Soren P.L. Sorensen
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Transcript of Soren P.L. Sorensen
Soren P.L. Sorensen
Invented the pH scale in 1909.At the Carlsberg Laboratory in Denmark.Lab established by Carlsberg Brewery in 1875.
◦ To advance biochemical knowledge related to brewing. Lab also isolated saccharomyces carlsbergensis.
Know known as saccharomyces pastorianus (lager yeast)
Water Adjustment OverviewColin Mead – Mad Z’s
• When to (not to) adjust.• Local water profiles.• Easy adjustments.• Reference material.
Reasons Not To Adjust WaterIf it’s not broke, don’t fix it.
◦Ok to drink - ok to brew with. Risk vs Reward
◦Ruin batch vs 3-5% incremental improvement.
Complicated, expensive & hazardous.
“Get comfortable with the entire brewing process, fix/perfect other areas first (eg fermentation temp) before adjusting water.” - Jamil Zainesheff & John Palmer
Reasons To Adjust WaterRemove impurities and off
flavors/odors.Emulate a water profile for a
specific style.Incrementally improve quality of
beer.◦Taste, odor, clarity
Improve process efficiency.Because you can ;-)Note: There isn’t one water profile suited for
all beer styles.
Classic Brewing vs Homebrew.
Classic Brewing
Homebrewing
Ingredient Source
Local Global (except H2O)
Beer Style Brewed
Matched to ingredients (incl H2O).
Any and all styles.
Water Chemistry Understanding
Limited. Extensive.
Adjustments for Style.
Process and grain bill.
Process, grain bill, & water.Water is accountable for creating entire
beer styles, eg: Stouts, Porters, IPAs, Pilsners, Dunkels, Bocks etc…
Key Water AdjustmentsExtract All Grain
Remove ImpuritiesBiological, physical, chemical.
Yes Yes
Adjust for Mash pHHardness & alkalinity. No Yes
Adjust for FlavorAccentuate malt sweetness vs hop bitterness.
Yes Yes
Water to Avoid or Be Aware of.Softened Water (never use)
◦ Replaces Calcium & Magnesium ions with Sodium (Na) or Potassium (K) (depending on which salt is used).
◦ The harder the water, the more Na or K gets added.◦ In excess both Na and Kwill add a salty taste to beer.
Distilled Water/RO water (use with caveats)◦ Extract
Should be OK to use. Extract contains minerals for yeast.◦ All Grain
Do NOT use “as-is” – no minerals for mash or yeast. Use to reduce hardness and alkalinity (dilution). Use to “build you own” water
Need to add Ca, Mg, Fe, K, Zn, Na, SO4, Cl, HCO3
First Step – Where Are You?
You need to know A to get to B
BB
EBMUD90% Mokelumne River10% Local watersheds
ZONE 7California SWPDel ValleWells
ACWDCalifornia SWPHetch HetchyLocal Water
(Pilzen/Dublin/BoT)
Water Report DSRD 2012
The Problem with Water ReportsAverages or wide ranges for the
year.◦Eg Zone 7 “blends” range 5%-50%
well water.Missing data for brewing.
◦Livermore: No Calcium or Alkalinity reported.
Many are inaccurate (online complaints)
“You cannot rely on the water report (for brewing) as its only an average over the year, and the blend changes daily…you would need to send your water for testing if you want the level of detail you are asking for”
Raj G. – DSRD Water Engineering Mgr
Water Test Kits
Gives more meaningful/timely results.
Does not test all aspects of water.Expensive.
Test Kit Results (6/9/2013).
Level Zone 7 (Dublin)
EBMUD (San Ramon)
Chlorine/Chloramine
0/No Test Avail
0/No Test Avail
Calcium ppm/as CaCO3
32 / 80 4
Magnesium ppm/as CaCO3
34 / 140 2.4
Sulphate ppm 40 Not TestedChloride ppm No Test Avail No Test AvailSodium ppm No Test Avail No Test AvailTotal Hardness ppm as
CaCO3220 (v. hard) 20 (soft)
Alkalinity ppm as CaCO3
220 (high) 40 (low)
pH pH 7.8 Not testedWould people with test kits be willing to share results?
Note: ppm IS equiv to mg/l, but is NOT the same as “ppm as CaCO3”
Municipal Water TreatmentChlorine/chloramine added for safety.
◦Can lead to medicinal/band-aid like aroma/flavors (chlorophenols) and should be removed.
pH/Alkalinity typically increased (7.5-8.5).
Hardness typically reduced.Water profile changed throughout year
◦Blend ratio (eg surface:well).◦Odors from algae and microbes in summer.
Removing ChloramineMethod Positive Be Aware
Campden Tablets(Potassium or Sodium metabisulfite in tablet or powder form)
• Fast acting• Most effective• Prevents wild
yeast contamination.
• Cheap.
• Adds sulphites (allergies)
• Excess sulphites can stunt/kill yeast.
• Crush tablets• ¼- ½ tablet safe for
5gln
Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C.)
• Effective• Alternative to
CTs (no sulphites).
• Cheap.
• May lower pH.• Use 100% powder
form.• ¼ tsp for 5gln
Charcoal Filter • Can remove some of the chloramine.
• Removes other odors and contaminants.
• Does not remove all chloramine.
• Water must flow slow over charcoal to work (1 pint per minute).
Measuring AdditionsUse proper measuring devices.
◦A teaspoon is not a measuring device.
◦Very small amounts requiring accuracy/
Use precautions when using acids and bases.
Hardness, pH & AlkalinityHardness
◦Measure of Ca and Mg levels.pH
◦Measure of the ratio of hydronium (H3O+ aka H+) and hydroxide (OH-) ions in solution.
