Soreq Low energy particle accelerators activities in Israel Dan Berkovits April 10 th 2014 RECFA...
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Transcript of Soreq Low energy particle accelerators activities in Israel Dan Berkovits April 10 th 2014 RECFA...
Soreq
Low energy particle
accelerators activities in Israel
Dan Berkovits
April 10th 2014
RECFA meeting @ TAU
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Soreq
Outline
VdG ion accelerators at the Weizmann Institute of Science
Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility (SARAF)
HUJI involvement in CLIC
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The 3 MV Van de Graaff Accelerator at the Weizmann Institute
TECHNICAL• 3 MV• p,d,3He and 4He beams• Up to 10 mA particle current on target• Three beam lines for experiments• Easy operation
SCIENTIFIC• Low-energy nuclear reactions for
astrophysics• Neutrons via d-induced reactions on LiF• Radioactive nuclei production• Detector development• Implantation for optical wave guides
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14 MV Tandem VdG accelerator @ WIS 1976-2007
G. Goldring, M. Hass and M. Paul, Nuclear
Physics News, Vol. 14, No. 3 (2004) 3-13
• Acceleration of all ions from protons (28 MeV) to actinides
• First 15 years: nuclear physics• Last 20 years: accelerator mass
spectrometry, coulomb explosion imaging of molecules and space devices radiation damage
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The DANGOOR Research Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Laboratory @ WIS
http://www.weizmann.ac.il/Dangoor/home
0.5 MV Tandem Pelletron for 14C dating
1 PhD Physics + 4 PhD users + 5 PhD students in Archaeology and Anthropology
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SARAF
Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility
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SARAF – Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility
To enlarge the experimental nuclear science infrastructure and promote research in Israel
To develop and produce radioisotopes for bio-medical applications
To modernize the source of neutrons at Soreq and extend neutron based research and applications
Soreq
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SARAF Accelerator ComplexParameter Value Comment
Ion Species Protons/Deuterons
M/q ≤ 2
Energy Range 5 – 40 MeV Variable energy
Current Range
0.04 – 5 mA CW (and pulsed)
Operation 6000 hours/year
Reliability 90%
Maintenance Hands-On Very low beam loss
superconducting RF linear acceleratorPhase I - 2009 Phase II
Soreq
Target Hall
(2019)
Phase-I accelerator
20012010
Phase-II accelerator
diffractometer
Radiopharmaceutical
linac
Thermal n source 40 m
radiography
R&D
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Nuclear Physics status in Israel Until a few years ago, there was a clear decrease of
the number of nuclear physics researchers and students in Israel
Senior researchers in Israeli academia formulated recommendations for improvement, which include the construction of SARAF as a world-class domestic scientific infrastructure that will attract new researchers and students
In recent years we observe a trend reversal, which is attributed also to the expectations for the construction of SARAF
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SARAF Scientific Research Potential
1. Search for physics beyond the Standard Model
2. Nuclear Astrophysics
3. Exploration of exotic nuclei
4. High-energy neutron induced cross sections
5. Neutron based material research
6. Neutron based therapy
7. Development of new radiopharmaceuticals
8. Accelerator based neutron imaging
11 I. Mardor, “SARAF - The Scientific Objectives”, SNRC Report #4413, May 2013
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Fast neutrons Spallation vs. stripping spectra
40 MeV d-Li vs. 1400 MeV p-W, 0 deg forward spectra,
8 cm downstream the primary target
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Area optimal for the (n,a)
(n,p) (n,2n) (n,f)T. Hirsh PhD. WIS thesis 2012, T. Stora et al. EPL (2012) and D. Berkovits et al.
