40104 r

42

2 1.

}n nonnonnn o o}non

}(longitudinal wave) n 2.1

2.1 nnn . nnn

n nn onn nnon on

n n oo n}r n nn noo n}r n nnnn (

nnS/2 90q

40104 r

43

nonn nn o{oo{o2.

}oo onn n n 2.1[Jerry D.Wilson] 2.1 n

(m/s) orp (0qC) (100qC) (0qC) (0qC) (0qC)

51003500450052001850

112514001500

331 387

965 1284 316

40104 r

44

n

1. po vMRTP J

UJ

J }nnopn J = 1.40

R }np = 8.31 J/mol.K M }p = 0.0288 kg/mol P }p n N/m2

U }np n kg/m3

2. o vUE

E }n Bulk modulus () n N/m2

U }n n kg/m3

3. o vUy

y }n Young , modulus n N/m2

U }n n kg/m3

r v = fO

r v t6.0331 v } tqC

n m/sv TD t } n

T } n p

vUJP (1)

p (P) = 1.01x105 N/m2

n , U = 1.29 kg/m3

pn np , 40.1 J 0qC no

0v smxx /08.331

29.11001.140.1 5

40104 r

45

p p V } ,R }np = 8.31 n , T }} , m }p , M }p 1 p

Mmn

on PV = nRT

MRT

VRT

MmP U

MRTP U ..(2)

nnp 40.1 J , molkgxM /108.28 3 R = 8.317 J/mol K n (2) on

vmolkgx

KxTKmolJx/108.28

)()./317.8()40.1(3

v T1.20

(1) onMmn

on TvD , Tkv t t v t tk 273 (3) 0 v 0 0273 k

0vv t

2731

273273 tt

0vv t 2

1

)273

1( t

tv 21

0 )2731( tv .(4)

r ....)16821()1(32

21

xxxx

21

2731

t o

....273

.211

2731

21

tt

5461 t

nn -40qC 40qC o21

2731

t 546

1 t

n(2) o tv )546

1(331 t

40104 r

46

tv t6.0331 .. (5) o

UE v E } (N/m2)

U }n (kg/m3)

1.} o

Uyv Y }nr n N/m2

U }n n kg/m3

2. o on o o o 2 } n} on o

3. r (Kundtexperiment) r (Kunt,s tube) 2.2

2.2 r

oo R l on D dno non nononrn nor o R o nn

.n n o d o L no nor rn}nnnn ono O f o l2 O

UOy

lvf

21 y }no U }no

r nno 2.2 on d2 cO d }nnrn(n) n fv Oc =2df

40104 r

47

ro (v) o nono3. rn

} o

3.1 rr (beats) }r 2 no

nno rn on}

(n) 1 nr (beatsfrequency ; 'f , fB)

onn o} rron 7 10 rr

r = 21 fff 'r}n

221 fff

2.3 nn

40104 r

48

o 1 f1 o 2 f2no n A

(1) tAy 11 sinZ

(2) tAy 22 sinZ

y

)sin(sin 2121 ttyyY A ZZ

2

sin2

cos2sinsin BABABA

ttAy )2

sin(])2

cos(2[ 2121 ZZZZ

tfftffAy )222

sin(])222

cos(2[ 2121SSSS

tfftffAy )2

(2sin])2

(2cos2[ 2121

SS

no = 121 2 fff

tfAy 11 2sin S 1A }r ]2

)(2cos2[ 211 tffAA S

tff

Ay )2

(2sin 211

S

r )cos(2 21212221 ttAAAAA ZZ A n )cos( 21 tt ZZ n

)cos( 21 tt ZZ n SZZ ntt 2)( 21 SSS ntftf 222 21

tnff 21

tn } r

r = 21 ffff B '

40104 r

49

r }n2

21 fff

o 0.1 1 o 10 rr

{on 10 / o 10 / nonon2.1 oo r 5 rr oo

300 rr oon ono nr 2 Hz o o

oo 1 n = f1 = f1/

oorn f1 f2 1 n f1 = 300 Hz , fB = 5 Hz , f2 = ?

