changes in aggregate demand than adult unemployment as the first reaction of firms to a recession is to retrench. This strategy affects mostly those in the age category 15-34 years because of the nature of their work which is based on contract of short-term duration. This is an important factor to consider which explains casualisation in the country, e.g. African youth category.

Notwithstanding this, Figure 3 shows that the highest age group that was mostly affected by unemployment in South Africa for all the quarters is 25-34 years with 1 933 000, 1 851 000, 1 737 000 and 1 819 000 for quarter two, three, four of 2011 and quarter one of 2012, respectively, followed by the 15-24 years with 1 309 000, 1 319 000, 1 257 000 and 1 393 000 for quarter two, three, four of 2011 and quarter one of 2012, respectively. The age group which is less affected by unemployment is 55-64 years with 72 000, 75 000, 79 000 and 85,000 for quarter two, three, four of 2011 and quarter one of 2012, respectively followed by 45-54 years with 354 000, 341 000, 349 000 and 356 000 for quarter two, three, four of 2011 and quarter one of 2012, respectively.

Against this challenge, the South African Government is committed to promote decent employment through inclusive growth and to address the problem of youth unemployment with a number of interventions including the support to small medium enterprises, expanding opportunities in the Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP), the Community Work Programme (CWP), National Rural Youth Service Corps (NARYSEC), the National Youth Service Programmes (NYSP) and others as well as signing of the National Skills Accord with NEDLAC.

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2.2 Labour Market Information based on administrative data

The Department of Labour is collecting data which reflects the progress made on its operations regarding the impact of labour laws. The process also serves as a monitoring tool of the performance of the Department. However, the information is also intended to support decision makers in evidence-based planning.

One of the critical products of the Department of Labour is the short-term financial assistance through the Unemployment Insurance Fund. The Unemployment Insurance Fund (UIF) provides protection and play a very crucial role to employees (contributors to UIF) who become financially distressed as a result of becoming unemployed.

Unemployment Insurance (UI) benefits are divided into five types including ordinary, adoption, maternity, illness and death. However, the focus in this report will be on ordinary unemployment claims as this reflects on the people who have lost their jobs by submitting in a claim at UIF. Some of the reasons that qualify UI applicants for benefits include, among others, employees who had been dismissed, end of contract, businesses closed and retrenched.

Table 3: Number of ordinary claims created by province, 2011/12

Province Apr-Jun 2011 Jul-Sep 2011 Oct-Dec 2011 Jan-Mar 2012

Eastern Cape 11 570 12 043 10 942 11 564Free State 6 081 6 470 4 051 6 547Gauteng 39 302 39 369 20 757 40 234KwaZulu-Natal 24 652 24 003 15 923 29 284Limpopo 7 115 10 920 8 348 10 676Mpumalanga 10 221 11 572 8 178 11 970North West 6 265 5 733 3 699 7 230Northern Cape 4 698 4 026 2 226 4 476Western Cape 24 185 26 474 14 712 21 603Total 134 089 140 610 88 836 143 584

Source: Department of Labour, UIF Data 2011, own calculations

Table 3 shows that the number of ordinary claims had increased from quarter one of 2011 to quarter two of 2011 for nearly all the provinces except for only three provinces, that is Kwazulu-Natal, North West and Northern Cape. The province with the highest increase in ordinary claims applications is Limpopo with 3 805 from 7 115 to 11 075 followed by Western Cape with 2 289 from 24 185 to 26 474. The total number of ordinary claims for this period has increased by 6 521 from 134 089 to 140 610 by September 2011.

The total number of ordinary claims created from June 2011 to march 2012 increased by 9 495 from 134 089 to 143 584. From quarter two to quarter three there is a huge recovery through all the provinces with a total decrease of 51 774 ordinary applications. All the provinces show a decrease in applications. The province with the highest decrease in ordinary claims is Gauteng with 18 612 from 39 369 to 20,757 followed by Western Cape with 11 762 from 26 474 to 14 712. The province with the lowest decrease of ordinary claims between July and December 2011 was Northern Cape with 1 800 from 4 026 to 2 226 followed by Eastern Cape with 1 101 from 12 043 to 10 942.

15 - 24 25 - 34 35 - 44 45 -54 55 - 64

1 309 1 933 861 364 721 319 1 851 857 341 751 267 1 737 813 349 191 393 1 819 862 366 86

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Figure 4: Ordinary unemployment claimants by age group, 2011/2012

Source: Department of Labour, UIF Data 2011/2012, own calculations

Figure 4 shows that the most affected age group by job losses based on the highest ordinary claims was 25-34 years (36%) followed by 35-44 years (25%), then with 66 plus at 1% as the lowest.

Not being able to find work at all is not the only problem that young people face, they are also more likely to be working long hours, employed on short-term contracts, with low pay and little or no social protection. According to the United Nations World Youth Report of February 2012 7, in 2003, 88 million young people worldwide were without work, making up almost half of the world’s unemployed. Given these devastating figures, youth employment has gained the attention of international policy makers. At the Millennium Summit in 2000, world leaders agreed to set up the Youth Employment Network (a high-level policy network on youth employment) and following the summit, the goal to “develop and implement strategies that give young people everywhere a real chance to find decent and productive work”. This is also one of the targets under the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) framework.

Figure 5: Educational level of ordinary unemployment claimants, 2011/2012

Source: Department of Labour, UIF data 2011/2011, own calculations, excluding unspecified

The South African labour market has increased its demand for skilled and semi-skilled labour since 1994 to today. Figure 5 shows that the education level with the highest ordinary claims is grade 10-11 with 35% followed by grade 12 with 34%. The percentage rate of 35% of grade 10-11 has increased by 3% from 32% in period April 2010 – March 2011. Ordinary claims for grade 12 have increased by 6% to 34% in April 2011 – March 2012. The education level with the lowest ordinary unemployment claims is amongst those with education level above grade 12 with 4% in 2011/12 financial year.

