Sophisticated Jurisdiction and immunity 2.ppt
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Transcript of Sophisticated Jurisdiction and immunity 2.ppt
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Jurisdiction and
immunity 2
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References John Dugard, International Law. A South
African Perspectie, !hird "dition, #hapter
$2
DJ %arris, #ases and &aterials onInternational Law, Si'th "dition, #hapter (
&alcolm ). Shaw, International Law, *ifth"dition, #hapter $2
Antonio #assese, International #riminalLaw, #hapter $+
"ileen Dena, Diplomatic Law.#ommentary on the -ienna #onention onDiplomatic Relations
!he -ienna #onention on Diplomatic
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Su01topics
$. Introductionorigin
$. Soereign immunity
2. Diplomatic lawo!he -ienna #onention on Diplomatic
Relations $($
a3 Iniola0ility
03 "'traterritoriality of missions
c3 Diplomatic immunities
o#onsular priileges and immunities
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Introduction
all soereigns are e4ual no one ofthem can 0e su0/ected to the
/urisdiction of another
!he immunity accorded to foreignsoereigns ta5es two forms6
a3!he immunity of the head of aforeign state, the goernment offoreign state or department of such astate
03Diplomatic and consular immunity
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origins
!he isits of personal soereignsre4uired deelopment of a principleof iniola0ility of their persons,
immediate possessions andentourage as well as immunity fromsuit in local court
!he need for the protection ofrepresentaties of foreign states ledto the deelopment of diplomaticimmunity for the Am0assador and
mem0ers of a foreign em0assy
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Immunity
Department
%ead of aforeignstate
7oernment of foreign
state
Soereignimmunity
Diplomatic8!he -ienna#onention
onDiplomaticRelations
$($3
#onsular8!he -ienna#onentionon #onsular
Relations$($3
Diplomaticmissiona0road
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#ircumstances inwhich
immunitywill notapply
*oreigngoernme
nt engagein trade
*oreign goernmentcommit wrong at the
hosting state
*oreigngoernment
iolates humanrights in itsown country
and othercountries
#riminalproceedings#iil
proceedings
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*oreigngoernment
engage intrade
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immunit
yimmunity
granted to allacts ofsoereignsand theirgoernments
!he Schooner"'change &cfaddon8$9$23, :.SSupreme#ourt!heParliament;elge 8$9
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!he Schooner "'change &cfaddon 8$9$23,
+T,i! perfe-t e./alit0 and a!ol/teindependen-e of !overeign! and t,i!-oon intere!t ipelling t,e to
/t/al inter-o/r!e and aninter-,ange of good offi-e! 3it, ea-,ot,er ,ave given ri!e to a -la!! of
-a!e! in 3,i-, ever0 !overeign i!/nder!tood to 3aive t,e exer-i!e of a
part of t,at -oplete ex-l/!ive
territorial 4/ri!di-tion 3,i-, ,a!
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ongre!o e ar o[19#$]
+t,e 666liitation666/nder t,e !o -alled
re!tri-tive t,eor08 ari!e! fro t,e3illingne!! of !tate! to enter into-oer-ial or ot,er private la3tran!a-tion! 3it, individ/al!6 t appear!to ,ave t3o ain fo/ndation! (a) it i!ne-e!!ar0 in t,e intere!t of 4/!ti-e toindivid/al! ,aving !/-, tran!a-tion!
3it, !tate! to allo3 t,e to ring !/-,tran!a-tion! efore t,e -o/rt! () tore./ire a !tate to an!3er a -lai a!ed/pon !/-, tran!a-tion! doe! not involvea -,allen e to or in /ir into an a-t of
t
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ren tex ra ngCorporation v Central Bank
of Nigeria+f a governent departent goe!into t,e arket pla-e! of t,e 3orldand /0! oot! or -eent!: a! a
-oer-ial tran!a-tion:t,atgovernent departent !,o/ld e!/4e-t to all t,e r/le! of t,e arket
pla-e6 T,e !eller i! not -on-erned3it, t,e p/rpo!e to 3,i-, t,e
p/r-,a!er intend! to p/t t,e good!
