Sound Waves Sound is created when objects vibrate. This vibration causes molecules in the...
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Transcript of Sound Waves Sound is created when objects vibrate. This vibration causes molecules in the...
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Sound Waves
Sound is created when objects vibrate.
This vibration causes molecules in the surrounding medium to vibrate as well.
This, in turn, causes pressure changes in the medium.
Pressure Fluctuations
Pattern stays the same
Pressure decreases
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Quantifying Sound
Amplitude
Intensity
Frequency
Hertz (Hz)
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Most Sound is a Mix of Waves
Time (msec)
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Spectral Analysis
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Differences in Animal Hearing
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Differences in Mammalian Hearing
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The Range of Human Hearing
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Loudness Variations
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Outer Ear Variations
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Human Ear Divisions
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Human Ear Anatomy
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Middle Ear Bones
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
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Inner Ear - Cochlea
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CochleaCross Section
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Cochlear Partition
Organ ofCorti
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Hair Cells
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Hair Cell Neurochemistry
Inner Hair Cells:•afferent: Glu•efferent: ACh
Outer Hair Cells:•afferent: ACh•efferent: GABA
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Sound, Vibration,
and Transduction
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Stereocilia
Electronmicrographof stereocilia tip links
(Hudspeth, 1992)
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Tip Link Neurochemistry
Tip Link Movement:
•Opens non-selective ion channels
•K+ and Ca++ enter cell causing depolarization
•Causing voltage-gated Ca++ channels to open at cells base
•Ca++ triggers the release of neurotransmitter that stimulates afferent fiber
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Cochlea
Specific movementof the basilar membranestimulates specific cells
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Auditory Pathway
Auditory Cortex
Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN)
Inferior Colliculus
Superior Olivary Nucleus
Cochlear Nucleus
Auditory Nerve