Sources of Energy
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Transcript of Sources of Energy
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
The sources which once used are Lost forever and can’t be replenished.
Causes pollution.
Conventional sources.
Exhaustible sources.
• Eg. Firewood , Diesel , charcoal …….
The sources that have inherent capacity to reappear or replenish themselves by quick cycling, reproduction and replacement within a reasonable time.
Do not cause pollution.
Non-conventional sources.
Inexhaustible sources.
• Eg . Wind energy , Tidal energy …..
Wind mill(Wind energy-Electrical energy)
1. No. of blades 2. Shape of the blades3. Height of the
windmill
WIND VELOCITY
Wind energy farm
TIDAL ENERGY :
LIMITATIONS OF TIDAL ENERGY :
(Tide –Movement of water level along shore.)
High TideGenerator
Reservoir
SeaDam
Low Tide
Sea
Dam
Generator
Reservoir
1) Rise and fall of water is insufficient to generate electricity on large scale.
2) There are very few sites suitable to construct such dams along a sea shore.
UPPERMOST SURFACE
SOIL / STONES
WATER
ROCKS
SPOTS
“MAGMA”(MOLTEN ROCKS)
GEYSER
Generator
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY :GEOTHERMAL
HEATEARTH
ENERGY FROM FLOWING WATER
GENERATOR
(HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT )
LIMITATIONS :
1) Very few sites available .
2) problem of rehabilitation .
MINI HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER
PLANTS…….
TURBIN
ES
Solar energy:
(Energy obtained from sun)
Production of solar energy :
Nuclear fusion reaction
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATIONS
+ ENERGY (heat+light)
[Energy received /sec = 1.8 x 10¹¹ Mw.]
ADVANTAGES OF USING SOLAR ENERGY :
1) Solar energy is a very large & inexhaustible source of energy.
2) Solar energy is a clean source of energy & it does not cause pollution.
Diameter : 1.4 x 10⁶ km.Temperature : (2 x 10⁷)°CDistance : 1.5 x 10⁸ km.
Mass : 2 x 1030 kg.
mass difference - Energy
E = mc²
H
H
H
H
LIMITATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY:1) Solar energy is a dilute source of energy.
•Even in Hottest tropical region , solar energy/sec on 1m², Is less than 1000 joule.
•Very high amt. of energy – Technological applications.
COST IS VERY HIGH.
2) The problem of availability .•Available only during day time.
•Varies with time.
•Varies with seasons.
•Local weather conditions. (cloud cover , wind etc.)COST IS VERY HIGHLA
RGE
STORI
NG
EQUI
PMEN
TSLARGE
COLL
ECTI
NG
SURFA
CES
dilute
The box - insulating materials. (plastic / fiberglass / wood)The inner surface – BLACK. The walls – Thick. •Avoids dust particles to enter in the box.The plane mirror - maximum heat radiations are reflected in the box.The outer surface of cooking pots – BLACK.The temperature - 100°C -140°C. {2 hours} The food cooked which requires slow heating. Viz. Dal , Rice, Pulses, Vegitables.etc.
Solar cooker:
Insulated box
Mirror
(98% incident heat radiations)(To prevent loss of heat)
Transparent Cover
The glass cover . • Retains heat inside the box.
Solar dryer:Used to remove the moisture from the grapes.
Solar cells : solar energy – electrical energy.
(Photovoltaic cells)
easily available in abundance & eco friendly.
A typical solar cell -2 cm² Piece of pure silicon. o.7 Watt electricity.
Large no. of solar cells are combined together “SOLAR PANEL”
Uses :T. V . relay stations , traffic signals ,stations in the remote area.
Calculators & toys.
To pump the water for irrigation.
For lightening the rural area.
SILICON
Flat platecollector
Main coldWater line
Cold water tank
InsulatedStorage tank
Solar radiations
Hot water to tap
SOLAR WATER HEATER
SOLAR WATER HEATER
Flat plate collector. Insulated storage tank. Copper pipes – coils – outer surface - black. Coils – bending provides more area for absorption of heat. All connecting pipes – copper(good conductor of heat).
CONSTRUCTION :
WORKING :
Cold water from tank – Insulated storage tank with pressure. From insulated storage tank – Flat plate collector. Solar radiations , water – Hot – Lighter - goes up - Enters into tank. Hot water being lighter remains at the top. Hot water from tank, through copper pipes - connected to hot water tap.
Flat platecollector
Main coldWater line
Cold water tank
InsulatedStorage tank
Solar radiations
Hot water to tap
Flat platecollector
Main coldWater line
Cold water tank
InsulatedStorage tank
Solar radiations
Hot water to tap
SOLAR WATER HEATER
CA
DM
IU
MC
AD
MI
UM
CADM
IUM
²³⁵U
Ba
n
Kr
²³⁵U
Ba
Kr
n
n
²³⁵U
Ba
Kr
n
n
n
²³⁵U
Ba
Kr
n
n
n
Nuclear fission fission Splitting up of nucleus
²³⁵U
²³⁸UU²³⁴U
Isotopes
More than 99%
Nuclear energy :Energy – Nucleus of an atom
Nuclear fusion
n
n
n
ENERGY….(HEAT)
n
ENERGY….
(HEAT)
ENERGY….