Bellow grade 8 13%

Grade 8 - 9 14%

Grade 10 - 11 35%

Grade 12 34%

Above grade 12 4%

7. United nations world youth report; 2012; www.undp.org

55 - 6511%

66 Plus1% 15 - 24

11%

25 - 3436%

35 - 4425%

45 - 5416%

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Figure 6: Reasons for termination in commercial employment, 2011/2012

Source: Department of Labour, UIF data 2011, own calculations

Figure 6 illustrates the distribution of workers who provided the reasons for termination of their employment in each quarter of the financial year 2011/12. Various reasons were profiled in each quarter such as 32 808 workers reported business closed in Q1, 21 492 workers were dismissed in Q2, 112 893 workers contract of employment ended in Q3 and 22 296 workers were retrenched in Q4 from the total number of workers in each quarter.

Except in quarter one of the financial year 2011/12, ordinary unemployed claims were received mostly from those workers who reported an end of employment contract. This is an indication of the existence of short-term employment in the South African labour market which one could argue that there seems to be limited opportunities of decent and sustainable employment for low-skills as recorded at the UIF. In other words, full-time employment remains under pressure despite the economic benefits recorded in the past years.

Figure 7: Growth in the number of commercial employees, 2011/12

Source: Department of Labour, UIF data 2011, own calculations.

Figure 7 shows that the curve has been sloping positively from April 2011 to December 2011. The period with the highest growth in registered commercial employees was September 2011 to October 2011 with an increase of 20 618 from 7 353 592 to 7 374 210 compared to the lowest growth in registered commercial employees from June to July 2011 with an increase of 11 282 from 7 306 505 to 7 317 787.

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Business closed Dismissed End of contract Retrenched32 808 7 706 4 878 9232 988 21 492 70 074 14 2123 305 24 823 112 893 15 6503 615 30 914 58 556 22 296

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7 235 8157 248 579

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Figure 8: Growth in the number of domestic employees, 2011/12

Source: Department of Labour, UIF data 2011, own calculations

Figure 8 shows the number of registered domestic employees steadily growing from April 2011 until December 2011. The highest growth in the number of registered domestic employees was from May to June 2011 with an increased number of 336 from 646 790 to 647 126. The lowest growth in domestic employees registration was from June to July 2011 with an increase of 290 from 647 126 to 647 288. According to the Domestic Workers Summit, held on the 27-28 August, Declaration 8, the summit recognises that domestic work sector has been growing socially and economically but domestic workers remain one of the most undervalued, underpaid and unprotected by legislation. However, it is interesting to observe a positive trend of registration from April to December 2011.

8. According to the Domestic Workers Summit held on the 27-28 August Declaration; www.cosatu.org.za/show.php?ID=5497

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SECTION THREE: TREND ANALYSIS OF JOB VACANCIES

3.1 Job vacancies by Organising Framework of Occupation (OFO)

Various newspapers 9 remain the main sources of collecting vacancies data in the Department of Labour within the Labour Market Policy Programme. Vacancies data have been transformed into data series since 2003/04 financial year. This information helps decision-makers, work-seekers, researchers and all other stakeholders in making informed decisions on policies, employment creation and opportunities. Thus, this section is intended to analyse data that will inform and support decisions to address the current labour demand-supply imbalances in the country.

Vacancies are coded and analysed in accordance with the Organising Framework of Occupations (OFO), however caution is taken to accommodate the complications that are catered for in these standards, e.g. occupations not included in the Organising Framework of Occupation (OFO). The OFO is a skills–based coded classification system that encompasses all occupations in the South African context. The classification of occupations is based on a combination of skill-level and skill-specification. Therefore, the purpose of OFO is to assist in identifying scarce and critical skills within and across sectors in a way that could be meaningful to the South African labour market.

The results in this section will reflect the level of labour demand in the South African labour market by measuring the employment types, skills, education, industries and occupations in demand for a particular period.

Figure 9: Total number of job vacancies in the financial year 2011/12

Source: Department of Labour, Job Opportunity Index database 2011/12

The total number of job vacancies declined in all the quarters in the financial year 2011/12, as depicted in Figure 9. The vacancies advertised declined by 4 412 between quarter one and quarter two, 1 102 between quarter two and quarter three then 543 between quarter three and quarter one of 2011/12. As compared to the previous financial year 2010/11, almost the same number of vacancies that were recorded in the Department (60 433 in 2011/12 but 60 345 in 2010/11). This might indicate the fragility of the South African labour market recovery where limited jobs are created against a large number of job seekers. This is true because the labour absorption rates in the country have remained stable over the financial year 2011/12. It is also shown by the slope of vacancies advertised from Q1 to Q4 of 2011/12.

9. Newspapers such as the Careers supplement of Sunday Times, City Press and others from each province (Sunday Tribune (KZN), Daily dispatch (EC), DFA (Northern Cape), Workplace supplement of The Star (former Gauteng South), Pretoria News (former Gauteng North),

Cape Times (Western Cape), Express (Free State), The Mail (North West) and Northern Review (Limpopo) were used in the analysis. It is worth noting that currently the former Gauteng North and South are combined to reflect the picture of Gauteng as one. Cleaning data has to be done to minimise duplication but the challenge is still on the coverage of all vacancies. This is because of limited resources within the LMIS unit in the Department.