fB = f1 - f2 5 = 300 f2 f2 = 300 5 = 295 Hz

2 f2 = 295 Hz , fB = 2 Hz , f1/ = ?

fB = f1/ - f2 2 = f1/ - 295 f1/ = 297 Hz

fB = f2 - f1/

2 = 295 - f1/

f1/ = 293 Hz o 2 = 295 Hz o = 293 Hz 293 Hz

40104 r

50

n 2.2 oo 600 rr oon o}n 0.5 0.5 } 1 1 } 2

5.01

r HzfB 2 o f1 = 600 Hz , f2 = ? fB = f1 - f2

2 = 600 - f2 f2 = 598 Hz

fB = f2 - f1 2 = f1 - 600 f1 = 602 Hz

oo 600 Hz oo 598 Hz 602 Hz

3.2 }ron n n

2.4 (P)(x) n 90q

{oonnnn } (P)

n} (x)n } (P)

n} (x)nnn (1 loop) =

2O

o popo o} { nn n pon 2.4

40104 r

51

3.3 o

nnnnn onn ( Otd ) oo no

o oo 0.1 o ooonn 0.1 oo oono (Echo) nn 20qC nooo

2S = vt , mxtvs 05.17

2)206.0331(1.01.0

ro1.ono orn

oo on onnno nono

2.o oonn n r on 3.o jo o} o o S = vt S } v } t }o

x x X h X

T T .

2.5 . oo. oT o

o S = vto S = vt n = t

40104 r

52

n 2.3 nno 2 n oo 1 s n 3 s n 4 s o} 335 m/s nno

ono x y ooo x 1

S = vt o 2d1 = 331x1 ..(1)

o y 3 o 2d2 = 335x3 ..(2)

(1)+(2) 2(d1+d2) = 335x4 d1+d2 = 670no = 670

3.4 nn

nnn no n ro

2

1

1

2

2

1

2

1

2

1

sinsin

TT

nn

vv

OO

TT

1T = , 2T = O1 = , O2 =

v1 = , v2 = T = t +273 , T } t }nnn 1. jnnojo o

nno nn jnnoonnon on no nno

40104 r

53

2.6 jnnojo

2. n nnn onnoo 2.7

2.7

3. n nnn onnnno 2.8

2.8

T , v

T , vo

T , v

T , vo

T

T

40104 r

54

n 2.4 no 50 on o 45q o n 0.50 / nn (o)

vv ]

30sin45sin $$

vv

2/12/1

21 v

o S

sh $45sin

hs 2 S = vt vth 2 )50(2

21 h

h = 25 m nn 25

n 2.5 T1onnT2n 1T n 2T onnn 1sinT

2sinT nT1 = 1.0201T2 (oo e 2522) ro T1 = 1.0201T2

2

1

2

1

sinsin

TT

TT

01.10201.10201.1sinsin

2

2

2

1 T

TTT

40104 r

55

3.5 2 o } r

n n n2.9

. . non

. L d

2.9 n n

onOnPsPs 21 ; n = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3,.

o L d onOT nd sin ; n = 0 , 1 , 2 , 3,.

OnLxd

n o onOnQsQs 21 ; n = 1 , 2 , 3,.

o L d onOT )

21(sin nd ; n = 1 , 2 , 3,.

O)21( n

Lxd

oon Acoustic Interferometer }o oon}o P oo { R o r2 o o 2.10

40104 r

56

2.10

{ R on

Onrr 12 ; n = 0 , 1 , 2 ,3 ,..o } x o

Onxrr 212{ R o on

O)21(12 nrr ; n = 1 , 2 , 3 , ..

o } x on O)

21(212 nxrr

3.6 or (resonance)n o nonn

o nn n(natural frequency)

no onn onon o o ono o ononn

o }ron onnnn on o

nnnrn o}

3.6.1 no1. (Fundamental frequency) n

o2. r (Overtone)