(HEAT)
ENERGY….
(HEAT)
BURNER REACTIONBURNER REACTOR
CONTROLLEDCONTROLLED CHAIN REACTION
UNCONTROLLED
CHAIN REACTIONS
FISSIBLE MATERIAL
FERTILE MATERIAL
239
Pu
BREEDER REACTIONS
BREEDER REACTOR
1 cubic meter
NUCLEAR FUSIONFUSION2
1HDeuteron
2
1H
2
1H
2
1H
2
1H
2
1H
2
1H
2
1H
2
1H
COMBINATION
12 x 109 kJ (kilo-joules)
2
1H2
1H
2
1H
2
1H
2
1H
2
1H
2
1H
2
1H
2
1H
Biomass energy :
(Biomass – Forest ,wood , Agricultural land , Sea animals , Human waste)
DIRECT METHOD INDIRECT METHODBurning
Traditional chulhas
Efficiency – less than 15%
Biologicalconversion
(Converting – solid / liquid / gases)
Fermentation(Decomposition)
Thermochemicalconversion
Gasifier
Bio massPlants & animalsmaterials
N₂ H₂ CO₂
CO CH4complex simple
Biofuels :Solid
Liquid
Seeds of soyabean & corn.
Renewable energy source.Non-poisonous.Bio-degradableReplacement of diesel in diesel industry.
NAGCHAMPA
Gaseous
CHARCOAL
Fuels -Biomass
JATHROPHA CLEAN SOURCE
No sulphur
No aromatics10% oxygen inbuilt
BIODIESEL
BIOGASGaseous fuel - Microbial decomposition - Organic matter - In absence of oxygenMethane (CH4) ,Carbon dioxide (CO2) ,Hydrogen (H2) ,Hydrogen sulphide (H2S).
USES : Clean combustible fuel.Cooking , Space heating , Lightning, etc..
BIOGAS PLANT :Dome
Digestor
SludgeSlurry
Valve
80% methane, [excellent fuel , burns without smoke.]
BIOGAS PLANT :CONSTRUCTION :
Digestor , DomeTwo main parts -
Dome
Fixed type Floating type
DIGESTOR Well like structure containing Animal waste in the form of slurry
Below the ground level
TWO PIPES Feeding animal waste , SLURRY (Cow dung and water)
Taking out the used slurry “SLUDGE”.
VALVE Like a tap
WORKIING : Slurry – slurry tank - DIGESTOR Anaerobic microorganisms decomposes the slurry in presence of water. In few days BIOGAS is evolved.
(CO2), (H2), (H2S).
Biogas – DOME.through valve can be used Residue left behind–“SLUDGE”-sludge tank
SLUDGE – very good fertilizer Rich in N2, P,K. –excellent fertilizers.
Dome
Digestor
SludgeSlurry
Valve
FUELSFuels are the substances which on combustion produces energy in the form of heat.
GaseousSolid Liquid Wood
Coal
Coke
Chief constituent - CELLULOSE (C6H10O5)n
Wood CO2 + H2O + energy (Heat+Light)
Amorphous carbon & carbon compounds
Peat ,Lignite, Bituminous , Anthracite.
Coal (In absence of air)
Coke
90 -95% carbonBurns without smokeProduces more heat than coal
Coke - superior fuel than Coal
GaseousLiquid
FUELSFuels are the substances which on combustion produces energy in the form of heat.
PetroleumComplex mixture of Hydrocarbons
Extracted from earth’s crust
Thick , black liquid
‘’ FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION ’’
Petrol , diesel , kerosene , paraffin wax….
Crude oil
ArtificialNaturalC.N.G.
( Compressed natural gas ) Coal gas
Oil gas
Petrol gas
Water gas
Producer gas
Fractional distillation of coke
Cracking of kerosene
Cracking of petrol
CO + N2 + OTHER GASES
30% 60% 10%
White hot coalsteam
Q
Q 1Q 2
CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUELThe heat liberated in joule on complete burning of one unit of fuel is called as calorific value.
Q = Heat liberated by ‘m’ mass of fuel.Q1 = Heat absorbed by water.Q2= Heat absorbed by container.
m = Mass of fuel.m1 =Mass of water.m2 =Mass of container.
C1= Specific heat capacity of water.
C2= Specific heat capacity of container.
Q = Q1 + Q2 m1c1t(diff) +m2c2t(diff)
-m= Calorific value Units
Joule / kg Calorie / gram
MKS CGS
Q
Name of fuel Calorific value : (joule/kg)
CHARCOAL 33
COAL 25 – 33
WOOD 17
COW DUNG CAKE 7 – 8
KEROSENE 48
FUEL OIL 45
ETHANOL ( ALCOHOL )
30
HYDROGEN 150METHANE 55
BUTANE ( LPG ) 55
BIOGAS 35 - 40
STATE OF FUEL
SOLID
LIQUID
GASES
HYDROGEN – MAXIMUM CALORIFIC VALUECalorific value of Ethane is lower than Methane
methane
C
H
HH
H
Calorific value of Carbohydrates is lower than Hydrocarbons
Ethane
C CH
H
H HH
H
C H
Hydrocarbons Carbohydrates
CHO
10 C - 40 H10 C - 30 H
( CH4 ) ( C2 H6 )
BURNING BURNING