19 104 

14 692  13 590 

13 047 

0 

5000 

10000 

15000 

20000 

25000 

Q1  Q2  Q3  Q4 

25 000

20 000

15 000

10 000

5 000

0

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Table 4: Quarterly number of vacancies by occupational group, 2011/2012

Numbers and % Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 TotalManagers 4 738 (24.8%) 3 547 (24.1%) 3 607 (26.5%) 3 523 (27%) 15 415 (25.5%)Professionals 7 180 (37.6%) 5 170 (35.2%) 5 747 (42.3%) 3 889 (29.8%) 21 986 (36.4%)Technicians and trade workers 1 194 (6.3%) 1 635 (11.1%) 1 157 (8.5%) 1 833 (14%) 5 819 (9.6%)Community and personal service workers 1 919 (10%) 781 (5.3%) 434 (3.2%) 1 021 (7.8%) 4 155 (6.9%)Clerical and administrative workers 3 177 (16.6%) 2 527 (17.2%) 1 953 (14.4%) 1 481 (11.4%) 9 138 (15.1%)Sales workers 359 (1.9%) 363 (2.5%) 273 (2.0%) 5 91 (4.5%) 1 586 (2.6%)Machinery operators and drivers 218 (1.1%) 394 (2.7%) 161 (1.2%) 330 (2.5%) 11 03 (1.8%)Elementary workers 319 (1.7%) 2 75 (1.9%) 258 (1.9%) 379 (2.9%) 1 231 (2%)Total 19 104 14 692 13 590 13 047 60 433

Source: Department of Labour, Job Opportunity Index database 2011/12

There is a big move from unskilled and semi-skilled to skilled labour absorption in the South African Labour market.Table 4 shows that the highest occupation in demand in the country is professionals followed by managers and the lowest is machinery operator and drivers followed by elementary workers and sales workers. Although professionals are the highest in the above figure, when comparing quarter to quarter the graph is downward sloping in all the quarters of the financial year 2011/12. The situation is the same as for managers over the same period. Community services and personal services shows a huge improvement in demand, increasing by more than a half, that is 587 from 434 in quarter three to 1 021 of quarter four of 2011/12.

Figure 10: Employment by type of vacancies in the financial year 2011/12 Source: Department of Labour, Job Opportunity Index database 2011/12

Figure 10 shows that the highest vacancies advertised were full-time positions at 89.4% and 10.3% being contract employment with part-time as the lowest at 0.3%. The high percentage of full-time positions as opposed to contract and part-time might be due to the fact that Government Departments use newspapers to advertise their vacancies. It is well known that most decent jobs are created by Government hence the high percentage of full-time jobs.

Table 5: Distribution of vacancies per provincial office, 2011/12

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 TotalEastern Cape 974 1,692 914 2,630 6,210 Free state 116 416 256 190 978 Gauteng 1 576 1 275 1 000 1 178 5 029 KwaZulu Natal 171 203 116 217 707 Limpopo 770 262 289 317 1,638 Mpumalanga 737 788 645 1 071 3 241 North West 661 610 913 523 2,707 Northern Cape 265 228 210 202 905 Western cape 469 679 304 260 1 712 Head Office 13 365 8 539 8 943 6 459 37 306

Source: Department of Labour, Job Opportunity Index database 2011/12

Contract10.3%

Part-time0.3%

Full-time89.4%

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Table 5 shows the distribution of vacancies as processed by each provincial office in the country. Eastern Cape Provincial Office has processed 10% of the total vacancies recorded in 2011/12 and the lowest number of vacancies were recorded in KwaZulu-Natal, Free State and Northern Cape (almost 1% in each province). Head Office recorded 62% of the total vacancies as a result of direct accessibility to the national newspapers – Sunday times and City Press, but caution must be taken here that the Gauteng Province and Head Office newspapers might cover all the nine provinces. In other words, it does not mean that all the advertised posts are for Gauteng, but for the other provinces as well.

Classification can be grouped into a broader industry classification. That is industry group (first 3 digits), major group (first 2 digits) and division. It would be interesting to break the industry into units so that a clear picture is reflected, but unfortunately Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) has got its own challenges for doing that. The problem with SIC-codes is that they were never designed to describe a company’s type of business. Instead, SIC codes were designed to describe the processes that are used by the company (Gary Klein, 1998) 10. As a result of the SIC challenges only major groups are shown here, because of the complications brought on by various employers with various advertisement characteristics.

3.2 Job vacancies by industry (Standard Industrial Classification)

Table 6: Number of job vacancies by industry, 2011/12

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 TotalUnspecified 30 22 26 47 125Agriculture 87 71 54 238 450Mining 544 595 446 508 2 093Manufacturing 591 706 350 560 2 207Utilities 116 85 191 328 720Construction 187 336 289 374 1 186Trade 685 751 261 476 2 173Transport 220 519 331 453 1 523Finance 1 835 1 869 1 540 3 018 8 262Community 14 809 9 738 10 102 7 045 41 694Total 19 104 14 692 13 590 13 047 60 433

Source: Department of Labour, Job Opportunity Index database 2011/12

Note: In some cases, job advertisements did not have economic sectors information.

Table 6 indicates that community, social personal services industry is the highest economic sector in the number of vacancies with a total number of 41 694 (69%) from all the quarters, followed by finance with a total number of 8 262 (14%) of the industry for all the quarters. Agriculture appears to be last with a total number of 450 (0.7%) of the industry for all the quarters. The trend in employment creation in community industry has been confirmed with QLFS data over time. This might indicate that the public sector is more committed than private sector with regard to the President’s call about 2011 – “the year of job creation”.