Alkalinity◦Measure of the “buffering”
(resistance to pH change) capability.
pH & Alkalinity
OHSR 20Dub 200
H+SR 0.2Dub 2
Dublin & SR can have the same pH but different Alkalinity…
pH = ratio H:OH (eg1:100)Alk = Ability to resist Acid
pH & Alkalinity
OHSR 0.2Dub 2
H+SR 20Dub 200
…but it takes 10x more Acid to neutralize the Alkalinity in Dublin
As acid increases, base reduces by the same ratio.
Residual AlkalinityResidual Alkalinity = Total Alkalinity – Effective Hardness
RA of Local and Classic Waters
EBMUD Actual
Zone 7 Actual
Dub
Ca
EP
L
BDubIre
Do
How I Changed Zone 7 Water
1. 4 GallonsZone 7 Water
2. Add 5 Gallons Distilled Water
3. Add 4gr (1 tsp) GypsumE
SummaryGet your brewing process nailed down
first – then adjust water.◦ Exception – always remove Chloramine.
Know your starting point before adjusting.◦ If Hardness and/or Alkalinity too high: Dilute ◦ If too soft: Harden with Gypsum/Calcium Chloride
Measure with care.The goal is to get in the right ballpark,
not hit the plate.
Brewing Mineral SummaryFunction Rang
e(rec)
Notes
Calcium Hardens water to help reduce the mash pH.
50-150(100)
* Major ion.
Magnesium Hardens water to help reduce the mash pH. Yeast nutrient.
10-30 >50ppm harsh mineral taste or sour/bitter.>125ppm laxative & diuretic effects
Sulphate Accentuates hop bitterness.
50-150 150-350 astringency>750 = diarrhea.Keep Sodium low.
Sodium Accentuates sweetness. 0-150(<50)
70-150 accents sweetness of malt.>200 salty taste.Keep low if Sulphates high
Chloride Enhances sweetness and malt flavor & smooths bitterness.
0-100 >300 Medicinal flavors – chlorophenols.High levels can hamper yeast flocculation
SO4:Cl Ratio Accentuates sweetness/bitterness.
2:1 Hoppy1:2 Malty
7:1 max ratio.
Bicarbonate Determines Alkalinity.Neutralizes acids from dark malts.
0-250 0-50 for pale/base malt only beers50-150 for amber-colored, toasted malts150-250 for dark, roasted malts
Brewing Minerals & SaltsAdd Via gr/
gal ppm
Notes
Calcium Calcium Sulphate (Gypsum)Calcium Chloride.
61.471.9
Gypsum: harder to dissolve as water temp increases – add pre-heat.Check existing sulphate/chloride levels and ratio. May need to combine salts.
Magnesium
Magnesium Sulphate (Epsom Salts)Magnesium Chloride
26.131.6
Harder to dissolve as water temp increases.Keep Mg below 30 (laxative).
Sulphate Calcium Sulphate (Gypsum)Magnesium Sulphate (Epsom Salts)
147.5103
Keep sulphate below 150Watch sulphate:chloride ratio
Sodium Sodium Chloride (canning salt)Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda)
10472.3
Keep sodium below 150.
Chloride Calcium ChlorideSodium Chloride (use non-iodized only – otherwise yeast poisoned)
127.5160.3
Keep chloride below 250Watch sulphate:chloride ratio
Bicarbonate
Sodium Bicarbonate (Baking Soda)Calcium Carbonate (Chalk)Pickling Lime
191.9322434.8
Be aware of sodium addition.Chalk does not readily dissolve in water so add it to mash tun. Experts say its not worth it, as it only increases pH by 0.2. Chalk and pickling lime also add Ca.
https://sites.google.com/site/brunwater/water-knowledgehttp://www.howtobrew.com/section3/chapter15-4.html
Adjusting Hardness, Alkalinity & Mash pH
Increase Via Reduce ByHardness • Calcium Sulphate (Gypsum)
• Calcium Chloride• Calcium Carbonate (Chalk)• Calcium Hydroxide (Pickling
Lime)• Magnesium Sulphate
(Epsom Salts)• Magnesium Chloride
• Boiling (temp hardness only)
• Dilute with DI/RO water.
Residual Alkalinity
• Sodium BiCarbonate (Baking Soda)
• Calcium Carbonate (Chalk)• Calcium Hydroxide• ** Five Star 5.2 buffer
(many reports indicate this does not work as advertised and leads to much higher mash pH)
• Dilute with DI/RO water• Calcium and Magnesium
additions to mash water.• Lactic acid.• Sulfuric acid.• Phosphoric acid (?)• Hydrochloric (muriatic)
acid.• Dark malts.
Reference Material◦ How to Brew – John Palmer◦ BJCP Exam prep◦ Papers by AJ deLange (water chemistry for ProMash)◦ Homebrewtalk Forum◦ Brewing Network Podcasts (Water Chemistry x 4)◦ Final Gravity Podcast (Water Chemistry)◦ https://sites.google.com/site/brunwater/water-knowledge◦ http://braukaiser.com/wiki/index.php?title=Braukaiser.co
m◦ http://www.brewery.org/brewery/library/wchmprimer.html
Water Calculators◦ https://sites.google.com/site/brunwater/◦ http://braukaiser.com/documents/Kaiser_water_calculator_US_uni
ts.xls◦ http://www.ezwatercalculator.com/◦ http://howtobrew.com/section3/Palmers_Mash_RA_ver3ptO.xls◦ http://www.brewersfriend.com/water-chemistry/
Water Adjustments & Witches Hats