Sources: Textbook: William F. Ganong. Review of Medical ... · PDF fileSources: Textbook:...

Sources:

Textbook: William F. Ganong. Review of

Medical Physiology (22th or later edition)

or

http://www.phys.szote.u-szeged.hu

Learning objectives

Lecture notes

Password: notesph

Requirements (for successful semester)Requirements (for successful semester)

Visiting practises are obligatory.

Succesful first two interim demonstrations (MCQ).

Improve at the next week of the semester.

Demonstrations (25 multiple choice

questions/MCQs)

Demonstrations (25 multiple choice

questions/MCQs)

1.1. OctoberOctober 1616--20: 20: controlcontrol theory,celltheory,cell, , membranemembrane physiologyphysiology

((transportstransports, , intercellularintercellular communicationcommunication, , synapticsynaptic and and

junctionaljunctional transmissiontransmission), ), musclemuscle, body fluid , body fluid compartmentscompartments, ,

bloodblood

2. November 202. November 20--24:heart, 24:heart, circulationcirculation, , kidneykidney

3. December 43. December 4--8: 8: kidneykidney, , respiratoryrespiratory systemsystem, , kidneykidney, , autonomicautonomic

nervousnervous systemsystem –– forfor exceptionexception

Evaluation of the tests:Evaluation of the tests:

0-13 points failed

14-16 points passed

17-19 points accepted

20-22 points good

23-25 points excellent

• Who passed both of the demonstrations at first trial

and

• collected minimum 31 points• are offered to write a 3rd test on the last week.

• When

• the results of the third MCQ reaches 14 points and

• the total point of all the three MCQs is between 51 and 57, the

student’s mark is good;

• or is excellent between 58-75 points

• in the semi-final exam.

•

Exemption from semi-final exam:Exemption from semi-final exam:

ExamsExamsExamsExamsSemiSemi--finalfinal examexam::WrittenWritten MCQ (50). MCQ (50).

AfterAfter thethe thirdthird unsuccesfulunsuccesful writtenwritten test, test, oraloral examexam is is availableavailable..

FinalFinal examexam::OrallyOrally. 3 . 3 topicstopics. .

AllAll of of themthem shouldshould be be atat leastleast passedpassed. .

The goal of physiology is to explain the

physical and chemical factors that are

responsible for the origin, development

and progression of life. In human

physiology we attempt to explain the

specific characteristics and mechanisms

of the healthy human body that make it

a living being.

PhysiologyPhysiology

HomeostasisHomeostasis: :

Homeostasis is the property of a system that

regulates its internal environment and tends

to maintain a stable, constant condition of

properties.

Living cells and the environment IS AN „OPEN Living cells and the environment IS AN „OPEN

SYSTEM” SYSTEM”

Living cells and the environment IS AN „OPEN Living cells and the environment IS AN „OPEN

SYSTEM” SYSTEM”

StimuliStimuli

HeatHeat

ChemicalChemical

MechanicalMechanical

Etc.Etc.

ResponsesResponses

MovementMovement

ChangeChange inin shapeshape

ChangeChange inin metabolismmetabolism

Etc.Etc.

MetabolismMetabolism

Heat exchangeHeat exchange

Roles of cellsRoles of cellsRoles of cellsRoles of cellsnTransports

••SynthesisSynthesis

•• BreakdownBreakdown

•• MovementMovement

•Reproduction

•Special functions

BLOODBLOODBLOODBLOOD

CirculationCirculationCirculationCirculation

HeartHeart

Blood vesselsBlood vessels

TransportTransport

RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEM

GASE EXCHANGEGASE EXCHANGEGASE EXCHANGEGASE EXCHANGE

GastrointestinalGastrointestinal

tracttract

NutritionNutrition

GastrointestinalGastrointestinal

tracttract

NutritionNutrition

Urinary tractUrinary tractUrinary tractUrinary tract

Removal of metabolic Removal of metabolic

end products,end products,

volume balancevolume balance

Removal of metabolic Removal of metabolic

end products,end products,

volume balancevolume balance

SKELETAL SYSTEMSKELETAL SYSTEM

MUSCLEMUSCLEMUSCLEMUSCLE

IMMUNE SYSRTEMIMMUNE SYSRTEMIMMUNE SYSRTEMIMMUNE SYSRTEM

SENSORY ORGANSSENSORY ORGANSSENSORY ORGANSSENSORY ORGANS

HORMONAL REGULATIONHORMONAL REGULATIONHORMONAL REGULATIONHORMONAL REGULATION

NEURAL REGULATIONNEURAL REGULATIONNEURAL REGULATIONNEURAL REGULATION

REPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTIONREPRODUCTION

Control systemsControl systemsControl systemsControl systems

PartsParts of of themthem

ControlledControlled systemsystem

ControllerController ((includingincluding sensorssensors, , interventorsinterventors))

