Sonja Ketin Stefanov Mirjana Vojinovc
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Transcript of Sonja Ketin Stefanov Mirjana Vojinovc
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COMPARATIVE
ANALYSIS OF THE
MONITORING AND RA OF
THE CHEMICAL
ACCIDENTS IN SERBIA
Sonja Stefanov,
Mirjana Vojinovic Miloradov*,
ordje Basic*
HIP-Petrohemija, Pancevo, Serbia&Montenegro
*University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Novi Sad, Serbia&Montenegro
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CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS
Accident, presents a sudden appearance
of considerable emission, fire or explosion
as a result of not planned events within a
certain industrial activity, occurring within or
out of industry, including one or more
chemicals.
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STATISTICS
International Labour Organisation (ILO)
the highest percentage of accidents occurs in the
production units (40%),
in transport of hazardous substances (35%)
and in storage (25%)
US EPA
Approximately 70% of the accidents described by took
place in the plants, while the remaining
30% occurred during the transport of toxic chemicals.
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Chemicals No. accident
1. Natural gas, propane/butane 188
2. Chlorine 123
3 Petroleum naptha 68
4. Ammonia and compound 62
5. Vinyl chloride 41
6. Chlorohydric acid 32
7. Hydrogen 30
8. Sulphuric acid 23
9. Ethylene 21
10. Ethylene oxide 18
Frequency of appearance of certain
chemicals in bigger accidents
(in 40 countries)
Source: International Labour Organisation (ILO)
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Analysis of major chemical
accidents in Serbia
Analysis of major chemical accidents in
2003 year
27%
27%
46%
Plant Transportation Storage
Official data from the Environmental Protection Department of the Republic of Serbia
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Analysis of major chemical accidents in
2002 year
38%
38%
24%
Plant Transportation Storage
Official data from the Environmental Protection Department of the Republic of Serbia
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Analysis of major chemical accidents in
2000 year
40%
40%
20%
Plant Transportation Storage
Official data from the Environmental Protection Department of the Republic of Serbia
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MONITORING SYSTEM FOR
AIR QUALITY CONTROL
Monitoring system located in Panevo industrial zone,
parts of Panevo town, and in Panevo Municipality
building has the following objectives:
Hazardous substance concentration monitoring
Automatic exchange of meteorological data
Assessment of hazard degree for the population in cases of regular plant operation or in cases of chemical accidents on the industrial zone
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Fence-line Monitoring of
Fugitive Emissions
NO2, SO2, O3, NO, NH3, NO3, HNO3, HF, Hg,
H2 O, CS2, styrene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, phenol,
benzene, toluene, p-, m-xylene, o-xylene, o-, m-, p-Cresol,
C6 H6 Cl, C 6H4 Cl2, CO, CO2, NH3, HCl, HF, CH4.
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SELECTION OF RISK
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
National methodology
National risk-management strategy has three
basic parts:
Accident hazard analysis
Planning the preventive measures, preparedness and response to an accident
Planning the accident consequence elimination (remediation).
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CURRENT WORLD
METHODOLOGIES
REHRA Methodology was developed by the World Health Organisation (WHO)
US EPA Methodology was developed by the American Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
APELL Methodology was developed by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
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REHRA (Rapid Environment
and Health Risk Assessment)
REHRA has been implemented in Italy, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria.
Legal acts used in the preparation of this methodology :
SEVESO II Directive,
Helsinki Declaration from 1992 and
Espoo Convention.
Three basic parts of REHRA Methodology are:
risk assessment of big accidents
continuous emissions risk
territory hazard
Indexes used in the risk assessment calculation according to REHRA Methodology are as
follows:
Installation Hazard Index (IHI),
Accident Risk Index (ARI),
Installation Risk Index (IRI),
Equipment Risk Index (ERI).
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US EPA (United States Environmental Protection
Agency)
This Methodology includes several softwares:
CAMEO (Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operation) is an accident-management programme. It contains a library and chemical substances base, examines accident situations, locations, etc.
ALOHA (Area Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres) is a programme for harmful gases dispersion modelling.
MARPLOT (Mapping Applications for Response, Planning and Operational Task) is a programme for electronic presentation of a certain location
http://www.epa.gov/
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APELL Programme (Awareness and Preparedness for
Emergencies at a Local Level)
is implemented within UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)
A significant characteristic of this programme is
distribution of responsibility for planning and implementing the chemical accident protection measures among industry,
local management,
professional organisations,
state agencies and the public.
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Attempts at presenting risk
assessment in Serbia
Project Environmental Atlas of Belgrade has recently been completed and, in addition to other environmental issues, it has also analysed hazardous
industries, plants and accident risks.
www.ekoatlas.zdravlje.org.yu
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ANALYSIS OF ACCIDENT
SIMULATION DATA
Chlorine (t) Maximum effect
(km)
Time of arrival
(min) Exposed places
0,5 0,2 1,6 Electrolysis Plant
1,0 0,6 5 Entire Petrochemical Complex and "Tehnogas"
(hydrogen)
2,0 1,2 10 Half of Vojlovica, part of Pancevo Refinery and
entire Chemical Industry of Pancevo
5,0 2,1 17 Entire Vojlovica with Topola, entire Pancevo
Refinery and part of Starcevo
10,0 3,2 27 Fur factory, Pancevo Refinery's jetty on the
Danube
50,0 6,4 54 Entire Pancevo and Starcevo
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Quantity (t) Wind velocity (m/s)
Neutral Unstable Stable
Distance, km
100 2 7.1 4.2 9.1
100 5 4.5 2.7 5.8
100 10 3.2 1.9 4.1
500 2 15.8 9.4 20.5
500 5 10 5.9 12.9
500 10 7.1 4.2 9.1
1000 2 22.3 13.3 28.9
1000 5 14.1 8.4 18.3
1000 10 10 5.9 12.9
5000 2 50 29.7 64.7
5000 5 31.6 18.8 40.9
5000 10 22.3 13.3 28.9
Accident simulation results in accordance
with US EPA (puff model)
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Substance quantity (t) Estimated distance (km)
10 4,8
30 8,7
35 10 (to the centre of Pancevo)
40 10
50 12,2
60 13,4
70 13,8
80 15,1 (to the centre of Belgrade)
90 15,9
100 15,9
Accident simulation results in
accordance with RMP Comp (US EPA)
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FINAL REMARKS
Fence-line monitoring systems are more useful than the point monitoring ones, since they have the possibility of analysing a greater number of data,
therefore the results are more accurate and have the possibility of determining the source of pollution.
Point monitoring, in urbal area, metres have the possibility of measuring only one component, while fence-line metres can measure several components.
It is important to point out that the analysed monitoring is in real time and that the possibility of responding in time to a potential accident is considerable