Soundscape Ecologysoundscape-cost.org/documents/Carpri_2011/Pijanowski.pdf · Definitions of...
Transcript of Soundscape Ecologysoundscape-cost.org/documents/Carpri_2011/Pijanowski.pdf · Definitions of...
Soundscape Ecology
Dr. Bryan PijanowskiDepartment of Forestry & Natural Resources
“Over increasingly large areas of the United States, spring now comes unheralded by the return of the birds, and
the early mornings are strangely silent where once they were filled with the beauty of bird song.”
Rachel Carson – The Silent Spring 1962
Overview
1. What is a soundscape?2. Play example soundscapes (5-8 recordings)3. Describe how we measure soundscapes4. Summarize some of our research surrounding
Purdue University5. Describe the role of engineers in research like
this
Biophony – sounds created by biological organisms, mostly insects, amphibians, birds and mammals. Signals carry information and are thus complex.
Geophony – sounds from the movement of wind and water. Driven mostly by climate. Running streams, rain and wind.
Anthrophony – sounds by human-made objects such as machines, friction from road noise, bells, sirens.
Soundscapes
Definitions of Soundscapes• R. Murray Schafer (1994): “the soundscape is
any acoustic field of study… We can isolate an acoustic environment as a field of study just as we can study the characteristics of a given landscape. However, it is less easy to formulate an exact impression of a soundscape than of a landscape” (p. 7).
• Bernie Krause (1987, 2002): all of the sounds (biophony, geophony and anthrophony) present in an environment at a given time, soundscape as a finite resource-competing for spectral space (acoustic niche hypothesis).
What it is not
• Bioacoustics: traditionally focused on species specific traits or a single group of organisms –this is a 70 year old field of study
• Noise research: examining how noise is created in human-dominated areas
Wildlife Area, West of Campus, Midnight, Spring 2009 (Pijanowski)
Madagascar, Dawn Chorus (Krause)
Congo, Nighttime (Krause)
Purdue Evening, Urban Soundscape (Pijanowski)
“Tiny” Soundscape (Krause)
Gini Coefficient definition
Measures evenness across equal sized categories
Uses area under Lorentz curve (ordered cumulative distributions)
Gini coefficient values
= 1 (all sounds are from one frequency band)
=0 (all sounds are equally distributed across all frequency bands)
Measure of Acoustic Frequency Evenness
Step 1 – Import WAV file to GIS
Step 2 – Threshold map based on dB
Step 3 – Filter binary map using majority
Step 4 – Convert to shape file and calculate geometry (area)
Step 5 – Histogram of area (for one 15 recording)
1 10 100 1,000AREA
0.00.00.00.0
Proportion per Bar
1
10
100
1,000
10,000
Cou
nt
Sound Patch Analysis
Spectrograph as a Unit of Analysis
freq
uenc
yfr
eque
ncy
freq
uenc
yfr
eque
ncy
Time (15 mins) Time (15 mins)
Purdue Wildlife (Wetland) Area, April 7, 2008
Rhythms of Nature
Hour
Acou
stic
Fre
quen
cy D
iver
sity
Dawn ChorusDusk Chorus
Peak and troughDifferential Amax-Amin= 0.23
Trough
Peak
over river
2m from edge
20m from river edge
40m from river edge
Waveforms and Spectrograms for 10 sec recordings at La Selva (near SOR350)
Design Database Management Systems (this one stores over 20 TB of data!)
http://1159sequoia05.fnr.purdue.edu/tippecanoe/
http://1159sequoia05.fnr.purdue.edu/laselva/
Special issue in Landscape Ecology(October 2011 issue)
Truax and Barrett. Foreword to the special issuePijanowski and Farina. Introduction to the special issuePijanowski et al. What is soundscape ecology?Barber et al. Modeling noise in National ParksFrancis et al. Nesting success of birds in noisy environmentsElda et al. National Park Service soundscape management plansDumyahn and Pijanowski. Managing soundscapes as common pool resourcesDumyahn and Pijanowski. Soundscape conservationVillanueva-Rivera et al. A primer of acoustics for ecologists
Global Sustainable Soundscape Network
Research Coordination Network52 founding members (North America, Europe and Australia)
ecologistspsychoacousticiansenvironmental engineersmusicians part of acoustic ecology
Activitiesvisit 8 ecosystems (Alaska, desert, Borneo, Tuscanny, northern lakes, jungle)share datadevelop standards
Theme Teamsrecording standardsanalysis and toolsdata managementpolicy and managementengage the public
http://www.davidmonacchi.it/indiceen.htm
David Monacchi – Italian Soundscape Composer (Artist and Sound Engineer)
Ambisonic instrumentation
Design a better acoustic sensor
Need sensors that can (1) withstand harsh environments (2) record a long time with the need for artificial power (3) transmit acoustic data via wireless communication (4) set up in sensor networks (1000s of acoustic sensors synchronized) (5) integrate other sensors (temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, soil moisture, surface albedo)
Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR)
• Active remote sensing• Range (Laser) + Location
(GPS) + Attitude (IMU) = 3D coordinates of surface
Collect and Process Remote Sensing Data to Characterize Landscapes
Dr. P in Costa Rica (Oct. 2010)
For further informationDr. Bryan Pijanowski305 FORS BuildingDepartment of Forestry and Natural [email protected]