Sonja Ketin Stefanov Mirjana Vojinovc

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  • COMPARATIVE

    ANALYSIS OF THE

    MONITORING AND RA OF

    THE CHEMICAL

    ACCIDENTS IN SERBIA

    Sonja Stefanov,

    Mirjana Vojinovic Miloradov*,

    ordje Basic*

    HIP-Petrohemija, Pancevo, Serbia&Montenegro

    *University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia&Montenegro

  • CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS

    Accident, presents a sudden appearance

    of considerable emission, fire or explosion

    as a result of not planned events within a

    certain industrial activity, occurring within or

    out of industry, including one or more

    chemicals.

  • STATISTICS

    International Labour Organisation (ILO)

    the highest percentage of accidents occurs in the

    production units (40%),

    in transport of hazardous substances (35%)

    and in storage (25%)

    US EPA

    Approximately 70% of the accidents described by took

    place in the plants, while the remaining

    30% occurred during the transport of toxic chemicals.

  • Chemicals No. accident

    1. Natural gas, propane/butane 188

    2. Chlorine 123

    3 Petroleum naptha 68

    4. Ammonia and compound 62

    5. Vinyl chloride 41

    6. Chlorohydric acid 32

    7. Hydrogen 30

    8. Sulphuric acid 23

    9. Ethylene 21

    10. Ethylene oxide 18

    Frequency of appearance of certain

    chemicals in bigger accidents

    (in 40 countries)

    Source: International Labour Organisation (ILO)

  • Analysis of major chemical

    accidents in Serbia

    Analysis of major chemical accidents in

    2003 year

    27%

    27%

    46%

    Plant Transportation Storage

    Official data from the Environmental Protection Department of the Republic of Serbia

  • Analysis of major chemical accidents in

    2002 year

    38%

    38%

    24%

    Plant Transportation Storage

    Official data from the Environmental Protection Department of the Republic of Serbia

  • Analysis of major chemical accidents in

    2000 year

    40%

    40%

    20%

    Plant Transportation Storage

    Official data from the Environmental Protection Department of the Republic of Serbia

  • MONITORING SYSTEM FOR

    AIR QUALITY CONTROL

    Monitoring system located in Panevo industrial zone,

    parts of Panevo town, and in Panevo Municipality

    building has the following objectives:

    Hazardous substance concentration monitoring

    Automatic exchange of meteorological data

    Assessment of hazard degree for the population in cases of regular plant operation or in cases of chemical accidents on the industrial zone

  • Fence-line Monitoring of

    Fugitive Emissions

    NO2, SO2, O3, NO, NH3, NO3, HNO3, HF, Hg,

    H2 O, CS2, styrene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, phenol,

    benzene, toluene, p-, m-xylene, o-xylene, o-, m-, p-Cresol,

    C6 H6 Cl, C 6H4 Cl2, CO, CO2, NH3, HCl, HF, CH4.

  • SELECTION OF RISK

    ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY

    National methodology

    National risk-management strategy has three

    basic parts:

    Accident hazard analysis

    Planning the preventive measures, preparedness and response to an accident

    Planning the accident consequence elimination (remediation).

  • CURRENT WORLD

    METHODOLOGIES

    REHRA Methodology was developed by the World Health Organisation (WHO)

    US EPA Methodology was developed by the American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

    APELL Methodology was developed by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).

  • REHRA (Rapid Environment

    and Health Risk Assessment)

    REHRA has been implemented in Italy, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria.

    Legal acts used in the preparation of this methodology :

    SEVESO II Directive,

    Helsinki Declaration from 1992 and

    Espoo Convention.

    Three basic parts of REHRA Methodology are:

    risk assessment of big accidents

    continuous emissions risk

    territory hazard

    Indexes used in the risk assessment calculation according to REHRA Methodology are as

    follows:

    Installation Hazard Index (IHI),

    Accident Risk Index (ARI),

    Installation Risk Index (IRI),

    Equipment Risk Index (ERI).

  • US EPA (United States Environmental Protection

    Agency)

    This Methodology includes several softwares:

    CAMEO (Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operation) is an accident-management programme. It contains a library and chemical substances base, examines accident situations, locations, etc.

    ALOHA (Area Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres) is a programme for harmful gases dispersion modelling.

    MARPLOT (Mapping Applications for Response, Planning and Operational Task) is a programme for electronic presentation of a certain location

    http://www.epa.gov/

  • APELL Programme (Awareness and Preparedness for

    Emergencies at a Local Level)

    is implemented within UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)

    A significant characteristic of this programme is

    distribution of responsibility for planning and implementing the chemical accident protection measures among industry,

    local management,

    professional organisations,

    state agencies and the public.

  • Attempts at presenting risk

    assessment in Serbia

    Project Environmental Atlas of Belgrade has recently been completed and, in addition to other environmental issues, it has also analysed hazardous

    industries, plants and accident risks.

    www.ekoatlas.zdravlje.org.yu

  • ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT

    SIMULATION DATA

    Chlorine (t) Maximum effect

    (km)

    Time of arrival

    (min) Exposed places

    0,5 0,2 1,6 Electrolysis Plant

    1,0 0,6 5 Entire Petrochemical Complex and "Tehnogas"

    (hydrogen)

    2,0 1,2 10 Half of Vojlovica, part of Pancevo Refinery and

    entire Chemical Industry of Pancevo

    5,0 2,1 17 Entire Vojlovica with Topola, entire Pancevo

    Refinery and part of Starcevo

    10,0 3,2 27 Fur factory, Pancevo Refinery's jetty on the

    Danube

    50,0 6,4 54 Entire Pancevo and Starcevo

  • Quantity (t) Wind velocity (m/s)

    Neutral Unstable Stable

    Distance, km

    100 2 7.1 4.2 9.1

    100 5 4.5 2.7 5.8

    100 10 3.2 1.9 4.1

    500 2 15.8 9.4 20.5

    500 5 10 5.9 12.9

    500 10 7.1 4.2 9.1

    1000 2 22.3 13.3 28.9

    1000 5 14.1 8.4 18.3

    1000 10 10 5.9 12.9

    5000 2 50 29.7 64.7

    5000 5 31.6 18.8 40.9

    5000 10 22.3 13.3 28.9

    Accident simulation results in accordance

    with US EPA (puff model)

  • Substance quantity (t) Estimated distance (km)

    10 4,8

    30 8,7

    35 10 (to the centre of Pancevo)

    40 10

    50 12,2

    60 13,4

    70 13,8

    80 15,1 (to the centre of Belgrade)

    90 15,9

    100 15,9

    Accident simulation results in

    accordance with RMP Comp (US EPA)

  • FINAL REMARKS

    Fence-line monitoring systems are more useful than the point monitoring ones, since they have the possibility of analysing a greater number of data,

    therefore the results are more accurate and have the possibility of determining the source of pollution.

    Point monitoring, in urbal area, metres have the possibility of measuring only one component, while fence-line metres can measure several components.

    It is important to point out that the analysed monitoring is in real time and that the possibility of responding in time to a potential accident is considerable