Comparing quarter three and quarter four of 2011/12, almost all the sectors show an upward movement of advertised vacancies, except for community, personal services which moves to the opposite direction.

10. Gary, Klein (1998), Management and Economics Librarian, Hatfield Library, Willamette University, July 8, 1998

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SECTION FOUR: CONCLUSION

The year 2011, had been a trying one for the South African employees and their families. Labour market conditions have not improved enough which was accompanied by the deceleration of the economic growth to 2.7% in the first quarter of 2012. The number of employed persons decreased by 75 000 resulting in the unemployment rate of 25.2% in the first quarter of 2012. The unemployment increases had affected unskilled elementary workers and domestic workers, youth and workers with less than grade twelve educational qualifications.

The deteriorating labour market conditions have a negative relationship between labour demand and the persistent high unemployment rate. The labour market is still going to have the unemployment problem for a long time because of the collapse in labour demand and GDP still growing at a low level. When job vacancies remain low for a sustained period, job losers as well as new entrants in the labour market are unable to find work quickly. They have a greater risk of becoming long term unemployed. According to the report, advertised job vacancies declined from 19 104 in the first quarter to 13 047 in the fourth quarter of 2011/12, that is decline of 6 057 job vacancies.

The high percentage of claimants with the educational level of grade 11 and 12 shows a negative relationship between the job vacancies advertised by employers and the educational level together with skills of the unemployed and job losers. Therefore, the skill mismatch still remains a problem in the South African labour market.

Policy Implications to address the challenge of job creation:• There is a need for strong sustainable economic growth to increase vacancy rate, hiring and a sustained job expansion. • The continued fragility of the economy and the sustained jobless recovery represent a call for immediate policy to expand employment that would incentivize job creation.• The ”youth wage subsidy” policy could provide a useful incentive to speed up private sector employment growth. It needs

to be tested in the labour market.• There is a need for government to focus and support the acceleration of growth of labour intensive industries.

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5. ANNEXURE

Table 1: Number of terminations by sector from April 2011 to December 2011

Sector Industry Commercial DomesticAgriculture

Agriculture 51 246 0Fishing 1 580 0

Total 52 826 0Mining Mining 12 647 0Total 12 647 0Manufacturing

Food 23 599 0Glass 2 495 0Iron 21 364 0Jewellers 1 467 0Leather Industry 648 0Printing and paper industry 4 914 0Rubber 5 809 0Textiles 7 984 0Wood industry 7 730 0

Total 76 010 0Construction Building 31 841 0Total 31 841 0Trade

Personal Services 72 202 0Trade 138 241 0

Total 210 443 0Transport

Air 23 914 0Taxi industry 106 0

Total 24 020 0Finance

Banking 23 481 0Professional services 26 955 0

Total 50 436 0Community service

Charitable 6 377 0Education services 22 954 0Entertainment 2 163 0Local authorities 7 869 0Medical services 11 211 0

Total 50 574 0Private Household 0 7 601Grand Total 508 797 7 601

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Table 2: Number of vacancies in managerial occupational group from April 2011 to March 2012

OFO CODE

OCCUPATION Apr-Jun 2011

July-Sep 2011

Oct–Dec 2011

Jan-Mar 2012

TOTAL

1111 Chief Executives and Managing Directors 51 46 44 54 1951112 General Managers 117 121 80 151 4691113 Legislators and Elected Leaders 0 6 45 2 531114 Senior Government and Local Government Officials 2 395 810 773 546 4 5241211 Aquaculture/Mariculture Farmers and Farm Managers 0 2 0 2 41212 Crop Farmers and farm Managers 1 3 1 4 91213 Livestock Farmers and Farm Managers 3 3 1 2 91214 Mixed Crop and Livestock Farmers/Farm Managers 2 7 0 0 91221 Aquaculture/Mariculture Farm Production Managers/Foremen 0 0 0 2 21222 Crop Farm Production Managers 0 0 3 1 41223 Livestock Farm Production Managers 0 0 1 1 21311 Advertising, Marketing and Sales Managers 196 201 152 198 7471321 Corporate (Administration and Business) Services Managers 93 183 156 174 606

1322 Finance Managers 190 344 275 285 1 0941323 Human Resource Managers 93 219 176 188 6761324 Policy and Planning Managers 34 84 60 45 2231325 Research and Development Managers 32 55 88 91 2661326 Contract, Programme and Project Managers 160 180 412 207 9591331 Construction Managers 83 54 50 81 2681332 Engineering Managers 89 95 133 139 4561333 Importers, Exporters and Wholesalers 3 1 3 6 131334 Manufacturers 2 5 4 5 161335 Production / Operations Managers 168 132 121 160 5811336 Supply and Distribution Managers 97 183 176 170 6261337 Production / Operations Managers 53 92 53 108 3061341 Child Care Centre Managers 1 0 1 0 21342 Health and Social Services managers 342 99 181 212 8341343 Principals 34 28 27 15 1041344 Other Education Managers 196 160 106 112 5741351 Information and Communication Technology (ITC) Managers 68 84 99 68 319

1391 Safety and Safety Managers 14 25 27 33 991399 Miscellaneous Specialist Managers 91 148 168 248 6551411 Café (Licensed) and Restaurant Managers 14 13 10 12 491412 Caravan Park and camping Ground Managers 0 0 0 1 11413 Hotel and Motel managers 6 6 2 8 221414 Licensed Club Managers 4 2 3 3 121419 Other accommodation and Hospitality Managers 3 4 7 7 211421 Retail Managers 56 69 51 103 2791491 Amusement, Fitness and Sports Centre Managers 0 2 1 0 31492 Call or Contact Centre and Customer Service Managers 15 20 21 22 781493 Event and Conference managers 3 6 2 11 221494 Transport Services Managers 12 21 57 27 1171495 Financial Services Managers 8 6 1 0 151499 Miscellaneous Hospitality, Retail and Service Managers 9 28 36 19 92Total 47 38 3 547 3 607 3 523 15 415