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Jurisdiction Immunities ofStates and their property
2@@=Article 10-Commercial transactions
+f a ;tate engage! in a -oer-ial
tran!a-tion 3it, a foreign nat/ral or4/ridi-al per!on and 0 virt/e of t,eappli-ale r/le! of private internationalla3 differen-e! relating to t,e-oer-ial tran!a-tion fall 3it,in t,e
4/ri!di-tion of a -o/rt of anot,er ;tatet,e ;tate -annot invoke i/nit0 fro
t,at 4/ri!di-tion in a pro-eeding ari!ing
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*oreigngoernment commit
wrong atthe
hostingstate
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Acts committed at the hostingstate
A foreign state is not immune from the
/urisdiction of a municipal court inproceedings relating to the death orin/ury of any person or to damage to
tangi0le property caused 0y its act oromission
"g. permits the ictim of trafficaccident to sue the state of the foreign
diplomat responsi0le for the accident8despite the fact that the diplomatcould not 0e sued in person 0e cause of
the personal immunity from ciil actions
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Article $2, :) #onention on JurisdictionImmunities of States and their property2@@=
Personal injuries and damage toproperty
:nless otherwise agreed 0etween theStates concerned, a State cannot ino5eimmunity from /urisdiction 0efore a courtof another State which is otherwisecompetent in a proceeding which relates
to pecuniary compensation for death orin/ury to the person, or damage to or lossof tangi0le property, caused 0y an act oromission which is alleged to 0e
attri0uta0le to the State, if the act or
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A foreign state will 0e held lia0le onlywhere the diplomatic agent was
acting within the scope of her or hisemployment1Skeen v FederativeRepublic of ra!il
In "etelier v Republic of C#ile, thecourt dismissed the argument that#hile could plead soereign immunityto a claim for damages arising out ofthe assassination of an opponent ofthe #hilean goernment committed0y agents of the #hilean goernment
in the :nited States
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*oreign
goernmentiolates human
rights in itsown country
and othercountries
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Immunities
Ratione personae
immunity attaches to a person0ecause of his status or office
8%eads of State or &inister of*oreign Affairs3B1Arre!t arrantCa!e
Rationae materiae
immunity relates to actsperformed in an official capacityB1
"ino-,et Ca!e
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A1Adsani :C
+;overeign i/nit0 i! a -on-ept ofinternational la3
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:S Diplomatic and #onsularStaff in !ehran case
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!he -ienna #onention on DiplomaticRelations $($
"mphasies the functional necessities ofdiplomatic priileges and immunities forthe efficient conduct of internationalrelations
Art F proides that the main functions ofthe diplomatic mission is to represent andprotect the interest and nationals of thesending state
Art = proides that the sending state mustensure that the consent of the receiingstate has 0een gien for the proposed
head of its mission
I i l 0ilit
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Iniola0ility Art 22 proides that the premises of the
mission are iniola0le and cannot 0e entered
0y the agents of the receiing state arewithout the consent of the %ead of &ission
!he receiing state is under a special duty toprotect the mission premises from intrusion
or damage or impairment of its dignity Art 2= proides that the archies and
documents of the mission are iniola0le atanytime and whereer they may0e
Art 2
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:S Diplomatic and #onsularStaff in !ehran case
ran 3a! pla-ed /nder t,e o!t-ategori-al oligation! a! are-eiving !tate to take appropriate
!tep! to en!/re t,e prote-tion of t,e=; >a!!0 and Con!/late! t,eir!taff t,eir ar-,ive! t,eir ean! of-o/ni-ation and t,e freeoveent of t,e eer! of t,eir!taff8
Di l ti i iti
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Diplomatic immunities1personnel
Art 2 proides that the person of adiplomatic agent is iniola0le and hemay not 0e detained or arrested
States recognise that the protectionof diplomats is a mutual interestfounded on functional re4uirementsand reciprocity
!he receiing state is under ano0ligation to ta5e all appropriatesteps to preent any attac5 on the
person, freedom or dignity of
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Diplomatic agents en/oy completeimmunity from criminal /urisdiction of
the receiing state %e is not immune from the legal
system of the sending state
!he only remedy the host state hasin the face of offences committed 0ydiplomat is to declare him personanon grata under Art
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Art F$8$31 diplomats are immunefrom ciil and administratie
/urisdiction of the state in whichthey are sering e'cept in6
a3 Ehere the action relates to priate
immoa0le property situated withinthe host state
03 Litigation relating to succession
mattersc3 :nofficial professional or
commercial actiity engaged in 0y
the agent
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!he personal 0aggage of a diplomat s
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!he personal 0aggage of a diplomat se'empt from inspection unless there areserious grounds for presuming that it
contains articles not coered 0y thespecified in Art F(8$3
Art F< 8$31the mem0ers of the family of adiplomatic agent forming part of his
household shall en/oy the priileges andimmunities specified in Art 21F( if notnationals of the receiing state
Art F
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Immunities and priileges start from themoment the person enters the territory ofthe receiing state on proceeding to ta5e
up his post, or if already in the territoryfrom the moment of official notificationunder Art F
Art =@1immunity where the person is in theterritory in transit 8a third state3 0etweenhis home state and the state to which hehas 0een posted
Immunity will not 0e e'tended to diplomatwho is in a state which is neither thereceiing state nor a state of transit
Immunity ceases when the person leaesthe countr
#onsular priileges and immunities6
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#onsular priileges and immunities6the -ienna #onention on #onsular
Relations $(F #onsuls represent their state in many
administratie ways for instance, 0yissuing isas and passports andpromoting commercial interests of
their state Assist nationals in distress1eg. finding
lawyers
!hey are not permitted the samedegree of immunity from /urisdictionas diplomatic agents
#onsuls must possess a commission
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!hey are entitled to the samee'emption from ta'es and customs
duties as diplomats Art F$1consular premises, archies
and documents are iniola0le
!hey must 0e protected againstintrusion or impairment of dignity
"'emptions from ta'es
Art F+1freedom of communication Art F(8$38a31consular officers shall 0e
free to communicate with nationals
of the sending state
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Art F(8$38031 if the national sore4uests, the authorities of the
receiing state shall without delayinform the consular post of thesending state of any arrest ordetention
Art =$1 consular officers may not 0earrested or detained e'cept in thecase of grae crime and following thedecision of competent /udicialauthority
Art =F1 immunity from /urisdiction is
t i t d i 0 th i i l d i il