Informations

Judgement,

signal productions

Goal

Interventions

Controller

SensorsIntruders

Controlled system

ClosedClosed and and openedopened chainschainsClosedClosed and and openedopened chainschains

ClosedClosed chainchain = = controlcontrol

Opened Opened chainchain: : guidanceguidance

Guidance vs control systems Guidance vs control systems Guidance vs control systems Guidance vs control systems

GUIDANCEGUIDANCE

CENTERCENTER

COMMANDCOMMAND

SYSTEMSYSTEM

CONTROLCONTROL

CENTER SET POINTCENTER SET POINT

Modify to balance Modify to balance

errorerror

SYSTEMSYSTEM

GUIDANCE GUIDANCE -- CONTROLCONTROLGUIDANCE GUIDANCE -- CONTROLCONTROL

chainchain openedopened closedclosed

SignSign backback NONO availableavailable

BBackack--effecteffect NONO availableavailable

CONTROLLED

SIGNCONTROL

SYSTEM

CONTROLLED

SYSTEM

GOAL

CONTROL

Negative feedback:Negative feedback:Negative feedback:Negative feedback:

most most frequentfrequent

E.gE.g. .

CO2 CO2 ↑↑ => => chemoreceptorchemoreceptor activationactivation => CNS => => CNS => efferentationefferentation

=> => hyperventillationhyperventillation => => CO2 CO2 ↓↓

BloodBlood pressurepressure ↑↑ => => baroreceptorbaroreceptor activationactivation => CNS => => CNS =>

efferentationefferentation => => vasodilationvasodilation => => BloodBlood pressurepressure ↓↓

Gain of a control systemGain of a control systemGain of a control systemGain of a control system

GainGain = = correctioncorrection//errorerror

NormalNormal bloodblood systolicsystolic bloodblood pressurepressure: 100 : 100 mmHgmmHg

TransfusionTransfusion a a lotlot of of bloodblood => => BloodBlood pressurepressure increasesincreases: 175 : 175

mmHgmmHg withoutwithout controlcontrol

WithWith controlcontrol: 125 mm : 125 mm HgHg

GainGain = 50/25 = 2= 50/25 = 2

GainGain forfor body body temperaturetemperature: 33: 33

PozitivePozitive feedbackfeedbackPozitivePozitive feedbackfeedbackViciousVicious cyclescycles => => deathdeath

2l 2l bloodblood lossloss => => BloodBlood pressurepressure ↓↓=> => bloodblood flow flow toto thethe heartheart ↓↓ => => pumppumpfunctionfunction ↓↓ => => BloodBlood pressurepressure ↓↓

BloodBlood vesselvessel rupturerupture => => bleedingbleeding => => BloodBlood vesselvessel rupturerupture => => activationactivation of of thethe firstfirst clottingclotting factorfactor ↑↑ => => activationactivation ofof secondsecond clottingclotting factorfactor ↑↑ => => BloodBlood clottingclotting => => NO NO bleedingbleeding

ChildChild birthbirth: : UterineUterine contractioncontraction ↑↑=> => pushingpushing thethe baby baby toto thethe cervixcervix => => cervixcervix stretchstretch => => UterineUterine contractioncontraction ↑↑↑↑

Action Action potentialpotential: : DepolarizationDepolarization ↑↑ => => sodiumsodium channelchannel permeabilitypermeability ↑↑ => => DepolarizationDepolarization ↑↑ => => sodiumsodium channelchannel permeabilitypermeability ↑↑↑↑

CONTROLLING

SYSTEM

CONTROLLED

SYSTEM

GOAL

GUIDANCE

CONTROLLED

PARAMETER

FeedFeed--forwardforward::BreathingBreathing changeschanges atat thethe beginningbeginning of of physicalphysical activityactivity..

Neural control (reflex arch)Neural control (reflex arch)

(Stimulus) – Receptor - Afferent nerve – Center - Efferent

nerve – Effector - (Response)

Hormonal controlHormonal control

Control of thyroid hormone secrtionControl of thyroid hormone secrtionControl of thyroid hormone secrtionControl of thyroid hormone secrtion

Hypothalamus

Adenohypophysis

TRH

TSH

T3 és T4

Mixed Mixed ControlControlMixed Mixed ControlControl

Human Human basicbasic datadataHuman Human basicbasic datadata

Male 20 Male 20 yearsyears old old

Body Body heightheight: 172 cm : 172 cm

Body Body weightweight: 70 kg : 70 kg

Body Body volumevolume: 66 dm: 66 dm33, ,

Body Body surfacesurface: 1.7 m: 1.7 m22, ,

HeartHeart raterate: 72/min : 72/min

BreathingBreathing raterate: 12: 12--1616

Body Body musclemuscle ratio: 40ratio: 40--50 % 50 %

BloodBlood pressurepressure: 110/70 : 110/70 mmHgmmHg

The living organism contains:

cell and

intercellular substance (fluid)

Cell: the functional unit of living organism.