LINAC12
Spallation
Direct+stripping
10 x d+T generator
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e+
ne
nucleus
q
SARAF Phase II - “Day 1” (1/1) 40 MeV 5 mA CW protons and deuterons Two-stage irradiation target for light exotic nuclei (e.g., 6He, 8Li, 17-23Ne)
M. Hass et al., J. Phys. G. 35 (2008), T. Hirsh et al., J. Phys. NPA 337 (2012) Traps (e.g., EIBT, MOT) for study of exotic nuclei and beyond SM physics
S. Vaintraub et al. J. of Physics 267 (2011), O. Aviv et al. J. of Physics 337 (2012) Liquid lithium target for fast and epi-thermal neutrons
Nuclear astrophysics, BNCT, neutron induced cross sections G. Feinberg et. al., Nucl. Phys. A 337 (2012), Phys. Rev. C 85 (2012) S. Halfon et al. App. Rad. Isot. 69 (2011), RSI 84 (2013), RSI submitted (2014)
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e
Much room for improvement on Ne, towards per-mill precision
MACS with 1011 n/sec – 100 times FZ Karlsruhe
G. Ron HUJI
M. Paul HUJI
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SARAF Phase II - “Day 1” (1/2)
40 MeV 5 mA CW protons and deuterons Neutron based radiography, tomography and diffractometry
I. Sabo-Napadensky et al. JINST (2012) Radiopharmaceutical research and development
I. Silverman et al. AccApp (2013), R. Sasson et. al. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (2010) Neutron induced radiation damage on small samples and low statistic
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Thermal neutron source
9Be(d,xn)
d beam
Replacement of the Soreq 5MW research reactor
H. Hirshfeld et al. Soreq NRC #3793 (2005), NIM A (2006)
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Nuclear physics groups @ Phase-I # of
studentsInstitute P.I. subject
3Hebrew University M. Paul
Inter stellar nucleosynthesisSNRC A. Shor
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Weizmann Institute M. Hassb decay study of exotic nuclei in traps for beyond SM physics
Hebrew University G. Ron
SNRC T. Hirsh
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U. Conn and Yale M. Gai
Neutrons destruction of 7Be to Solve thePrimordial 7Li Problem
PSI D. Schumann
ISOLDE-CERN T. Stora
SNRC L. Weissman
Hebrew University M. Paul
Weizmann Institute M. Hass
1Hebrew University M. Paul
Accelerator based BNCTHadasa HUJI M. SrebnikD. Steinberg
1IRMM-JRC A. Plompen
F.-J. Hambsch Generation IV reactors neutron cross section SNRC A. Shor
SNRC A. KreiselL. Weissman Deuterons cross section measurements
NPI-Rez J. Mrazek
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SARAF Phase II - Subsequent Upgrades 20 MeV/u sub-mA CW a
b-NMR and more (e.g., COLTRIM, Reaction Microscope)
Thin 238U target + gas extraction + ECR + MR-TOF (IGISOL)
Liquid D2O target for quasi-mono-energetic fast neutrons
Cold and ultra-cold neutrons
~3 MV post accelerator + gas (He) target
A compact 4 p n detector for distinct-spectra of n and anti-n
Acceleration of heavier ions, to higher MeV/u
~109 fission fragments / sec
>300 n events / sec
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SARAF Phase-I 176 MHz linac
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4-rod, 250 kW, 4 m, 1.5 MeV/uP. Fischer et al., EPAC06
2500 mm
Beam
6 HWR b=0.09, 0.85 MV, 60 Hz/mbar3 Solenoids 6T, separated vacuumprotons 4 MeV, deuterons 5 MeV
M. Pekeler, LINAC 2006
EIS
LEBT RFQ
PSM
7 m
Designed and built by RI/Accel
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A. Nagler, Linac2006K. Dunkel, PAC 2007 C. Piel, PAC 2007 C. Piel, EPAC 2008 A. Nagler, Linac 2008J. Rodnizki, EPAC 2008J. Rodnizki, HB 2008 I. Mardor, PAC 2009A. Perry, SRF 2009
I. Mardor, SRF 2009L. Weissman, DIPAC 2009L. Weissman, Linac 2010J. Rodnizki, Linac 2010D. Berkovits, Linac 2012L. Weissman, RuPAC 2012
SARAF phase-I linac – upstream view
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SARAF Phase-I linac status
SARAF Phase-I is the first to demonstrate:
2 mA CW variable energy protons beam
Acceleration of ions through HWR SC cavities
1.5 mA CW proton irradiation of a liquid lithium jet target for neutron production
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Difficulties and challenges at high energy are caused by instabilities and