40104 r

57

3. r (Harmonic) on}n

3.6.2 onrd 1 o nonrodod

o no n}r nnn }nodno } o nnnonn n } (stationary wave) n onnnorn dn}n d}n

on}n 20 rr 20,000 rr no oooo oonnoon

on 2.11

2.11 ond 1o 2.10 . } L1 o } L2 o

41O L

432O L

n O21

12 LL

40104 r

58

}o O

21

1 nn LL n = 1 , 2 , 3, o v = fO

)(2 1 nn LLvf

v } , n = 1 , 2 , 3 ,.3.6.3 onrd 1 o

nd

2.12 nd

(a) L = O/4 , f1 = v/4L

(b) L = 3(O/4) , f2 = 3(v/4L) r 1

( c) L = 5(O/4) , f3 = 5(v/4L) r 2

rn loop nd

124

nLO

Lvnvf

4)12(

O n } nr + 1

n = 1 oLvf41

nr 1 }

n = 2 o )4

(32 Lvf = 3f1 nr 3 }r 1

n = 3 o )4

(53 Lvf = 5f1 nr 5 }r 2

n = 4 o )4

(74 Lvf = 7f1 nr 7 }r 3

nd 1 o rn on r 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 ,

40104 r

59

2.13 fundamental mode rd od}

3.6.4 onrd 2 o nd 2 o

(a) L = O/2 , f1 = v/2L

(b) L = 2(O/2) , f2 = 2(v/2L) r 1

( c) L = 3(O/2) , f3 = 3(v/2L) r 2 rn loop

2.14 nd

nd 2 o

nL2 O

Lnvvf2

O

n } nr + 1

n = 1 oLvf21

nr 1 }

n = 2 o )2

(22 Lvf = 2f1 nr 2 }r 1

n = 3 o )2

(33 Lvf = 3f1 nr 3 }r 2

n = 4 o )2

(44 Lvf = 4f1 nr 4 }r 3

ndrn on r 1 , 2 ,3 ,4 ,.

40104 r

60

3.6.5 o

2.15 (a) L o (b) r 1 (c) r 2 (d) r 3

nL

n2 O n = 1 , 2 ,3 ,.

Lvnvf

nn 2

O

n = 1 , 2 ,3 ,

PTv

T = P = nn

PT

Lnf n 2

n = 1 , 2 ,3 ,

n 2.6 odo onon oooo o no 2 n on o 15 2 o 47 oorr on 352 /

(oo e 2543)

2 2 =2O

21547 O

64 O cm

ro v = 352 m/s , f = ? Ofv Hz

Hzxsmvf 550

1064/3522

O

on 550 Hz

40104 r

61

n 2.7 r do o 350 rr n o 1.5 m

n 350 m/s 1 ro f = 350 Hz , l = 1.5 m v = .350 m/s , n = ?

d 2 ol

nvf2

)5.1(2)/350(350

msmnHz

n = 3n 3 n

2 n Ofv m

Hzsm

fv 1

350/350 O

1 loop = 2O = = 0.5 m

n 0.5 m 1 nn 1.5 m

5.05.11x = 3 n

n 3 n 2.8 o 1 o on } 200 rr o 900 on} 200 rr o 900 on

o} 400 rr nonn oo 1 lop

lvnf2

n = 1 oP1

1 21 Tl

f .(1)

P2

2 21 Tl

f ..(2)

2

1

2

1

TT

ff

2

1

2

2

1

TT

ff

..(3)

ro f1 = 200 Hz , f2 = 400 Hz , T1 = T , T2 = T + 900 N

40104 r

62

o 900400

200 2

TT

NT 300 n (1)

P1

1 21 Tl

f

o12

300

200xP

31088.1 xP kg/m = 1.88 g/m 3.7

oo n nono noono rorn oo} nno ono}onn o{noo

nn o AB }on ABO o AB = O on(node) AB = 2O o 1 (N1) AB = 3 O o 2.16

n (node) Q path difference = nO AQ BQ = nO. n = 1 , 2 , 3 ,

2.16 nnon = 3O

40104 r

63

oonnn noo} no

3.8 rr (Doppler effect) ndnnn

o o nn oo

n oo n o n nn 2.17

2.17 . o n. o n oo{

o nnno{o noo{no

ro{o no{n nrr (Doppler effect)

ndo{n o}n 2.17 . (f) (O ) (v) r

Ovf

1. n oon n(d) ooo = vs

n = fs = vs 2.18

40104 r

64

t = 0 t = T t = T 2.18 o n

1 ,sf

Tt 1 o 1 ; d = vT = O

1 no ; ds = vsT 1 oo O o nn t = T noo{onnn O/

2.15 O/ = d - ds = vT - vsT = (v - vs)Too n

s

s

fvv

cO .(6)

oo (fo) o Oc vf o

nO/ o

s

so vvvff ..(7)

