Sound and LightSection 1 EQ: How do different mediums affect the speed of sound?
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Transcript of Sound and LightSection 1 EQ: How do different mediums affect the speed of sound?
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Sound and Light Section 1
EQ: How do different mediums affect the speed of sound?
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Sound and Light Section 1
Properties of Sound
What are the characteristics of sound waves?
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Sound and Light Section 1
16-1-1 Properties of Sound
• sound wave: a longitudinal wave that is caused by vibrations and that travels through a material medium
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Sound and Light Section 1
16-1-2 Properties of Sound
• In air, sound waves spread out in all directions away from the source.
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16-1-3 Properties of Sound, continued
• Sound waves travel faster through liquids and solids than through gases because the greater the density of the medium the better the transmission.
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Properties of Sound, continued
Speed of Sound in Various Mediums
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16-1-4 Properties of Sound, continued
loudness: is the effect that intensity has on the ear
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16-1-5 Properties of Sound, continued
intensity: depends on amplitude and distance and describes the rate at which a sound wave transmits energy through a given area of a medium
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16-1-6 Properties of Sound, continued
•Intensity is measured in units called decibels, dB.
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Sound and Light Section 1
16-1-7 Properties of Sound, continued
•pitch: is the ear’s perception of frequency
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16-1-8 Properties of Sound, continued
•infrasound: frequencies lower than 20 Hz which are below the range of human hearing
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16-1-9 Properties of Sound, continued
•ultrasound: frequencies higher than 20,000 Hz which are above human hearing range
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Sound and Light Section 1
16-1-10 Musical Instruments
How do musical instruments make sound?
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Sound and Light Section 1
16-1-10 Musical Instruments
Most instruments rely of standing waves produced through the vibration of strings, air columns, or membranes.
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Sound and Light Section 1
16-1-11 Musical Instruments
Standing waves can exist only at certain wavelengths on a string.
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16-1-12 Musical Instruments
fundamental frequency: The primary standing wave on a vibrating string has a wavelength that is twice the length of the string.
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16-1-13 Musical Instruments, continued• Resonance: a
phenomenon that amplifies sound
when two objects naturally vibrate at the same frequency
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16-1-14 Musical Instruments, continued• natural frequencies: the specific
frequencies at which an object is most likely to vibrate depending on the object’s shape, size, mass, and the material from which the object is made.
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Sound and Light Section 1
How do ears help humans hear sound waves?
Hearing and the Ear
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The human ear is divided into three regions—outer, middle, and inner in which vibrations in the air are sensed, amplified, and transmitted to the brain.
16-1-15 Hearing and the Ear
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Hair cells near the part of the membrane that vibrates then stimulate nerve fibers that send an impulse to the brain.
16-1-17 Hearing and the Ear, continued
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〉How are the reflections of sound waves used?
〉Reflected sound waves are used to determine distances and to create images.
• Some ultrasound waves are reflected at boundaries.
Ultrasound and Sonar
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• Ultrasound imaging is used in medicine.
• The echoes of very high frequency ultrasound waves, between 1 million and 15 million Hz, are used to produce computerized images called sonograms.
• Some ultrasound waves are reflected at boundaries.
– Some sound waves are reflected when they pass from one type of material into another.
– How much sound is reflected depends on the density of the materials at each boundary.
– The reflected waves can be made into a computer image called a sonogram.
Ultrasound and Sonar, continued
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• Sonar is used to locate objects underwater.• Sonar: sound navigation and ranging, a system that
uses acoustic signals and echo returns to determine the location of objects or to communicate
• A sonar system determines distance by measuring the time it takes for sound waves to be reflected back from a surface.
d = vt• d is distance
• v is the average speed of the sound waves in water
• t is time
Ultrasound and Sonar, continued