space charge effects at the low energy front end
A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step (Laozi 604 bc - 531 bc)
A. Facco
Baseline scheme with extended capabilities
• 2 injection lines for H,D, He and A/q=2 ions• SARAF scheme up to 60 MeV/q • IPNO scheme from 60 to 140 MeV/q• CEA scheme from 140 to 1000 MeV/q• cw beam splitting at 1 GeV• Total length of the linac: ~240 m
H-
H+,D+, 3He+
+
RFQ176 MHz
HWR176 MHz
3-SPOKE 352 MHz
Elliptical704 MHz
4 MWH-
100 kWH+, 3He2+
1.5 Me
V/u
60 MeV
/q
140 M
eV/q
1 GeV
/q
B stripper
foil stripper>200 MeV/q
D, A/q=2
=0.47=0.3=0.09=0.15
=0.65 =0.78
10 36 31 63 97
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Proceedings of LINAC08, Victoria, BC, Canada
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SARAF accelerator technology knowledge involvement in European large facilities
EURISOL DS – FP7
SPIRAL2PP – FP7
b-beam
and more
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SARAF Summary SARAF requires a new type of an accelerator
SARAF Phase-I is in routine operation with mA CW proton beams
Targets for high-intensity low-energy beams are under development and operation
Experiments at nuclear astrophysics and nuclear medicine are ongoing
Local SARAF Phase-I team: 7 PhD researchers at accelerator and targets development, 6 PhD students in nuclear physics and technologies and similar numbers at the users side in the universities, NDT community and radiopharmaceuticals laboratory
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Physical mechanism for high-gradient breakdown
Yinon Ashkenazy, Michael Assaf, Inna Popov, Sharon Adar Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
Walter Wuench group, CLIC, CERN
Modeling origins of high gradient breakdown• HG breakdown has a deterministic role in LINAC design. Recently it
was suggested that mechanical stress leads to the creation of “surface emitters” but the mechanism leading to their formation is remains unknown thus, the search for improved LINAC cavity material is empirical.
• We employ stochastic model to analyze the physical origins of breakdown. Using this method we are able to reproduce experimentally observed accelerating field dependence
Accelerating gradient (in nomralized units)
BD probabilityanalytical and simulations results
Experimental exp = 1.6
Simulated pre breakdown signal variation
Modeling origins of high gradient breakdown• Experimental results from dedicated
measurements in CLIC (DC and RF systems) are analyzed and compared to the model.
• A new system is being designed that has the potential to generate identify unique pre-breakdown signal.
• Microscopy shows indications of pre-breakdown surface “buildup” and formation of “surface emitters”
Large scale image of pre-breakdown region
Zoom in: surface emitter formation
Sample produced in cern using the CLIC DC test system by I. Profatilova
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END
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Production of radiopharmaceutical isotopes Today, most radiopharmaceutical isotopes are
produced by protons
Deuterons Production of neutron-rich isotopes via the (d,p) reaction (equivalent to
the (n,g) reaction)
Typically, the (d,2n) cross section is significantly larger than the (p,n) reaction, for A>~100
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Hermanne Nucl. Data (2007)
I. Silverman et al. NIM B (2007)27
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Radioisotopes[1] Medical Use
64Cu 89Zr 111In 124I Diagnostics
68Ge (68Ga)[2] 99Mo (99Tc) DiagnosticsGenerator
225Ac (alpha) 177Lu (beta)[3] Therapy
SARAF Phase-II currently preferred options
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[1] A. Dahan et al., Center of Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals – proposal, November 2011, submitted to TELEM[2] Irradiation target: I. Silverman et al. AccApp 2011, Medicine: R. Sasson, E. Lavie.; et. al. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2010, 753 [3] A.Hermanne, S.Takacs, M. Goldberg, E.Lavie, Yu.N.Shubin and S.Kovalev, NIM B 2006