2. n on n oo

O/ = d + ds = vT + vsT = (v + vs)To n

s

s

fvv

cO .(8)

o o (fo) o Oc vf o

nO/ o

s

so vvvff ..(9)

(7) (9) ooo non

sso vv

vff#

.(10)

40104 r

65

( nooo{n) ( + noo{n)

3. o{onn nn no()n =O

sfv O = v fs n = fs

ooo vo o n(s) 2.19

2.19 oo voonn

no(O/) nnon O/ = O = vot = voT

no v/ = v + vo (11)

o f0 }no(o{o) ; O/vf o

n v/ o vvv

ff oso

(12)

4. o{nnonn

oo v/ = v - vo ..(13)

ooO

/vf o

n v/ o vvv

ff oso

. (14) (12) (14) ooo o nn

vvv

ff osor

(15)

40104 r

66

( + oo{o nn) ( +-oo{nn)

ooonn oo

r

s

oso vv

vvff

#..(16)

n (+vo vs ) nono nn (-vo +vs ) no nn 2.7 ro 96 km/hr oono

500 Hz o 346 m/s 1. ooo2. oo3. oroo4. orn o5. oo() o 7 m/s on

6. oo() oo 7 m/s on

vs = 96 km/hr = 27 m/s , fs = 500 Hz , v = 346 m/s 1. O ooo = ?

Ooo =

s

s

fvv

cO

mHz

sm 638.0500

/27346/ O

2. O oo = ? Oo =

s

s

fvv

cO

mHz

sm 746.0500

/27346/ O

3. fo ooon

s

so vvvff

smsmsmHz

/27/346/346500

Hzf o 542

4. fo oon

40104 r

67

s

so vvvff

smsmsmHz

/27/346/346500

Hzf o 464

5. vs = 0 , o vo = 7 m/s , fo = ?

vvvff oso

=

smsmsmHz

/346/7/346500 = 490 Hz

6. vs = 0 , oo(o) vo = 7 m/s , fo = ?

vvvff oso

=

smsmsmHz

/346/7/346500 = 510 Hz

3.9 (Shock Wave) }r non

n oo}}o nnn on

non oo} ono on (sonic boom)ooooooo

onn }n onrnnnn on o} (shock waves) 2.17

40104 r

68

2.20 () 2.20 () g

2.17 n o v vs no o} T r

ss vv

tvvt Tsin

nnn , Mach number (M)

vvM s

Tsin1

(Mach number) onnn n 3 }nnoo

o = hn n Aon B C n B } x h nx o

2.21 o

'ABC oss vv

tvvt Tsin

'BCD oxh Tsin

xh

vvs

n 2.8 o 510 m/s 6 km no nn}nn 340 m/s

40104 r

69

.vs = 510 m/s , h = 6x103 m , v = 340 m/s x = ?

xh

vv

s

Tsin

xh

vvs

smsmmx

vhv

x s/340

)/510)(106( 3

kmmxx 9109 3 nn} 9 km o

4.ooor 3 o

noon20 20000 rr o oo oo 4.1 -o (sound intensity : I )

nnn nnn n}n rnnnnono

o n oo(P)nn o(I)