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Table 3: Number of vacancies in professional occupational group from April 2011 to March 2012

OFO CODE

OCCUPATION Apr-Jun 2011

Jul-Sep 2011

Oct–Dec 2011

Jan-Mar 2012

TOTAL

2111 Actors, Dancers and Other Entertainers 0 0 0 2 22112 Music Professionals 1 14 12 2 292113 Photographers 1 6 4 0 112114 Virtual Arts and Crafts Professionals 0 2 0 8 102119 Miscellaneous Arts Professionals (Skill Level 5) 2 2 2 2 82121 Artistic Directors, and Media Producers and Presenters 0 0 2 2 42122 Authors, and Book and Scripts Editors 3 1 2 3 92123 Film, Television, Radio and Stage directors 7 1 1 3 122124 Journalists, Other Writers and Editors 43 51 36 31 1612129 Miscellaneous Media Professionals 0 1 0 3 42211 Accountants 420 289 171 185 1 0652212 Auditors, Company Secretaries and Corporate Treasurers 131 361 109 96 6972221 Financial brokers 10 6 6 24 462222 Financial dealers 11 15 0 6 322223 Financial Investment Advisors and Managers 36 33 23 32 1242231 Human Resource Professionals 108 120 86 100 4142232 ICT Trainers 3 1 3 2 92233 Training and Development Professionals 124 96 192 87 4992241 Actuaries, Mathematicians and Statisticians 431 62 40 81 6142242 Archivists, Curators and Record Managers 17 28 15 12 722243 Economists 33 38 24 29 1242244 Intelligence and Policy Analysts 11 29 20 24 842245 Land, Property and Assets Economists and Valuers 8 24 7 2 412246 Librarians 137 55 40 57 2892247 management and Organisation Analysts 91 82 137 126 4362249 Miscellaneous Information and Organisation Professionals 4 24 28 20 762251 Advertising and Marketing Professionals 56 34 50 48 1882252 ICT Sales Professionals 0 3 2 1 62253 Public Relations / Communication Management Professionals 92 135 180 96 5032254 Technical Sales Representatives 35 44 19 31 1292311 Air Transport Professionals 7 11 4 12 342312 Marine Transport Professionals 5 2 2 1 102319 Miscellaneous Air and Marine Transport Professionals 1 4 6 2 132321 Architects and Landscape Architects 7 16 10 8 412322 Cartographers and Surveyors 44 18 15 23 1002323 Fashion, Industrial and Jewellery Designers 1 2 1 2 62324 Graphic and Web Designers, and Illustrators 60 21 19 19 1192325 Interior Designers 0 0 2 1 32326 Urban and Regional Planners 10 27 54 76 1672331 Chemical, Materials and Metallurgical Engineers and

Technologists46 47 37 75 205

2332 Civil Engineers and Technologists and Quantity Surveyors 123 161 127 148 5592333 Electrical Engineers and Technologists 79 47 51 60 2372334 Electronics and Telecommunications Engineers and

Technologists21 9 15 15 60

2335 Industrial and Mechanical Engineers and Technologists 123 88 110 104 4252336 Mining Engineers and Technologists 23 18 13 34 882339 Miscellaneous Engineering Professionals 11 18 9 5 432341 Agricultural and Forestry Scientists 62 55 27 29 1732342 Chemists and Food and Wine Scientists 24 14 10 16 642343 Environmental Scientists 61 107 107 87 3622344 Geologists, Geophysicists and Earth Science Technologists 21 36 27 36 120

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OFO CODE

OCCUPATION Apr-Jun 2011

Jul-Sep 2011

Oct–Dec 2011

Jan-Mar 2012

TOTAL

2345 Life Scientists 45 453 21 30 5492346 Medical Laboratory Scientists and Technologists 28 34 31 29 1222347 Veterinarians 15 23 7 1 462349 Miscellaneous Natural and Physical Science Professionals 11 4 8 9 322411 Early Childhood Development Practitioners 9 16 6 17 482412 Foundational Phase School Teachers 18 33 30 27 1082413 Intermediate and Senior Phase Teachers 37 46 36 48 1672414 Further Education and Training Teachers and Lecturers 74 128 124 78 4042415 Special Education Teachers 5 3 22 6 362421 Higher Education Lecturers 652 604 1791 694 3 7412491 Education and Training Advisors and Reviewers 216 23 252 50 5412492 Private Tutors and Teachers 5 8 4 5 222493 Teachers of English to speakers of the Languages 1 2 4 7 142511 Dieticians 19 10 8 1 382512 Medical Imaging Professionals 30 15 17 7 692513 Occupational and Environmental Health Professionals 79 82 75 111 3472514 Optometrists and Orthoptists 1 1 5 2 92515 Pharmacists 113 45 42 28 2282519 Miscellaneous Health Diagnostic and Promotion Professionals 9 3 9 2 232521 Chiropractors and Osteopaths 0 0 0 0 02522 Complementary Health Therapists 1 1 1 0 32523 Dental Practitioners 13 17 9 14 532524 Occupational Therapists 19 15 6 7 472525 Physiotherapists 10 11 6 1 282526 Podiatrists 3 1 3 0 72527 Speech Professionals and Audiologists 17 9 6 0 322529 Miscellaneous Health Therapy Professionals 1 6 0 0 72531 Generalists Medical Practitioners 379 58 175 38 6502532 Anaesthetists 8 4 18 4 342533 Internal Medicine Specialists 46 16 82 24 1682534 Psychiatrists 5 4 22 3 342535 Surgeons 27 11 67 23 1282539 Miscellaneous Medical Practitioners 37 115 61 12 2252541 Midwives 0 4 0 0 42542 Nurse Educators and Researchers 12 14 4 3 332543 Nurse Managers 328 72 97 29 5262544 Registered Nurses 1 568 168 265 175 2 1762611 ICT Business and System Analysts 26 14 7 18 652612 Multimedia Specialists and Web Developers 14 11 11 14 502613 Software and Applications Programmers 65 44 33 28 1702621 Database and Systems Administrators, and ICT Security