NaNa++: 140 mmol/l: 140 mmol/lKK++: 4 mmol/l: 4 mmol/lCaCa2+2+: 2.5 mmol/l: 2.5 mmol/lMgMg2+2+: 1 mmol/l: 1 mmol/lClCl--:103 mmol/l:103 mmol/lHCOHCO33

--: 24 mmol/l: 24 mmol/lPhosphates: 1 mmol/lPhosphates: 1 mmol/lGlucose: 3Glucose: 3--6 mmol/l6 mmol/lUrea: 2.5Urea: 2.5--6 mmol/l6 mmol/lPlasma protein: 60Plasma protein: 60--80 g/l80 g/lInterstitial protein: 0Interstitial protein: 0--60 g/l 60 g/l

(mean: 10 g/l)(mean: 10 g/l)

NaNa++: 10 mmol/l: 10 mmol/lKK++: 160 mmol/l: 160 mmol/lCaCa2+2+: 0.25 : 0.25 µmol/lµmol/lMgMg2+2+: 15 mmol/l: 15 mmol/lClCl--: 5 mmol/l: 5 mmol/lHCOHCO33

--: 5 mmol/l: 5 mmol/lPhosphates+organic aniones: Phosphates+organic aniones:

135 mmol/l135 mmol/l

Protein : 200 g/lProtein : 200 g/l

Composition of Composition of

Extracellular and Intracellular compartmentsExtracellular and Intracellular compartments

Composition of Composition of

Extracellular and Intracellular compartmentsExtracellular and Intracellular compartments

Cell compositionCell compositionCell compositionCell composition

•Water: 70-85%

•Ions: •potassium

•magnesium

•phosphate

•Sulfate

•bicarbonate (HCO3-)

•sodium

•chloride

•calcium

ProteinsProteins: 10: 10--20%20%

FibrillarFibrillar proteinsproteins: : filamentsfilaments, , skeletonskeleton,,

GlobularGlobular proteinsproteins: : enzymesenzymes, , membranemembrane

LipidsLipids 2%2%

PhospholipidsPhospholipids, , cholesterolcholesterol ((membranemembrane), ), triglyceridstriglycerids

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates 1%1%

GlycogenGlycogen

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates boundbound toto proteinsproteins, , lipidslipids

Cell compositionCell compositionCell compositionCell composition

Structure of cells:Structure of cells:Structure of cells:Structure of cells:

1. Cell membrane1. Cell membrane

2. 2. Cytoplasm = cytosolCytoplasm = cytosol

3. 3. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

4. 4. Golgi apparatusGolgi apparatus

5. 5. LysosomesLysosomes

6. 6. PeroxisomesPeroxisomes

7. 7. Secretory vesiclesSecretory vesicles

8. Mitochondria8. Mitochondria

9. 9. Filaments, and tubular structuresFilaments, and tubular structures10. Nucleus10. Nucleus

Cell membranes, nuclear membrane, membranes of ER,

mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes

barrier

Cell membrane:

Roles:

Envelops the cell,

connection,

separation,

regulation of the cell composition.

Determination of the form of the cell.

1. Membranes1. Membranes1. Membranes1. Membranes

StructureStructureStructureStructure

Lipid bilayer interpersed with large globular proteinsLipid bilayer interpersed with large globular proteins

7,57,5--10 nm10 nm

Composition:Composition:Proteins (55%)Proteins (55%)

Lipids: Lipids: – phospholipids (25%)

– cholesterol (13%9

– Etc. (4%)

Carbohydrates (3%)Carbohydrates (3%)

Hydrophilic (water

soluble): phosphates,

OH, glikolipids

LIPIDS

Hydrophobic (lipid

soluble):

fatty acids,

cholesterol

(controls the fluidity)

Mainly glycoproteins

• Integral (transmembrane) proteins:

–Channels

–Carrier

–Enzymes/pump

–Receptors

–Integrines (attachment of cells)

•Peripheral proteins

–Enzymes

–Controllers of transports

Cell membrane proteins:Cell membrane proteins:Cell membrane proteins:Cell membrane proteins:

CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates

Carbohydrates combinate with proteins or lipids Carbohydrates combinate with proteins or lipids

(glycoproteins, proteoglycans, glycolipids)(glycoproteins, proteoglycans, glycolipids)

Carbohydrate coat: glycocalixCarbohydrate coat: glycocalix

Role of carbohydrates:Role of carbohydrates:

Negative electrical charge (repels other negative objects)Negative electrical charge (repels other negative objects)

Attaching cells to one anotherAttaching cells to one another

Part of receptorsPart of receptors

Immune reactionImmune reaction

•It contains cell organelles, dispersed particles.