(A):nn ( R ) o

API

24 RPIS

oronn 10-12 - 1 W/m2

ooo I0 = 10-12 W/m2

oo Imax = 1 W/m2

40104 r

70

4.2 o (sound intensity level ; E )oronn 1 10-12 W/m2

non} 1012 no }nn oon ononrn { }on} { 2.2 2.2 no}oo {nrn

nno {oor{o

o n

10-12 100 0 10-11 101 110-10 102 210-9 103 3

. ..10-1 1011 11100 1012 12

4.3 roox o n}o I }o n W/m2

I0 }oro = 10-12 W/m2

o(Intensity level ; E) n

0

log10II E

ro db01010log10 12

12

E

ro db12010

1log10 12 E

x o E1 E2 }oo I1 I2 nonn

o0

2

0

121 log10log10 I

III

EE

40104 r

71

).(log102

0

0

121 I

III

EE

2

121 log10 I

I EE

x o R1 R2 }nnn o I1 I2

21

1 4 RPIS

, 22

2 4 RPIS

21

22

2

1

RR

II

2

121 log10 I

I EE

on 21

22

21 log10 RR

EE

2

1

221 log10

RREE

1

221 log20 R

R EE

x o n} n onnn n noo

nII 0

1log10InI

n E

4.4 onono{ on}

(noise pollution) oo{on}oo{o oo 2.3

40104 r

72

2.3

(n) o oonn ()

on 7 7-8n 8

919080

4.5 (pitch)n }

no (bass) }n(trebel )

nno}r rn 2.4

2.4 nr

C()

D () E () F () G ()

A () B () C/ ()

(Hz)

256 288 320 341 384 427 480 512

n C/ }n C C// }n C/ C C/ C/ C// nn (octave) 4.6 [ r ]

on i o e }o

nnon {oonnon} ne~nn ndrn ( quanlity of sound) n

nrr (overtones) n

40104 r

73

rn (fundamental) o r}n n 2 , 3 , 5 n nr}r rn}n n r} 1.5 .. n r} .. }o nrn}r

onnn o rn nronrn onnnn n n n nonno 4.7. o

nnno ono o nn}nn n n n 2.22

no n oo

no (eardrum) } dn }nnnnn o }o n ooon

2.22n

n}n}nn (cochlea) noonnonon oooo

ono nnooor 2.23

40104 r

74

2.23 . 2.23 . 2.23 noo

2.23 .nn 40 Hz o no 60 dB n n 1,000 Hz oo 10 dB n n ( 2.23 . .) no (threshold of hearing) o (threshold of pain) ooo n nooo ono o onnnon no oon{} o on

4.8 n rno 2.24

2.24

40104 r

75

nonn 20 20,000 rr non n 4.8.1 on r (infrasound)

}n 0.1 20 rr on n0.1 r no on nn no 4.8.2 (ultrasound)

20 rr }oo n 20 rr n r (ultrasound)

o 6x108 r or o 5x10-5 o

oooon o non

on o oo o roon ondoonn

r - o} nnon oo o

- o{ nooooooo o oo

- o orn 20 100 k Hzno o rn20 100 kHz n o }jnor

- o o rn

40104 r

76

- o n n n n }n rn (cavitation) n on noo 20 - 30 rr o}no

- o n o n d (echoenphalography)

- o n d (ultrasonography) j} rr(tranduser) nonn onnnno oorro}jnr

.

o

Crummett , P., William and Western, B. Arthur. University Physics Models and Applications. USA: McGraw-Hill, 1994 Cuttnell, John D. and Johnson, Kenneth W. Physics. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2004Giancoli, Douglas C. Physics Principle with Applications. USA: Prentice Hall. 1998 Halliday, Resnick and Walker. Fundamentals of Physics. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2005 Reese, Ronald Lane. University Physics. USA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 2000. Sanny, Jeff and Moebs, William. University Physics. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1996 Serway , Raymond A., John W and Jewett, Jr. Physics for Scientists and engineers. USA: Thomson Brooks/cole, 2004 Willson, Jerry D. College Physics. second edition ,USA: Prentice- Hall, Inc. 1994

40104 r

77

rdr rr. dr 1. r 11: r, 2543.

r . Concept Physics. : , 2537. r , r . roo

dr .4.5.6. : , . dr .4.5.6 021 , 022 , 023 , 024 , 025 ,026. : ,n r, r r, n r r r. APPLIED PHYSICS dr 3 027. : , 2537. r r. ndr .5 n 3 027 n o 3. :

, 2544. . dr 3 027 (.5 n 3). : r, 2542 . dr 1 rr. dr

r oo, r r . MODERN COMPACT PHYSICS 1-6. :

, 2540. , . dr 027. r 2 : r

o, 2541. or. dr .5 n 3 027. : ,