Specialists91 56 56 83 286

2631 Computer Network Professionals 19 12 13 13 572632 ICT Support and Test Engineers 30 8 3 11 522633 Telecommunications Engineering Professionals 7 3 3 0 132711 Advocates of Barristers 77 26 90 15 2082712 Judicial and Other Legal Professionals 22 35 26 59 1422713 Solicitors 131 419 113 102 7652714 Conveyances and Legal Executives 4 0 3 4 112721 Counsellors 2 2 4 18 262722 Ministers of Religion 9 23 9 1 422723 Psychologists 36 44 74 27 1812724 Social Professionals 26 44 18 20 1082725 Social Service Professionals 231 97 108 121 557

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OFO CODE

OCCUPATION Apr-Jun 2011

Jul-Sep 2011

Oct–Dec 2011

Jan-Mar 2012

TOTAL

2726 Recreation and Community Arts Workers 4 2 0 1 72729 Miscellaneous Social Science Professionals 1 13 5 1 20Total 7 180 5 170 5 747 3 889 21 986

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Table 4: Number of vacancies in technician’s occupational group from April 2011 to March 2012

OFO CODE OCCUPATION

Apr-Jun 2011

Jul-Sep 2011

Oct–Dec 2011

Jan-Mar 2012 TOTAL

3111 Agricultural and Forestry Technicians 6 56 36 13 1113112 Medical Technicians 10 7 8 11 363113 Agricultural, Forestry and Primary Products Inspectors 1 9 1 3 143114 Chemistry, Food and beverage Technicians 4 8 9 20 413115 Agricultural Produce Analysts 1 1 0 0 23119 Other Miscellaneous Science Technicians 11 63 15 30 1193121 Architectural, Building and Surveying Technicians 26 19 36 70 1513122 Civil Engineering draftspersons and Technicians 44 118 99 622 8833123 Electrical Engineering draftspersons and Technicians 32 93 29 65 2193124 Electronic Engineering draftspersons and Technicians 6 20 25 37 883125 Mechanical Engineering draftspersons and Technicians 24 63 33 50 1703126 Safety Inspectors 56 84 58 18 216

3129Miscellaneous Building and Engineering Draftspersons and Technicians 25 16 52 34 127

3131 ICT Support Technicians 99 73 55 89 3163132 Telecommunications Technical Specialists 1 1 2 0 43141 Manufacturing Technicians 4 3 2 2 113142 Power Plant Process Technicians 5 1 0 0 63211 Automotive Electricians 23 25 13 16 773212 Motor Mechanics 123 116 220 119 5783221 Metal Casting, Forging and Fishing Trades Workers 4 7 1 2 143222 Sheet Metal Trades Workers 0 4 3 3 103223 Structural Steel and Welding Trades Workers 57 184 74 121 4363231 Aircraft Maintenance Technicians 7 1 0 1 93232 Metal Fitters and Mechanics Trades Workers 85 115 66 110 3763233 Precision Metal Trades Workers 7 5 4 10 263234 Toolmakers and Engineering Patternmakers 10 8 3 5 263235 Millwrights and Mechatronics Trades Workers 28 46 24 43 1413241 Panel Beaters 5 0 30 10 453242 Vehicle Body Builders and Trimmers 2 0 1 1 43243 Vehicle Painters 0 1 0 9 103311 Bricklayers and Stonemasons 14 33 12 15 743312 Carpenters and Joiners 29 53 12 19 1133321 Floor Finishers 0 0 1 0 13322 Painting Trades Workers 13 13 7 12 453331 Glaziers 0 0 0 3 33332 Plasterers 2 0 1 0 33341 Plumbers 21 37 19 20 973411 Electricians 91 165 125 141 5223421 Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Mechanics 9 7 3 2 213422 Electrical distribution Trades Workers 3 0 1 2 63423 Electronics Trades Workers 8 13 6 17 443424 Telecommunications Trades Workers 4 1 1 3 93511 Bakers and Pastry cooks 4 6 0 3 133512 Butchers and Fresh Meat Processors 2 7 2 5 163513 Chefs 6 4 2 9 213514 Cooks 32 3 3 1 393611 Animal Attendants and Trainers 2 0 0 0 23612 Veterinary Nurses 0 0 0 0 03621 Florists 0 0 0 0 03622 Gardeners, Green Keepers and Nurserypersons 77 0 11 5 933911 Hairdressers 1 0 1 4 6

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OFO CODE OCCUPATION

Apr-Jun 2011

Jul-Sep 2011

Oct–Dec 2011

Jan-Mar 2012 TOTAL

3921 Binders and Finishers 2 5 2 1 103922 Graphic Pre-Press Trades Workers 110 0 3 5 1183923 Printers 3 6 0 3 123931 Canvas and Leather Goods Makers 0 0 0 0 03932 Clothing Trades Workers 4 1 1 3 93933 Upholsters 0 4 1 1 63941 Cabinet Makers 1 4 3 4 123942 Wood Machinists and Other Wood Trades Workers 1 1 1 1 43991 Boat Builders and Shipwrights 9 2 9 6 26