•Cytosol: fluid part of cytoplasm

•Cortex: ectoplasm – cytoskeleton (fibrillar proteins)

•Endoplasm

2. 2. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm 2. 2. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

3. 3. Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum3. 3. Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum

Network of tubular and flat vesicular structures Network of tubular and flat vesicular structures

connected with nuclear membrane.connected with nuclear membrane.

– Lipid bilayer

– Endoplasmic matrix

Role: Metabolic functions:Role: Metabolic functions:

– Protein synthesis (granular: ribosomes)

– Lipid synthesis (agranular)

– Breakdown of glicogen (agranular)

4. 4. Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus4. 4. Golgi ApparatusGolgi Apparatus

Closely related to the ERClosely related to the ER

It is composed of more stacked layers of thin, flat, It is composed of more stacked layers of thin, flat,

enclosed vesicles lying near one side of the nucleus.enclosed vesicles lying near one side of the nucleus.

Functions:Functions:

– Carbohydrate synthesis

– Packaging

5. 5. LysosomesVesicular organelles (250-750 nm) contain hydrolase enzymes.

Intracellular digestive system

Digest:

damaged cellular structures

ingested food particles

unwanted matters (bacteria)

6. 6. PeroxisomesVesicular organelles (250-750 nm) contain oxidase enzymes.

Hydrogen peroxide synthesis (H2O2):

Function: detoxification

7. 7. Secretory vesicles

Secretion of special chemical substances (proenzymes).

8. Mitochondria8. Mitochondria8. Mitochondria8. Mitochondria

The The powerhousepowerhouse of of thethe cellcell: : energyenergy extractionextraction (ATP (ATP

synthesissynthesis))

Basic Basic structurestructure

outerouter membranemembrane

innerinner membranemembrane ((infoldingsinfoldings formform shelvesshelves forfor oxidativeoxidative

enzymesenzymes))

matrixmatrix ((dissolveddissolved enzymesenzymes))

DNA: DNA: selfself--replicativereplicative

9. Filaments and tubular structures9. Filaments and tubular structures9. Filaments and tubular structures9. Filaments and tubular structures

–Polymerization of fibrillar proteins

–Ectoplasma, cytoskeleton,

–Actin, myosin filaments

microtubules: flagellum (sperm), microtubules: flagellum (sperm),

centrioles, ciliumcentrioles, cilium

10. Nucleus10. Nucleus10. Nucleus10. Nucleus

Control centerControl center

DNA (genes)DNA (genes)

Determination of characteristics of the cell’s proteinDetermination of characteristics of the cell’s protein

Control reproductionControl reproduction

Nuclear membraneNuclear membrane

–Two separate bilayer membranes

»continuous with ER

»Nuclear pores

NucleolusNucleolus

–Accumulation of RNA and proteins

••TransportTransport, ,

••IngestionIngestion–Endocytosis

»Pinocytosis, phagocytosis

••ExocytosisExocytosis

•• BreakdownBreakdown ((digestiondigestion: : lysosomeslysosomes))

••ATP ATP synthesissynthesis

••SynthesisSynthesis and and formationformation of of cellularcellular structuresstructures–ER: proteins, lipids

–Golgi: polysaccharides

••MovementMovement

••ReproductionReproduction

••SpecialSpecial functionsfunctions

Functional roles of the cellFunctional roles of the cellFunctional roles of the cellFunctional roles of the cell

Extraction of energy from nutritiens (mitochondria)Extraction of energy from nutritiens (mitochondria)

ATP synthesis ATP synthesis

Uses of ATP: Uses of ATP:

Transport through membranesTransport through membranes

Synthesis of chemical compoundsSynthesis of chemical compounds

Mechanical workMechanical work

LocomotionLocomotionLocomotionLocomotion

1. 1. AmeboidAmeboid movementmovement ((whitewhite bloodblood cellscells, , fibroblastsfibroblasts, , embryonicembryonic cellscells))

–Chemotaxis

–Pseudopodium

–Formation of new membrane

–Absorption of membrane

–Attachment of pseudopodium to a surface

– ATP (actin-myosin)

2. 2. CiliaryCiliary movementmovement ((respiratoryrespiratory airwaysairways, , uterineuterine tubestubes))

–Whiplike movement of cilia

–ATP + Mg2+ + Ca2+

3. 3. FlagellumFlagellum ((spermsperm))

–Sinusoidal waves movement

–ATP + Mg2+ + Ca2+

RegulationRegulation

ReproductionReproduction

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Sources: Textbook: William F. Ganong. Review of Medical ... · PDF fileSources: Textbook:...

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