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Sources, Concepts and Conservation. Energy Concepts Forms of Energy 1. Mechanical: 2 types;...
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Transcript of Sources, Concepts and Conservation. Energy Concepts Forms of Energy 1. Mechanical: 2 types;...
Energy Concepts Forms of Energy
1. Mechanical: 2 types; mechanical potential (energy of position) and kinetic (energy of motion)
2. Thermal: Heat is the internal energy in substances- the vibration and movement of atoms and molecules within a substances
3. Chemical: energy stored in bonds between atoms in a molecule
4. Electrical: results from the movement of electrons
5. Nuclear: energy stored in the nuclei of atoms. It is released by either fission (splitting) or Fusion (combining) of atoms
6. Electromagnetic: Electromagnetic energy travels by waves
Power and Units
Power: the amount of work done per time.Work done/ time
The most common unit is kilowatt-hour (kWh)
Units of Energy/PowerUnit or Prefix Description
Btu ( British Thermal Units)
•Unit used in US, most countries use – joule.• the amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 pound of water by 1 degree F.•1 watt is approximately 3.4 Btu/hr•1 horsepower is approximately. 2,540 Btu/hr•12,000 Btu/hr is called a “ton”
Horsepower •Primarily used in the auto industry.•1 horsepower (HP) = 746 watts
Kilo- •Means 1,000 or 103
• 1kW = 103 watts
Mega- •Means 1,000,000 or 106 •1 MW = 106 watts
Watt (electrical) •A kilowatt-hour(kWh) is the amount of energy expended by a 1 kilowatt (1000 watts) device over the course of 1 hour.•Measured in the context of power plants and energy bills
Watt (thermal) •Nuclear power plants produce heat measured in thermal watts
Energy Conversion Problems These conversion problems are often on the AP
exam!Use scientific notationUse the factor-label method:
○ The factor-label method: the sequential application of conversion factors expressed as fractions and arranged so that any dimensional unit appearing in both the numerator and denominator of any of the fractions can be cancelled out until only the desired set of dimensional units is obtained
Scoring these problems by steps: 1 point correct set-up, 1 point correct calculations, No points if work is not shown!
Conversion of MW to kW Example Problem (Handout p283-285 Barrons)
20 MW X (1 x 106 watts) X 1kW = 2 X 104 kW
1 1MW 103 watts
2 X 104 kW X 8,000 hours = 16,000 X 104 kWh/yr
1 1 yr
= 1.6 X 107 kWh/yr
Remember : NO CALCULATORS in the exam
Laws of Thermodynamics 1st law
Energy cannot be created or destroyed 2nd law
When energy is transformed, a less useful form is the result (lower quality energy)
Energy cannot be recycled to a higher quality○ Only 20% of energy in gasoline is converted
to mechanical energy○ 80% is lost as heat (a low quality energy)
Energy Consumption Wood (a renewable source) was the
predominant form of energy up until the Industrial Revolution.
Coal (non-renewable) then surpassed wood’s usage
Coal was overtaken by petroleum in the middle of the 20th century and remains the primary source worldwide today
Natural gas and coal experienced rapid development in the 2nd half of the 20th century
US Energy Consumption US was energy independent, self sufficient
until the late 1950’s Then energy consumption began to outpace
domestic production This led to oil imports The largest energy consumers have always
been industry, followed by transportation, then residential, and commercial uses
Rapid increases in petroleum consumption continued through the 1970’s
Energy Consumption vs. Production
Beginning 1998, net imports of oil surpassed the domestic oil supply in the US
The US consumes 25% of the worlds petroleum production
Present Global Energy Use In the US most of the energy comes
from nonrenewable energy sources (limited supplies) such as:coal, petroleum,natural gas,Propane and uranium
Global Renewable Energy Sources
Renewable sources: relatively short replenishment timeBiomassGeothermalHydropowerSolar energyWind energy
US Energy Production vs. Consumption
Commodity US Production US Consumption
Oil 18% 39%
Natural gas 27% 23%
Coal 33% 23%
Nuclear 10% 7%
Renewable (geothermal, biomass, solar, wind) 9% 3.6%
Hydroelectric 5% 4%
US Energy Production by Sector
Sector %
Transportation 27%
Industrial 38%
Residential and commercial 36%
Future Energy Needs Outlook for next few decades
Continued growth and reliance on the three major fossil fuels○ Petroleum○ Coal○ Natural gas
Realistic, economical viable resources for the future○ Clean coal○ Methane hydrates○ Oil shale○ Tar sands
Clean Coal
Coal is abundant, able to meet global needs for many years to come
Clean Coal: Process which reduces negatives of burning coalIncludes:
○ washing the coal to remove impurities and minerals
○ capturing SO2 and CO2 from the flue gasses
1. O2 added to promote more complete burn2. Coal is pulverized- more complete burn, and washed to remove contaminants3. ash removal, via electrostatic precipitators4. steam is condensed and returned to boiler5. CO2 is recovered using lime, and sequestered