3992Chemical, Gas, Petroleum and Power Generation Plant Controllers 2 0 1 1 4

3993 Gallery, Library and Museum Technicians 0 0 1 0 13994 Jewellers 1 1 1 1 43995 Performing Arts Technicians 0 2 1 1 43996 Sign Writers 0 0 1 0 13997 Machine Setters and Minders 1 1 1 2 53998 Operational Process Controllers 9 1 4 3 173999 Other Miscellaneous Technicians and Trade Workers 27 118 21 26 192Total 1 194 1 635 1 157 1 833 5 819

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Table 5: Number of vacancies in community and personal services occupational group from April 2011 to March 2012

OFO CODE

OCCUPATION Apr-Jun 2011

Jul-Sep 2011

Oct–Dec 2011

Jan-Mar 2012

TOTAL

4111 Ambulance Officers and Paramedics 962 20 21 2 10054112 Dental Hygienists, Technicians and Therapists 1 3 6 1 114114 Enrolled and Mother Craft Nurses 647 42 50 49 7884115 Indigenous and Other Health Workers 0 7 1 2 104116 Message Therapists 5 0 0 1 64117 Social Services Support Workers 84 171 6 42 3034211 Child Carers 2 1 22 663 6884221 Education Aides 4 1 9 17 314231 Aged and Disabled Carers 0 0 0 0 04232 Dental Assistants 3 4 5 1 134233 Nursing Support and Personal care Workers 10 2 4 5 214234 Special care Workers 0 1 11 6 184311 Bar Attendants and Baristas 1 1 1 2 54312 Café Workers 0 1 40 4 454313 Gaming Workers 8 1 2 0 114314 Hotel, Hospitality and Service Managers 8 11 8 8 354315 Waiters and bartenders 6 2 4 9 214319 Miscellaneous Hospitality Workers 1 2 2 0 54412 Fire and Rescue Officers 9 30 34 41 1144413 Police, Detectives and Traffic Officers 90 326 97 26 5394421 Prison Officers 1 0 0 0 14422 Security Officers 37 125 64 39 2654511 Beauty Therapists 3 5 11 3 224512 Driving Instructors 1 2 2 1 64513 Funeral Workers 4 0 11 0 154514 Gallery, Museum and Tour Guides 2 3 1 1 74515 Personal care Consultants 0 0 2 0 24516 Tourism and Travel Advisors 16 4 7 10 374517 Travel Attendants 2 0 0 3 54519 Miscellaneous Personal service Workers 0 0 0 0 04521 Fitness Instructors 5 3 2 3 134522 Outdoor Adventure Guides 1 1 0 0 24523 Sports Coaches, Instructors and Officials 6 13 9 9 374524 Sportspersons 0 0 2 0 2Total 1 919 782 434 948 4 083

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Table 6: Number of vacancies in clerical and administrative workers occupational group from April 2011 to March 2012

OFO CODE OCCUPATION

Apr-Jun 2011

Jul-Sep 2011

Oct–Dec 2011

Jan-Mar 2012 TOTAL

5111 Contract, Program and Project Administrators 389 418 270 175 1 2525112 Office Administrators 443 303 196 209 1 1515211 Personal Assistants 160 146 74 109 4895212 Secretaries 162 139 137 84 5225311 General Clerks 657 283 342 133 1 4155321 Keyboard Operators 101 51 136 50 3385411 Call or Contact Centre Consultants 44 312 10 25 3915412 Inquiry Clerks 55 18 7 9 895413 Contact centre Support Specialists 3 2 2 2 95414 Call or Contact centre Agents 7 15 14 6 425421 Receptionists 38 32 28 53 1515511 Accounting Clerks 163 242 158 151 7145512 Bookkeepers 48 30 34 40 1525513 Payroll Clerks 12 20 20 19 715521 Bank Workers 3 20 20 9 525522 Credit and Loans Officers 26 24 22 32 1045523 Insurance, Money Market and Statistical Clerks 113 7 2 5 1275611 Betting Clerks 0 0 0 1 15612 Couriers and Postal Deliveries 10 7 6 2 255613 Filing and Registry Clerks 100 52 44 35 2315614 Mail Sorters 0 1 0 0 15615 Survey Interviewers 109 0 7 1 1175616 Switchboard Operators 15 10 18 6 495619 Miscellaneous Clerical and Office Support Workers 6 9 3 20 385911 Purchasing and Supply Logistics Administrators 351 211 130 154 8465912 Transport and Dispatch Administrators 17 15 13 8 535991 Library Assistants 24 15 16 22 775992 Court and Legal Clerks 1 4 4 11 205993 Debt Collectors 16 12 15 12 555994 Human Resource Clerks 64 92 158 105 4195995 Inspectors and Regulatory Officers 19 24 34 52 1295996 Insurance Investigators, Loss Adjusters and Risk Surveyors 0 2 1 1 45997 Compliance Inspectors 3 0 2 2 75999 Other Miscellaneous Clerical and Administrative Workers 18 11 11 11 51Total 3 177 2 527 1 934 1 554 9 192

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Table 7: Number of vacancies in sales workers occupational group from April 2011 to March 2012

OFO CODE OCCUPATION

Apr-Jun 2011

Jul-Sep 2011

Oct–Dec 2011

Jan-Mar 2012 TOTAL

6111 Auctioneers, and Stock and Station Agents 0 1 1 3 56112 Insurance Agents 13 14 14 96 1376113 Sales Representatives 206 193 137 258 7946121 Real Estate Sales Agents 23 15 18 22 786122 Real Estate Agency Principals 3 0 1 1 56211 Sales Assistant (General) 26 43 18 80 1676212 ICT Sales Assistants 1 0 0 8 96213 Motor Vehicle and Vehicle Parts Salespersons 18 16 17 27 786214 Pharmacy Sales Assistants 4 2 7 2 156215 Retail Supervisors 14 6 10 11 416216 Service Station Attendants 1 0 1 2 46217 Street Vendors and Related Salespersons 0 0 0 1 16219 Miscellaneous Sales Assistants and Salespersons 1 6 2 1 106311 Checkout Operators and Office Cashiers 18 15 13 22 686391 Model and Sales Demonstrators 2 1 0 6 96392 Retail Buyers 13 14 7 23 576393 Telemarketers 12 34 18 31 956394 Ticket Salespersons 1 0 0 0 16395 Visual Merchandisers 0 1 0 0 16399 Other Miscellaneous Sales Support Workers 3 2 4 1 10Total 359 363 268 595 1 585

Table 8: Number of vacancies in machinery operators and drivers occupational group from April 2011 to March 2012

OFO CODE OCCUPATION

Apr-Jun 2011

Jul-Sep 2011

Oct–Dec 2011

Jan-Mar 2012 TOTAL

7111 Clay, Concrete, Glass and Stone Processing Machine Operators 2 1 0 4 77112 Industrial Spray Painters 0 0 1 8 97113 Paper and Wood Processing Machine Operators 5 1 0 1 77114 Photographic Developers and Printers 3 4 4 0 117115 Plastics and Rubber Production Machine Operators 1 0 1 1 37116 Clothing, Textiles, Footwear and Leather Production Operators 3 1 1 0 57119 Miscellaneous Machine Operators 8 20 11 5 447121 Crane, Host and Lift Operators 6 13 9 8 367122 Drillers and Mining Operators 21 5 11 45 827123 Engineering Production Systems Workers 11 1 8 10 307129 Miscellaneous Stationery Plant Operators 18 25 3 12 587211 Agricultural and Forestry Plant Operators 2 4 2 4 127212 Earthmoving Plant Operators 23 20 28 40 1117213 Forklift Drivers 4 2 10 16 327219 Other Mobile Plant Operators 5 166 3 9 1837311 Automobile Drivers 9 17 11 22 597312 Bus and Coach Drivers 8 2 15 3 287313 Train and Tram Drivers 3 17 0 5 257321 Delivery Drivers 38 39 43 50 1707331 Truck Drivers 31 41 21 71 1647411 Store Persons 17 15 3 12 47Total 218 394 185 326 1 123

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Table 9: Number of vacancies in elementary occupational group from April 2011 to March 2012

OFO CODE OCCUPATION

Apr-Jun 2011

Jul-Sep 2011

Oct–Dec 2011

Jan-Mar 2012 TOTAL

8111 Car and Other Transport Detailers 0 2 0 0 28112 Commercial Cleaners 193 35 80 22 3308113 Domestic Cleaners 9 0 1 1 118114 Housekeepers 3 2 1 6 128115 Textile and Laundry Workers 1 1 5 2 98119 Miscellaneous Cleaners 0 0 16 1 178211 Building and Plumbing Workers 0 11 2 4 178212 Concreters 1 2 4 0 78214 Insulation and Home Improvement Installers 0 2 1 1 48215 Paving and Surfacing Workers 1 0 7 1 98216 Railway Track Workers 0 3 0 0 38217 Structural Steel Construction Workers 3 20 3 10 368219 Miscellaneous Construction and Mining Workers 16 10 6 38 708311 Food and Beverage Factory Workers 5 1 0 0 68312 Meat Boners and Slicers, and Slaughterers 1 0 0 0 18313 Meat, Poultry and Seafood Process Workers 0 3 0 0 38321 Produce Packers and Handlers 3 1 0 3 78322 Product Assemblers 0 2 0 1 38391 Metal Engineering Process Workers 0 13 3 5 218393 Product Quality Controllers 3 7 14 13 378394 Timber and Wood Process Workers 1 0 0 0 18399 Miscellaneous Factory Process Workers 1 3 68 4 768411 Aquaculture and Mariculture Farm Workers / Assistants 0 2 0 0 28412 Crop Farm Workers / Assistants 0 6 0 0 68413 Forestry and Logging Workers 0 0 0 0 08414 Garden and Nursery Workers 9 6 6 11 328415 Livestock Farm Workers / Assistants 21 13 1 0 358416 Mixed Crop and Livestock Farm Workers / Assistants 0 0 1 0 18419 Miscellaneous Farm, Forestry and Garden Workers 1 2 0 2 58511 Fast Food Cooks 1 0 5 0 68512 Food Trades Assistants 1 2 5 3 118513 kitchen Hands 2 12 2 2 188911 Freight and Furniture Handlers 5 1 1 0 78912 Shelf Fillers 0 0 1 0 18991 Caretakers 2 5 1 1 98992 Deck and Fishing Hands 1 0 0 0 18993 Handypersons 18 84 13 238 3538994 Motor vehicle Parts and Accessories Fitters 1 2 0 1 48995 Printing Assistants and Table Workers 1 2 3 0 68996 Recycling and Rubbish Collectors 1 1 2 0 48997 Vending Machine Attendants 1 0 0 0 18998 Event Assistants (Skill Level 1) 0 0 0 0 08999 Other Miscellaneous Workers 13 18 6 9 46Total 319 274 258 379 1 230

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